著者らは、消化器の分子研究UPenn NIDDKセンターの分子病理学とイメージングコアおよびイメージングの支援のための肝臓病（p30ポリDK50306）に感謝しています。この作品は、国立衛生研究所からの補助金（R01 DK-092111）によってサポートされ、フレッドとスザンヌBiesecker小児肝センター（RGW）と（SK）は小児肝疾患研究教育ネットワークの交わりによって行った。

特に断らない限り、全手順を室温で実施される。全ての動物の仕事は地元の施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）によって承認されたプロトコルの下で人道的な条件の下で行われるべきである。 1。機器の製造とソリューション<ol><li>組織培養フード、インキュベーター（ 図1A）に近接してマウス手術台をセットアップします。注意：必要とされる装置は、解剖顕微鏡、光源、12.5センチメートル長い直線アイリスはさみ、細かいチップを備えた6インチの非鋸歯状に湾曲した鉗子、湾曲した先端（ 図1B）と4インチの鋸歯状の鉗子が含まれています。 </li><li>手術台に70％アルコールのガラスビーカーに滅菌機器を配置します。 </li><li>無菌分離培地（ 表1）で3無菌60ミリメートルペトリ皿を埋める。手術台に2つ、フード内1、氷の上のすべてを置く。 </li><li>ラット尾コラーゲンを置き、滅菌した10×リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）、滅菌水、滅菌1 N NaOHおよび組織培養フード内胆管上皮細胞（BEC）培地（ 表1）。注：コラーゲンは、氷の上でなければなりません。 </li></ol> 2。胆管の単離および培養<ol><li>意識不明の頸椎脱臼が続くまで、動物実験委員会のガイドライン（ 図1C）ごとに、二酸化炭素に曝露することによって、生命の0-3日の間、新生児マウスを安楽死させる。 注：高齢のマウスは、特定の実験の必要性に応じて使用することができる。 </li><li>仰臥位で動物を置き、骨盤の領域での正中線を横切る小さな横切開する。横方向にこの切開を拡張し、腹部の両脇まで、U字型のフラップを形成する。腹部臓器を露出するためにフラップを上げます。腹部が開いたら、慎重に肝臓のより良い視覚化のための動物の右側に腹腔と総胆管から腸を動かす。注：肝臓のより良好な識別を得るために、胸郭内に横方向の切開部を拡張する必要があるかもしれない。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡を用いて、総胆管、肝臓、及び腸を識別する。構造は非常にデリケートであるとして、注意を使用して、最初に総胆管（図1D）を特定します。鋸歯状と非鋸歯鉗子で、細心の注意を払ってきれいで胆汁を取り巻く脂肪などの結合組織を狙い撃ち。きれいにダクトやその他を保持するために1鉗子を使用してください。 </li><li>胆嚢をきれいに同様の技術を使用しています。 </li><li>氷上の分離培地の最初の皿にきれいにダクトや胆嚢を配置します。メディアでさらに結合組織を除去し、胆嚢から胆汁を削除しながら、静かに非鋸歯鉗子で構造体をマッサージします。 </li><li>分離培地の第二の皿にダクトや胆嚢を転送します。 </li><li> 5匹の動物からのダクトや胆嚢の単離後、転送フード内の第三のシャーレにピース、。注：細胞は、5つ以上の動物から単離さする場合は、5匹の動物のグループごとに新鮮な溶液を使用して、バッチで行う。 </li><li>組織培養フードに厚いコラーゲンゲルを準備します。 注意：任意のサイズの皿を用いることができる。 5新生児のグループごとに3ミリリットルのコラーゲンの最終体積で60ミリメートル培養皿はうまく動作します。これは新たに単離したダクトを埋め込み時の新鮮な準備する必要があります。 <ol><li>氷上でラット尾部コラーゲン、無菌の10×リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（10×PBS）、無菌のdH 2 O、および滅菌1NのNaOHを置く。 </li><li>のdH 2 O、10×PBS、NaOHおよび1×PBS中で2 mg / mlのコラーゲンの最終濃度を有するゲルに必要なコラーゲンの体積を計算し、0.023倍に等しい1 NのNaOHの体積を用いたコラーゲンの量を添加した。注：コラーゲンの代替ソースを使用する場合、中和およびゲル形成のための製造業者の指示に従う。 </li><li>一緒のdH 2 0、1を混ぜるPBS、そして1N NaOHを0X、その後でも混合を確実にするだけでなく、コラーゲンとピペットを追加します。 </li></ol></li><li>コラーゲン溶液は、室温でゲル様コンシステンシーに増粘された後、直ちにコラーゲンダクトを埋め込む。 </li><li> 5％CO 2で30分間固化させたコラーゲンを可能にするために、37℃のインキュベーター内に置く。 </li><li>ゲルは、（透明から白への色変化）、BECメディア（ 表1）の3.5ミリリットルでオーバーレイを固化し、37℃、5％CO 2でインキュベートしたら。 </li><li> BECメディアを週に3回を削除し、3.5ミリリットルの新鮮な培地と交換してください。 </li></ol>太いコラーゲンゲルから3。遮音プライマリ胆管注：3週間以内に、胆管のシート（埋め込みダクトから直接伸び、大きな核を有する細胞）の厚さのコラーゲンに表示されます。皿中の線維芽細胞の多数が存在する場合、それは破棄されるべきである。皿のいくつかの領域がある場合は線維芽細胞成長は、これらが外科用メスで切り出し、前の胆管を分割に除去することができる。 <ol><li>薄いコラーゲンゲルを準備します。 <ol><li>滅菌PBSで1 mg / mlのコラーゲンの濃度に希釈する。注：100ミリメートル板に1ミリリットルを使用します。他のサイズの料理のためにそれに応じて調整してください。 </li><li>セルスプレッダー（大食器）またはピペットチップ（小皿）で均等にコラーゲン溶液を広げ、その後、10分間室温で残す。 </li><li>カバーDMEM/F12でプレートし、10分間37℃、5％CO 2でインキュベートする。 </li><li>インキュベーターからプレートを取り外し、1×PBSで洗浄します。すぐに1X PBSを吸引除去する。 </li><li>プレートを回転させたり、シェーカー上のプレートを配置することによって拡散コラーゲンの第二の薄膜層で被覆する。 10分間37℃、5％CO 2でインキュベートする。 </li><li>コラーゲン後DMEM/F12と、カバープレートを凝固し、30分間37℃、5％CO 2でインキュベートする。 </li></ol></li><li>目から細胞を分割ICKのコラーゲンゲル： <ol><li>それが浮遊しているように、細胞培養ヘラやセルスクレーパーで、プレートから静かにコラーゲンゲルをこすり。 </li><li> DMEM/F12に10 mg / mlのように入力XIコラゲナーゼ（素材リストを参照してください）​​で希釈することによりコラゲナーゼ溶液を調製する。よく混ぜ、滅菌フィルター。 </li><li>太いコラーゲン中の細胞の60ミリメートル皿当たりコラゲナーゼ溶液（上記）の1ミリリットルを追加します。 （3ミリリットルでなければなりません）BECメディアを抜かないでください。 37℃、5％CO 2で30分間皿をインキュベートする。 </li><li>細胞を含む溶液を除去し、15ミリリットルコニカルチューブに入れます。 </li><li> 5分間2200×gでスピンダウン。上澄み液を捨て、DMEM/F12の似た量のペレットを中断再。 </li><li> 5分間2200×gで再びソリューションをスピン。上清を取り除きます。 </li><li>再懸 ​​濁し、0.5％トリプシン3ml中のペレットを、5分間37℃、5％CO 2でインキュベートする。インキュベーション後、胆管のシートを分割する上下ソリューションをピペット。 BECメディアAの5ミリリットルを追加します。5分間1500×gでNDスピンソリューション。 </li><li> 5分間1500×gで解決策をスピンして、DMEM/F12中で上清を除去し、ペレットを再懸濁し。 </li><li>上清を除去し、BECメディア（ 表1）でペレットを中断して再。以前に行った薄いコラーゲンゲル上のプレートの細胞。 </li></ol></li></ol>細胞の4。通路及び保管注：必要に応じて薄いコラーゲンゲル上で細胞が分割することができる。 <ol><li>前10〜15分間、37℃で0.25％トリプシンでインキュベートする滅菌PBSでプレートを洗浄します。 </li><li> BEC培地の等量を中和し、5分間、1,500×gでペレット。その後、5分間1500×gでペレット化し、DMEM/F12でペレットを洗浄します。 </li><li>コラーゲンコーティングされた細胞培養皿に配布するためのBECのメディアに再懸濁細胞。 注：あるいは、細胞は、記憶媒体に再懸濁し、-80°Cの冷凍庫または液体窒素（ 表1）に記憶することができる。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Paradis, K., Sharp, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+duct-like+structure+formation+after+isolation+of+bile+ductular+cells+from+a+murine+model.">In vitro duct-like structure formation after isolation of bile ductular cells from a murine model.</a> J. Lab. Clin. Med. 113 (6), 689-694 (1989).</li><li>Vroman, B., LaRusso, N. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+polarized+primary+cultures+of+rat+intrahepatic+bile+duct+epithelial+cells.">Development and characterization of polarized primary cultures of rat intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cells.</a> Lab. Invest. 74 (1), 303-313 (1996).</li><li>Kumar, U., Jordan, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+biliary+epithelial+cells+from+the+biliary+tract+fraction+of+normal+rats.">Isolation and culture of biliary epithelial cells from the biliary tract fraction of normal rats.</a> Liver. 6 (6), 369-378 (1986).</li><li>Ishii, M., Vromen, B., LaRusso, N. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+morphologic+characterization+of+bile+duct+epithelial+cells+from+normal+rat+liver.">Isolation and morphologic characterization of bile duct epithelial cells from normal rat liver.</a> Gastroenterology. 97 (5), 1236-1247 (1989).</li><li>Strazzabosco, M., Fabris, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+bile+ducts:+Essentials+for+the+clinical+hepatologist.">Development of the bile ducts: Essentials for the clinical hepatologist.</a> J. Hepatol. 56 (5), 1159-1170 (2012).</li><li>Carpentier, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+ductal+plate+cells+give+rise+to+cholangiocytes,+periportal+hepatocytes,+and+adult+liver+progenitor+cells.">Embryonic ductal plate cells give rise to cholangiocytes, periportal hepatocytes, and adult liver progenitor cells.</a> Gastroenterology. 141 (4), 1432-1438 (2011).</li><li>Cho, W. K., Mennon, A., Boyer, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+functional+polarized+bile+duct+units+from+mouse+liver.">Isolation of functional polarized bile duct units from mouse liver.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 280 (2), (2001).</li><li>Karjoo, S., Hand, N. J., Loarca, L., Russo, P. A., Friedman, J. R., Wells, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extra-hepatic+cholangiocyte+cilia+are+abnormal+in+biliary+atresia.">Extra-hepatic cholangiocyte cilia are abnormal in biliary atresia.</a> J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 57 (1), 96-101 (2013).</li><li>Sutton, M. E., op den Dries, S., Koster, M. H., Lisman, T., Gouw, A. S., Porte, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+human+extrahepatic+biliary+epithelium:+the+peribiliary+glands+as+progenitor+cell+compartment.">Regeneration of human extrahepatic biliary epithelium: the peribiliary glands as progenitor cell compartment.</a> Liver Int. 32 (4), 554-559 (2012).</li><li>Cardinale, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multipotent+stem/progenitor+cells+in+human+biliary+tree+give+rise+to+hepatocytes,+cholangiocytes,+and+pancreatic+islets.">Multipotent stem/progenitor cells in human biliary tree give rise to hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and pancreatic islets.</a> Hepatology. 54 (6), 2159-2172 (2011).</li></ol>

著者は、彼らが競合する利害を持たないことを宣言します。

ここで説明するには、新生児を含むすべての年齢のマウスのマウスの肝外胆管、胆管から純粋に分離する技術である。技術は肝外胆管は、肝内胆管から別々に研究することができるという利点を提供しており、細胞のこれらの集団の主な違いを識別するための研究を容易にすることができる。我々は最近、この方法によって単離された肝外胆管に繊毛が減少し、アカゲザルロタウイルス8<...

内および肝外胆管の起源と発展は著しく異なっている。肝臓は、腹側前腸内胚葉5の憩室から開発しています。頭蓋領域は肝内胆管5を生成しながら、憩の尾側領域は、肝外胆管を形成している。肝内胆管、ダクトは、ポータル周囲領域6に、管板の周囲に前駆細胞に由来する。これらの細胞は、肝細胞または胆管6のいずれかに分化する能力を有する。これはcholangiopathiesは、特に胆管の1カテゴリを標的にすることができることを考えると重要な臨床的意義を持っています。アラジール症候群は肝内管に影響を与えながら、例えば、胆道閉鎖症は、最初は、新生児の肝臓外管に影響を与えます。 マウスおよびラットの肝内胆管や胆管ユニットの単離の複数の記述がある。でvestigatorsは、ダクトの単離およびその後の伸長によって、または特定の細胞表面マーカーを発現している胆管1-4のダウン肝臓消化および抗体プルで単一細胞を単離した。官能偏胆管ユニットは、肝臓消化およびサイズ濾過7によって単離されている。胆管ユニットは、単離された胆管細胞は、インビトロで 1,2小管構造を開発することが示されているが、刺激して分泌液分泌7を実証するために応答することができる。これらの方法の制限は、消化酵素で、肝臓灌流のための専門的な技術的専門知識や特殊な装置の必要性があります。また、間葉系細胞3による汚染の危険性がある。 具体的には新生児肝外胆管から、肝外胆管胆管を単離する方法は、以前に記載されていない。本論文では、新生児Aを分離するために簡略化された手法の概要を説明純度の高いレベルで成人肝外胆管細胞として周知だ。この手法は、内および肝外胆管と肝外ダクトを伴う胆道閉鎖症などの病気のメカニズムの研究の違いの研究を促進する。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:943px;" width="942">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">DMEM/F12 (1:1)</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11320-033</td>
			<td>500ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S11150</td>
			<td>25 ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">MEM with non-essential amino acids</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11140-019</td>
			<td>5 ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Insulin-transferrin-selenium</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51300-044</td>
			<td>5 ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Na Pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-000-CL</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Chemically-defined lipid concentrate</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11905-031</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30-002-CI</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media and 500 ul in the isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15750-060</td>
			<td>0.2ml, used in BEC media and 500 ul in the isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Ethanolamine</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E9508-100ml</td>
			<td>0.13ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">MEM vitamin solution</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11120-052</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Soybean trypsin inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Biowhittaker</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-605E</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media. Solvent is PBS, mix to 5mg/ml stock concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-005-CL</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Bovine pituitary extract</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gemini</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">500-102</td>
			<td>1.1ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D4902</td>
			<td>0.5ml, used in BEC media, Stock conc 393ug/ml dilute with ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">3 3&#39;,5-triiodo-L-thyronine</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T6397</td>
			<td>0.5ml, used in BEC media, Stock conc 3.4 mg/ml dilute with ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Epidermal growth factor</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">01-101</td>
			<td>0.5ml, used in BEC media, 25ug/ml dilute with DMEM F12+1%BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Forskolin</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F6886</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media, use at stock concentration of 0.411mg/ml and dilute with DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Fungizone</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15290-018</td>
			<td>1ml, used in BEC media and 500 ul in the isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Rat-tail collagen</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">354236</td>
			<td>variable depending on concentration of collagen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">PBS 10X</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">USB Corporation</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">75889</td>
			<td>use at 10x, sterlie, used to make collagen, amount used depends on collagen concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">dH2O</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>sterile, used to make collagen, amount used depends on collagen concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">NaOH 10N</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ss255-1</td>
			<td>Dilute to 1N, sterile, used to make collagen, amount used depends on collagen concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:335px;">collagenase type XI from Clostridium histolyticum</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7657</td>
			<td>dilute in DMEM and sterile filter before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">trypsin-EDTA (1x) 0.25%</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200-056</td>
			<td>3 ml, incubate max 10 minutes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">trypsin-EDTA (10x) 0.5%</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15400-054</td>
			<td>3 ml, incubate max 10 minutes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;"></td>
			<td style="width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SMZ645</td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:335px;">Light source (fiberoptic illuminator)</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Schott-Fostec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ace EKE LR 92240</td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">12.5 cm straight iris scissors</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">6&#34; non-serrated curved forceps with fine tips</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">4&#34; serrated stainless forceps with fine tips</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of neonatal extrahepatic cholangiocytes

肝内および肝外胆管は、発生的に区別され、かつ差次特定の疾患によって影響を受ける可能性がある。しかし、内および肝外胆管、および新生児と成人細胞との間の相違点は、よく理解されていない。 肝内胆管から胆管細胞を単離するための方法は当1-4確立されている。これは明確な胆管集団間および肝外ダクトをターゲットに表示されるような胆道閉鎖症などの疾患を研究の違いを理解する上で非常に有益であるが、特に新生児の肝外管細胞の単離は、まだ記載されていない。ここで説明は、新生児および成人の両方のマウス肝臓外胆管細胞を単離するための最適化技術である。この手法は、線維芽細胞のような間葉系細胞から、最小限の汚染との純粋な細胞集団が得られます。 このメトDは、肝臓外管および胆嚢の除去に基づいて細心の解剖が続き、脂肪や線維芽細胞層を除去するスクレーピングされている。構造は、その後、トリプシン処理することができ、実験的な使用のためにメッキを再単層、内胆管の伸長を可能にするために約3週間のコラーゲン培養の厚い層に埋め込まれている。

K19の免疫蛍光染色（ 図2Aおよび2B）によって示されるように、優れた純度の新生仔マウスの肝臓外胆管細胞集団の単離は、このプロトコルの使用により、;我々は、成体マウスから細胞を単離する同様の結果を得る。我々はそれが厚いコラーゲンゲル上で単層を形成するために、新たに単離された胆管の細胞のための3週間かかりますことを観察した。胆管細胞は、孤立したダクト...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes at JoVE.com

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

新生仔マウスの肝臓外胆管から胆管を単離するための技術が記載されている。ダクトは細心の注意を払って解剖し、その後、細胞が厚いコラーゲンゲル中で成長することによって単離される。この方法では、肝外胆管の開発および病理学を研究するための有用なツールを提供しています。

新生児肝外胆管細胞を単離する

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, ...

isolation-of-neonatal-extrahepatic-cholangiocytes

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.2K ビュー.  The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. 新生仔マウスの肝臓外胆管から胆管を単離するための技術が記載されている。ダクトは細心の注意を払って解剖し、その後、細胞が厚いコラーゲンゲル中で成長することによって単離される。この方法では、肝外胆管の開発および病理学を研究するための有用なツールを提供しています。 

ビデオ: Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

Neutrophil Isolation Protocol

Neutrophil polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and among the first cells to arrive on the site of inflammatory immune response. Due to their key role in inflammation, neutrophil functions such as locomotion, cytokine production, phagocytosis, and tumor cell combat are extensively studied. To characterize the specific functions of neutrophils, a clean, fast, and reliable method of separating them from other blood cells is desirable for in vitro studies, especially since neutrophils are short-lived and should be used within 2-4 hours of collection. Here, we demonstrate a standard density gradient separation method to isolate human neutrophils from whole blood using commercially available separation media that is a mixture of sodium metrizoate and Dextran 500. The procedure consists of layering whole blood over the density gradient medium, centrifugation, separation of neutrophil layer, and lysis of residual erythrocytes. Cells are then washed, counted, and resuspended in buffer to desired concentration. When performed correctly, this method has been shown to yield samples of >95% neutrophils with >95% viability.

Neutrophils are among the first cells to arrive on the site of inflammatory immune response, and their functions and mechanisms have been studied extensively in vitro. We demonstrate a standard density gradient separation method to isolate human neutrophils from whole blood using commercially available separation media.

好中球単離プロトコル

Neutrophil polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and among the first cells to arrive on the site of inflammatory ...

生物学

Isolation of Valvular Endothelial Cells

Heart valves are solely responsible for maintaining unidirectional blood flow through the cardiovascular system. These thin, fibrous tissues are subjected to significant mechanical stresses as they open and close several billion times over a lifespan. The incredible endurance of these tissues is due to the resident valvular endothelial (VEC) and interstitial cells (VIC) that constantly repair and remodel in response to local mechanical and biological signals. Only recently have we begun to understand the unique behaviors of these cells, for which in vitro experimentation has played a key role. Particularly challenging is the isolation and culture of VEC. Special care must be used from the moment the tissue is removed from the host through final plating. Here we present protocols for direct isolation, side specific isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of VEC. We use enzymatic digestion followed by a gentle swab scraping technique to dislodge only surface cells. These cells are then collected into a tube and centrifuged into a pellet. The pellet is then resuspended and plated into culture flasks pre-coated with collagen I matrix. VEC phenotype is confirmed by contact inhibited growth and the expression of endothelial specific markers such as PECAM1 (CD31), Von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and negative expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (&alpha;-SMA). The functional characteristics of VEC are associated with high levels of acetylated LDL. Unlike vascular endothelial cells, VEC have the unique capacity to transform into mesenchyme, which normally occurs during embryonic valve formation1. This can also occur during significantly prolonged post confluent in vitro culture, so care should be made to passage at or near confluence. After VEC isolation, pure populations of VIC can then be easily acquired.

We provide a method for isolating and culturing pure populations of heart valve endothelial cells (VEC). VEC can be isolated from either side of the cusp or leaflet and immediately following, underlying interstitial cell (VIC) isolation is straightforward.

弁内皮細胞の単離

Heart valves are solely responsible for maintaining unidirectional blood flow through the cardiovascular system.  These thin, fibrous tissues are ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

新生児マウスからの肺血管内皮細胞の単離と培養

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline interactions. Testes are typically isolated from adult males 0-3 days after eclosion from the pupal case. The testes of wild-type flies are easily distinguished from other tissues because they are yellow, but the testes of white mutant flies, a common genetic background for laboratory experiments are similar in both shape and color to the fly gut. Performing dissection on a glass microscope slide with a black background makes identifying the testes considerably easier. Testes are removed from the flies using dissecting needles. Compared to protocols that use forceps for testes dissection, our method is far quicker, allowing a well-practiced individual to dissect testes from 200-300 wild-type flies per hour, yielding 400-600 testes. Testes from white flies or from mutants that reduce testes size are harder to dissect and typically yield 200-400 testes per hour.

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Drosophila melanogaster testes can be rapidly and efficiently isolated from adult males using dissecting needles. With practice, one can readily isolate in one or two days an amount of testes sufficient for the analysis of DNA or RNA by high throughput sequencing or more traditional molecular biology methods or of protein for antibody- or enzyme-based assays.

の分離キイロショウジョウバエ精巣

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Isolation and Biophysical Study of Fruit Cuticles

The cuticle, a hydrophobic protective layer on the aerial parts of terrestrial plants, functions as a versatile defensive barrier to various biotic and abiotic stresses and also regulates water flow from the external environment.1 A biopolyester (cutin) and long-chain fatty acids (waxes) form the principal structural framework of the cuticle; the functional integrity of the cuticular layer depends on the outer 'epicuticular' layer as well as the blend consisting of the cutin biopolymer and 'intracuticular' waxes.2 Herein, we describe a comprehensive protocol to extract waxes exhaustively from commercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit cuticles or to remove epicuticular and intracuticular waxes sequentially and selectively from the cuticle composite. The method of Jetter and Sch&auml;ffer (2001) was adapted for the stepwise extraction of epicuticular and intracuticular waxes from the fruit cuticle.3,4 To monitor the process of sequential wax removal, solid-state cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning (CPMAS) 13C NMR spectroscopy was used in parallel with atomic force microscopy (AFM), providing molecular-level structural profiles of the bulk materials complemented by information on the microscale topography and roughness of the cuticular surfaces. To evaluate the cross-linking capabilities of dewaxed cuticles from cultivated wild-type and single-gene mutant tomato fruits, MAS 13C NMR was used to compare the relative proportions of oxygenated aliphatic (CHO and CH2O) chemical moieties.
Exhaustive dewaxing by stepwise Soxhlet extraction with a panel of solvents of varying polarity provides an effective means to isolate wax moieties based on the hydrophobic characteristics of their aliphatic and aromatic constituents, while preserving the chemical structure of the cutin biopolyester. The mechanical extraction of epicuticular waxes and selective removal of intracuticular waxes, when monitored by complementary physical methodologies, provides an unprecedented means to investigate the cuticle assembly: this approach reveals the supramolecular organization and structural integration of various types of waxes, the architecture of the cutin-wax matrix, and the chemical composition of each constituent. In addition, solid-state 13C NMR reveals differences in the relative numbers of CHO and CH2O chemical moieties for wild-type and mutant red ripe tomato fruits. The NMR techniques offer exceptional tools to fingerprint the molecular structure of cuticular materials that are insoluble, amorphous, and chemically heterogeneous. As a noninvasive surface-selective imaging technique, AFM furnishes an effective and direct means to probe the structural organization of the cuticular assembly on the nm-&mu;m length scale.

Aerial plant organs are protected by the cuticle, a supramolecular biopolyester-wax assembly. We present protocols to monitor selective removal of epi- and intracuticular waxes from tomato fruit cuticles on molecular and micro scales by solid-state NMR and atomic force microscopy, respectively, and to assess the cross-linking capacity of engineered cuticular biopolyesters.

果実キューティクルの単離と生物物理学的研究

The cuticle, a hydrophobic protective layer on the aerial parts of terrestrial plants, functions as a versatile defensive barrier to various biotic and ...

Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow for easy investigation and manipulation of biochemical pathways, and their effect on the biomechanical properties of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes.	
The following 2-day protocol describes the isolation and culture of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. We show how to easily dissect hearts from neonates, dissociate the cardiac tissue and enrich cardiomyocytes from the cardiac cell-population. We discuss the usage of different enzyme mixes for cell-dissociation, and their effects on cell-viability. The isolated cardiomyocytes can be subsequently used for a variety of morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, cell-biological or biomechanical assays. We optimized the protocol for robustness and reproducibility, by using only commercially available solutions and enzyme mixes that show little lot-to-lot variability. We also address common problems associated with the isolation and culture of cardiomyocytes, and offer a variety of options for the optimization of isolation and culture conditions.

Primary mouse cardiomyocyte cultures are one of the pivotal tools for the investigation of myofibrillar organization and function. The following protocol describes the isolation and culture of primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal mouse hearts. The resulting cardiomyocyte cultures may be subsequently used for a variety of biomechanical, biochemical and cell-biological assays.

新生仔マウス心筋細胞の単離および培養

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study  myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow  for easy ...

Isolation of Embryonic Ventricular Endothelial Cells

Cell culture has greatly enhanced our ability to assess individual populations of cells under myriad culture conditions. While immortalized cell lines offer significant advantages for their ease of use, these cell lines are unavailable for all potential cell types. By isolating primary cells from a specific region of interest, particularly from a transgenic mouse, more nuanced studies can be performed. The basic technique involves dissecting the organ or partial organ of interest (e.g. the heart or a specific region of the heart) and dissociating the organ to single cells. These cells are then incubated with magnetic beads conjugated to an antibody that recognizes the cell type of interest. The cells of interest can then be isolated with the use of a magnet, with a short trypsin incubation dissociating the cells from the beads. These isolated cells can then be cultured and analyzed as desired. This technique was originally designed for adult mouse organs but can be easily scaled down for use with embryonic organs, as demonstrated herein. Because our interest is in the developing coronary vasculature, we wanted to study this population of cells during specific embryonic stages. Thus, the original protocol had to be modified to be compatible with the small size of the embryonic ventricles and the low potential yield of endothelial cells at these developmental stages. Utilizing this scaled-down approach, we have assessed coronary plexus remodeling in transgenic embryonic ventricular endothelial cells.

Primary cell culture is a useful technique for analyzing specific populations of cells, particularly from transgenic mouse embryos at specific developmental stages. Herein, embryonic ventricles are dissected and dissociated, and antibody-conjugated beads recognize and separate out the endothelial cells for further analysis.

胚心室内皮細胞の単離

Cell culture has greatly enhanced our ability to assess individual populations of cells under myriad culture conditions. While immortalized cell lines ...

Isolation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells from Neonatal Mice

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction in PASMC from fetal sheep. While sheep make an excellent model of term pulmonary hypertension, they are very expensive and lack the advantage of genetic manipulation found in mice. Conversely, the inability to isolate PASMC from mice was a significant limitation of that system. Here we described the isolation of primary cultures of mouse PASMC from P7, P14, and P21 mice using a variation of the previously described technique of Marshall et al.26 that was previously used to isolate rat PASMC. These murine PASMC represent a novel tool for the study of signaling pathways in the neonatal period. Briefly, a slurry of 0.5% (w/v) agarose + 0.5% iron particles in M199 media is infused into the pulmonary vascular bed via the right ventricle (RV). The iron particles are 0.2 &#956;M in diameter and cannot pass through the pulmonary capillary bed. Thus, the iron lodges in the small pulmonary arteries (PA). The lungs are inflated with agarose, removed and dissociated. The iron-containing vessels are pulled down with a magnet. After collagenase (80 U/ml) treatment and further dissociation, the vessels are put into a tissue culture dish in M199 media containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotics (M199 complete media) to allow cell migration onto the culture dish. This initial plate of cells is a 50-50 mixture of fibroblasts and PASMC. Thus, the pull down procedure is repeated multiple times to achieve a more pure PASMC population and remove any residual iron. Smooth muscle cell identity is confirmed by immunostaining for smooth muscle myosin and desmin.

We have developed a novel and reproducible technique to isolate primary cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from mice as young as P7, thereby allowing better study of the signaling pathways involved in neonatal smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation.

新生児マウスから肺動脈平滑筋細胞の単離

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling ...

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and surrounded by a monolayer of valve endothelial cells (VECs). VECs play essential roles in establishing the valve structures during embryonic development, and are important for maintaining life-long valve integrity and function. In contrast to a continuous endothelium over the surface of healthy valve leaflets, VEC disruption is commonly observed in malfunctioning valves and is associated with pathological processes that promote valve disease and dysfunction. Despite the clinical relevance, focused studies determining the contribution of VECs to development and disease processes are limited. The isolation of VECs from animal models would allow for cell-specific experimentation. VECs have been isolated from large animal adult models but due to their small population size, fragileness, and lack of specific markers, no reports of VEC isolations in embryos or adult small animal models have been reported. Here we describe a novel method that allows for the direct isolation of VECs from mice at embryonic and adult stages. Utilizing the Tie2-GFP reporter model that labels all endothelial cells with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we have been successful in isolating GFP-positive (and negative) cells from the semilunar and atrioventricular valve regions using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Isolated GFP-positive VECs are enriched for endothelial markers, including CD31 and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and retain endothelial cell expression when cultured; while, GFP-negative cells exhibit molecular profiles and cell shapes consistent with VIC phenotypes. The ability to isolate embryonic and adult murine VECs allows for previously unattainable molecular and functional studies to be carried out on a specific valve cell population, which will greatly improve our understanding of valve development and disease mechanisms.

The ability to isolate heart valve endothelial cells (VECs) is critical for understanding mechanisms of valve development, maintenance, and disease. Here we describe the isolation of VECs from embryonic and adult Tie2-GFP mice using FACS that will allow for studies determining the contribution of VECs in developmental and disease processes.

ネズミ弁内皮細胞の単離

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and ...

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are technically feasible and routine. However, some mouse models can have early onset of disease with a rapid progression that makes administration of potential therapies difficult. The temporal (or facial) vein is just anterior to the ear bud in mice and is clearly visible for the first two days after birth on either side of the head using a dissecting microscope. During this window, the temporal vein can be injected with volumes up to 50 &#956;l. The injection is safe and well tolerated by both the pups and the dams. A typical injection procedure is completed within 1-2 min, after which the pup is returned to the home cage. By the third postnatal day the vein is difficult to visualize and the injection procedure becomes technically unreliable. This technique has been used for delivery of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, which in turn can provide almost body-wide, stable transgene expression for the life of the animal depending on the viral serotype chosen.

Animal models of pediatric disease can experience early onset and aggressive disease progression. Clinically relevant therapy delivery to young mouse models can be technically difficult. This protocol describes a non-invasive intravenous injection method for newborn mice within the first two postnatal days of life.