Este trabajo fue apoyado por becas de la St, Fundación de José (AJF, LJI) y la Asociación Americana del Pulmón, RG-224607-N (LJI).

1. Línea Celular Mantenimiento <ol><li> Humana inmortalizada BE displásicas de alto grado (CP-B, CP-C, CP-D) y de metaplasia (CP-A) líneas celulares mediante transfección estable de la telomerasa transcriptasa inversa humana (ter) de proteínas 11. </li><li> Mantener BE líneas celulares en medios de queratinocitos suplementado con extracto de pituitaria bovina (BPE), factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGF), suero bovino fetal al 5% (FBS), aminoácidos no esenciales (NEAA), penicilina-estreptomicina neomicina (PSN), y norma las condiciones de cultivo de tejidos (37 ° C, 5% CO 2, 98% de humedad). </li></ol> 2. SER celular Plating <ol><li> Preparación de las placas de 12 pocillos / portaobjetos. Coloque 18 mm cubreobjetos en una placa de Petri de vidrio y de autoclave. Transferencia autoclave 18 mm cubreobjetos de vidrio en un 12 pocillos placa de cultivo de tejidos utilizando una pipeta de vidrio estéril conectada a un tubo de vacío. Lavar el portaobjetos con PBS estéril y medios de comunicación. </li><li> Trypsinize y contar las células inmortalizado. Contar las células using de un contador de células automatizado o un hemocitómetro. Diluir las células en medios de cultivo a una concentración de 20.000-40.000 células / ml. </li><li> Coloque 1 ml de células en cada pocillo que contenía un cubreobjetos para un recuento total de 20.000-40.000 células / pocillo. </li><li> Utilice una punta de pipeta estéril para empujar suavemente el cubreobjetos a la parte inferior del pozo para asegurar que las células se adhieren a la cubreobjetos. </li></ol> 3. Tratamiento de Drogas de las células de BE <ol><li> Diluir fármaco seleccionado en cálidos medios de comunicación (37 ° C) a la concentración deseada y mezclar bien invirtiendo el tubo varias veces o usando un mezclador de vórtice. Concentraciones de fármaco determinado empíricamente. Empiece el tratamiento 24 horas después de la siembra inicial de las células de BE para permitir que las células apego a la cubreobjetos </li><li> Para la comparación y el control, el tratamiento de un cubreobjetos adicional de células de BE con un 0,1% del vehículo (dimetilsulfóxido [DMSO] o agente utilizado para solubilizar compuestos) diluido en medio de cultivo. Placa de identificación con una pluma de laboratorio para identificar drogas y vehículo muestras tratadas. Colocar las células en una incubadora de cultivo celular ajustado a 37 ° C, 5% de CO 2, 98% de humedad y se incuba durante puntos de tiempo deseados. </li></ol> 4. Inmunofluorescencia La tinción <ol><li> Fijación <ol><li> Tras el tiempo de incubación deseado de tratamiento de drogas, aspirar los medios y lavar los cubreobjetos rápidamente con 1x solución salina tamponada con fosfato (PBS) a temperatura ambiente (RT, 25 ° C). </li><li> Aspirar el PBS y añadir 1 ml de PBS que contenía 4% de PFA [PFA al 4% / PBS] a cada pocillo e incubar a TA durante 30 min. </li><li> Aspirar el 4% PFA / PBS y se lava el cubreobjetos 3x, 5 minutos cada uno con PBS a RT. Cubreobjetos tienda durante una semana en PBS/0.1% PFA a 4 ° C si se desea. </li></ol></li><li> Permeabilización / Bloqueo Permeabilizar células PFA fijos para permitir que el anticuerpo para acceder a las dianas intracelulares. Para extracelular a la superficie las proteínas, realizar todos los pasos posteriores sin saponina añadido a la solución de BSA 1x PBS/0.5%. <ol><li> Reducir fondo mediante la incubación con 50 mM de NH4Cl diluido en PBS durante 10 min a temperatura ambiente y lavar con RT PBS una vez durante 5 min. </li><li> Incubar ser células durante 30 min en 100-300 l de PBS que contenía 0,1% de saponina y 0,5% de albúmina de suero bovino (BSA). Diluir saponina de filtro esterilizado 10%, preparada en agua y se almacenaron a 4 ° C. </li></ol> NOTA: Este previene la unión de los anticuerpos a las proteínas celulares no específica mediante el bloqueo de cubreobjetos debido a la adición de 0,5% de BSA. Alternativamente, sustituir BSA con suero de cabra diluido a 5% para ayudar a reducir la unión no específica de anticuerpos. </li><li> Preparación de la Cámara humana <ol><li> Preparar un plato cuadrado bioensayo por capas de la parte inferior de la cámara con toallas de papel húmedo y coloque una capa de Parafilm en la parte superior. </li><li> Transferir suavemente el cubreobjetos, células mirando hacia arriba, hacia el Parafilm usando pinzas y una jeringa con aguja. </li><li> Marque el Parafilm con una pluma de laboratorio para identificar cubreobjetos. </li></ol></li><li>Primaria de anticuerpos de incubación <ol><li> Diluir el anticuerpo primario en PBS que contenía tanto BSA 0,5% y 0,1% de saponina. </li><li> Seque suavemente fuera de la solución de bloqueo utilizando un tejido de laboratorio y añadir 100 ml de la solución de anticuerpo primario. Incubar la primaria de anticuerpos en las células de BE durante la noche a 4 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> La incubación de anticuerpo secundario <ol><li> Se lavan los portas 3x con PBS/0.5% BSA/0.1% saponina durante 5 minutos cada uno a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Diluir anticuerpo secundario conjugado con un marcador fluorescente en PBS/0.5% BSA/0.1% de saponina que el anticuerpo secundario reconoce las especies en las que se planteó el anticuerpo primario. </li><li> Añadir 100 l de anticuerpo diluido a cada cubreobjetos. Incubar el anticuerpo secundario durante 2 horas a TA. </li></ol></li><li> Lavado y Montaje del cubreobjetos <ol><li> Lavar el portaobjetos 3x, 5 minutos en cada una PBS/0.5% BSA/0.1% de saponina. Retirar el tampón de lavado y añadir 100-300 l de PBS a los cubreobjetos. NOTA: Para la doble luchatinción cuerpo, repita los pasos 4.4 hasta 4.5 con el anticuerpo primario y secundario adicional deseado de acuerdo con información que se indica en la discusión. </li><li> Con unas pinzas, levante suavemente el cubreobjetos y borra de la PBS utilizando un tejido de laboratorio o toalla de papel. </li><li> Añadir 15 l de un medio de montaje anti-fade adecuado que contiene 4 &#39;,6-diamino-2-fenilindol (DAPI) a la cubreobjetos y invertir el cubreobjetos, las células hacia abajo, sobre un portaobjetos de microscopio de vidrio. </li><li> Colocar los portaobjetos en una carpeta porta e incubar fuera de la luz directa durante la noche a temperatura ambiente para permitir que el medio anti-fade establecido difícil de curar, de acuerdo con las instrucciones del fabricante. Una vez que el medio anti-fade ha establecido, las diapositivas se pueden almacenar ya sea en 4 ° C o -20 ° C hasta que la visualización microscópica. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Visualización microscópica de Cubreobjetos Las células teñidas se pueden visualizar a través de cualquiera de microscopía confocal o un SI microscópicas vertical capaze. Aunque la microscopía confocal proporciona imágenes de alta resolución en profundidades discretas, un microscopio en posición vertical es capaz de producir imágenes útiles más rápido. Por razones de brevedad, un método de formación de imágenes manchado BE células mediante microscopía estándar se presenta. En general, a la imagen isotiocianato de fluoresceína (FITC) o fluoróforos similares (es decir, proteína fluorescente verde), rojo de Texas y DAPI, requiere un microscopio con filtros capaces de discriminar estos fluoróforos. Compruebe el microscopio antes de comenzar el protocolo para determinar fluoróforos compatibles. <ol><li> Imaging en un SI Microscopio Estándar <ol><li> Retire almacenados diapositivas / cubreobjetos de -20 ° C o 4 ° C y permita que alcancen la temperatura ambiente. Encienda el microscopio y lámpara de arco de mercurio. </li><li> Coloque portaobjetos con cubreobjetos mirando hacia el objetivo en la platina del microscopio. Para el uso de un objetivo de inmersión en aceite, añadir una gota de aceite de inmersión sobre cubreobjetos. </li><li> Seleccione el filtro de DAPI y abrir el obturador. </li&gt; <li> Enfoque el objetivo mientras mira a través de los oculares hasta que aparezca la imagen. Dado que todas las células se mancha con DAPI, los núcleos deben ser fácilmente observable. </li><li> Recoge imágenes utilizando el software de procesamiento de imagen respectiva. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Reid, B. J., Li, X., Galipeau, P. C., Vaughan, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Barrett's+oesophagus+and+oesophageal+adenocarcinoma:+time+for+a+new+synthesis.">Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: time for a new synthesis.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 10, 87-101 (2010).</li><li>Hayeck, T. J., Kong, C. Y., Spechler, S. J., Gazelle, G. S., Hur, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prevalence+of+Barrett's+esophagus+in+the+US:+estimates+from+a+simulation+model+confirmed+by+SEER+data.">The prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the US: estimates from a simulation model confirmed by SEER data.</a> Dis. Esophagus. 23, 451-457 (2010).</li><li>Brown, L. M., Devesa, S. S., Chow, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+of+adenocarcinoma+of+the+esophagus+among+white+Americans+by+sex,+stage,+and+age.">Incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus among white Americans by sex, stage, and age.</a> J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 100, 1184-1187 (2008).</li><li>Konturek, P. C., Burnat, G., Hahn, E. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+Barret's+adenocarcinoma+cell+growth+by+simvastatin:+involvement+of+COX-2+and+apoptosis-related+proteins.">Inhibition of Barret's adenocarcinoma cell growth by simvastatin: involvement of COX-2 and apoptosis-related proteins.</a> J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 58 Suppl 3, 141-148 (2007).</li><li>Peng, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutathione+peroxidase+7+protects+against+oxidative+DNA+damage+in+oesophageal+cells.">Glutathione peroxidase 7 protects against oxidative DNA damage in oesophageal cells.</a> Gut. 61, 1250-1260 (2012).</li><li>Vona-Davis, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MAPK+and+PI3K+inhibition+reduces+proliferation+of+Barrett's+adenocarcinoma+in+vitro.">MAPK and PI3K inhibition reduces proliferation of Barrett's adenocarcinoma in vitro.</a> Surg. Res. 127, 53-58 (2005).</li><li>Inge, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+small+molecule+inhibitor+of+the+Src+kinase,+reduces+the+growth+and+activates+apoptosis+in+pre-neoplastic+Barrett's+esophagus+cell+lines:+evidence+for+a+noninvasive+treatment+of+high-grade+dysplasia.">a small molecule inhibitor of the Src kinase, reduces the growth and activates apoptosis in pre-neoplastic Barrett's esophagus cell lines: evidence for a noninvasive treatment of high-grade dysplasia.</a> Thoracic Cardiovasc. Surg. 145, 531-538 (2013).</li><li>Jovov, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ion+transport+and+barrier+function+in+a+telomerase-immortalized+human+nondysplastic,+Barrett's+cell+line+(BAR-T).">Ion transport and barrier function in a telomerase-immortalized human nondysplastic, Barrett's cell line (BAR-T).</a> Dis. Esophagus. 22, 386-395 (2009).</li><li>Merlo, L. M., Kosoff, R. E., Gardiner, K. L., Maley, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vitro+co-culture+model+of+esophageal+cells+identifies+ascorbic+acid+as+a+modulator+of+cell+competition.">An in vitro co-culture model of esophageal cells identifies ascorbic acid as a modulator of cell competition.</a> BMC Cancer. 11, 461 (2011).</li><li>Zhang, H. Y., Hormi-Carver, K., Zhang, X., Spechler, S. J., Souza, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+benign+Barrett's+epithelial+cells,+acid+exposure+generates+reactive+oxygen+species+that+cause+DNA+double-strand+breaks.">In benign Barrett's epithelial cells, acid exposure generates reactive oxygen species that cause DNA double-strand breaks.</a> Cancer Res. 69, 9083-9089 (2009).</li><li>Palanca-Wessels, M. C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extended+lifespan+of+Barrett's+esophagus+epithelium+transduced+with+the+human+telomerase+catalytic+subunit:+a+useful+in+vitro+model.">Extended lifespan of Barrett's esophagus epithelium transduced with the human telomerase catalytic subunit: a useful in vitro model.</a> Carcinogenesis. 24, 1183-1190 (2003).</li><li>Kumble, S., Omary, M. B., Cartwright, C. A., Triadafilopoulos, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Src+activation+in+malignant+and+premalignant+epithelia+of+Barrett's+esophagus.">Src activation in malignant and premalignant epithelia of Barrett's esophagus.</a> Gastroenterology. 112, 348-356 (1997).</li><li>Inge, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=alpha-Catenin+overrides+Src-dependent+activation+of+beta-catenin+oncogenic+signaling.">alpha-Catenin overrides Src-dependent activation of beta-catenin oncogenic signaling.</a> Mol. Cancer Ther. 7, 1386-1397 (2008).</li><li>Coluccia, A. M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SKI-606+Decreases+Growth+and+Motility+of+Colorectal+Cancer+Cells+by+Preventing+pp60(c-Src)-Dependent+Tyrosine+Phosphorylation+of+&#946;-Catenin+and+Its+Nuclear+Signaling.">SKI-606 Decreases Growth and Motility of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Preventing pp60(c-Src)-Dependent Tyrosine Phosphorylation of &#946;-Catenin and Its Nuclear Signaling.</a> Cancer Res. 66, 2279-2286 (2006).</li><li>Nam, J. -. S., Ino, Y., Sakamoto, M., Hirohashi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Src+Family+Kinase+Inhibitor+PP2+Restores+the+E-Cadherin/Catenin+Cell+Adhesion+System+in+Human+Cancer+Cells+and+Reduces+Cancer+Metastasis.">Src Family Kinase Inhibitor PP2 Restores the E-Cadherin/Catenin Cell Adhesion System in Human Cancer Cells and Reduces Cancer Metastasis.</a> Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 2430-2436 (2002).</li><li>Chu, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=p27+phosphorylation+by+Src+regulates+inhibition+of+cyclin+E-Cdk2.">p27 phosphorylation by Src regulates inhibition of cyclin E-Cdk2.</a> Cell. 128, 281-294 (2007).</li><li>Inge, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soluble+E-cadherin+promotes+cell+survival+by+activating+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor.">Soluble E-cadherin promotes cell survival by activating epidermal growth factor receptor.</a> Exp. Res. 317, 838-848 (2011).</li><li>Gan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+roles+of+ERK+and+Akt+pathways+in+regulation+of+EGFR-mediated+signaling+and+motility+in+prostate+cancer+cells.">Differential roles of ERK and Akt pathways in regulation of EGFR-mediated signaling and motility in prostate cancer cells.</a> Oncogene. 29, 4947-4958 (2010).</li></ol>

Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros en competencia.

Hemos esbozado un método para la aplicación de SI de las células de BE a la aclaración de los efectos fisiológicos de las terapias dirigidas sobre estas células. Aunque se han descrito el uso de estos procedimientos hacia células BE, hemos encontrado que estos métodos son también aplicables a una variedad de diferentes tipos de células 13,17,18. Además, estos procedimientos pueden ser alterados de varias maneras de optimizar la tinción para objetivos específicos. Nos ...

El esófago de Barrett (EB) es un cambio metaplásico en el epitelio escamoso normal del esófago y una consecuencia de la exposición crónica a los contenidos gástricas asociadas a la enfermedad de reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) 1. BE se piensa que es un mecanismo de protección en respuesta a la ERGE, sin embargo, la presencia de EB imparte un mayor riesgo de adenocarcinoma de esófago (EAC), una enfermedad que conlleva una significativa baja supervivencia 1. Las estimaciones actuales indican que hasta un 5,6% de la población estadounidense tiene EB, sin embargo, como BE es a menudo asintomática, se piensa que la mayoría de BE no se diagnostica 2. Como las tasas de incidencia tanto de la ERGE y EAC han visto un crecimiento continuo 3, se ha convertido en importante para comprender los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la progresión de la SER para EAC, sobre todo ya que esta información podría potencialmente proporcionar enfoques terapéuticos destinados a prevenir la progresión de la SER para EAC. 1. La inflamación crónica, lesiones y daño genotóxico como resultado de la exposición prolongada a los contenidos gástricos ejercen una presión selectiva sobre la lesión SER promoción de la progresión neoplásica de EAC. Una serie de alteraciones genéticas han sido identificadas durante la BE a la progresión de la CAO. Sin embargo, a pesar de esto hay una clara falta de comprensión acerca de los cambios exactos en la señalización celular y los efectos posteriores sobre la estructura y la función celular. Inmortalizada en líneas celulares in vitro son herramientas útiles para estudiar los efectos de la señalización celular, sobre todo en la investigación de los efectos de los compuestos terapéuticos dirigidos. La reciente disponibilidad comercial de BE líneas celulares inmortalizadas permite para tales estudios. Aunque los ensayos de alto rendimiento, tales como los ensayos de viabilidad ampliamente usados, pueden ser valiosas para determinar los efectos de las terapias dirigidas sobre la proliferación celular y Dorvival 4-6, estos ensayos no son útiles para interrogar a los efectos de la señalización celular en la morfología celular. La tinción de inmunofluorescencia (IF) es una técnica útil para la investigación de los efectos de las terapias dirigidas en las características morfológicas, crecimiento y supervivencia de las células y las proteínas que están implicadas. Nuestro laboratorio ha adaptado estos métodos hacia líneas celulares inmortalizadas BE, usando IF para evaluar los efectos de un fármaco clínicamente disponibles a líneas celulares de BE con la esperanza de delinear un posible tratamiento quimiopreventivo y biomarcadores para el tratamiento de drogas 7. Del mismo modo, la aplicación de estas técnicas en la EAC, BE y líneas de células esofágicas inmortalizadas ha delineado los hallazgos críticos respecto a BE a EAC progresión 8-10. Hemos de encontrar si el análisis de las células pueden tratar con terapias dirigidas tiene valor, lo que permite la caracterización de los cambios en la estructura celular y localización de la proteína. A continuación, presentamos nuestros métodos de SI de ser células inmortalizadas a characterize tratamiento farmacológico.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="743">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Name of the Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Comments/ Description (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CP-A (Metaplastic Cell Line)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-4027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CP-B (High-grade Dysplastic Cell Line)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-4028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CP-C (High-grade Dysplastic Cell Line)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-4029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CP-D (High-grade Dysplastic Cell Line)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-4030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Keratinocyte-SFM (1X), Liquid</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17005-042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (1X), Phenol Red&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fetal Bovine Serum, Qualified, HI</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10438026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PSN ANTIBIOTIC MIXTURE</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS - Phosphate-Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pro-long Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Circular Glass Coverslip 18mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-183-86</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">&#946;-catenin Primary Antibody (Rabbit)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>9562S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Alexafluor 488 (Goat Anti-Rabbit)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10cm TC treated PS dish, sterile</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>CC7682-3394</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">12-well TC treated PS plate, sterile</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>5666-5180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>276855</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9434</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Saponin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Bovine Serum Albumin - Fraction V</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>85040C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SKI-606 (Bosutinib)</td>
			<td>Selleck Chemicals</td>
			<td>S1014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Square Bioassay Dish&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>240835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Parafilm&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82024-546</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Disposable Pasteur Pipets, Flint Glass</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>14672-380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nexcelom Mini Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Nexcelom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cellometer Counting Chambers</td>
			<td>Nexcelom</td>
			<td>CHT4-SD100-014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Zeiss Apotome microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an immunofluorescent method for characterization of barrett&#8217;s esophagus cells

El adenocarcinoma de esófago (EAC) tiene una tasa de supervivencia global de menos del 17% y la incidencia de EAC ha aumentado drásticamente en las últimas dos décadas. Uno de los principales factores de riesgo de EAC es el esófago de Barrett (EB), un cambio metaplásico del esófago escamoso normal en respuesta a la acidez crónica. A pesar de la relación bien establecida entre la CAO y la SER, el interrogatorio de los eventos moleculares, en particular las vías de señalización alteradas involucran progresión de la SER para EAC, son poco conocidos. Mucho de esto es debido a la falta de adecuada en modelos in vitro disponibles para estudiar estas enfermedades. Recientemente, las líneas celulares inmortalizadas BE se han convertido en disponibles en el mercado que permite estudios in vitro de BE. A continuación, presentamos un método para la tinción de inmunofluorescencia de líneas celulares inmortalizadas BE, lo que permite la caracterización in vitro de la señalización celular y la estructura después de la exposición a los compuestos terapéuticos. La aplicación de estas técnicas se help a desarrollar una idea de los mecanismos implicados en BE para EAC progresión y abren una posible vía para el tratamiento y prevención de la EAC.

Un ejemplo de los resultados obtenidos de la aplicación de los procedimientos descritos se ilustra en las Figuras 1A-D. Cubreobjetos con CP-D y ser células CP-C fueron tratados durante 24 horas con 1 mM del inhibidor de Src familia, SKI-606, o vehículo (DMSO) y se tiñeron utilizando los procedimientos anteriores para la unión adherente y Wnt de señalización de proteínas, β -catenina. Visualización de β-catenina se logró mediante el etiquetado con una IgG anti-conejo acoplada a un fluoróforo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrettâ€™s Esophagus Cells at JoVE.com

An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrett&amp;#8217;s Esophagus Cells

Existe la necesidad de mejorar la información discernible en los conductores moleculares de esófago de Barrett. La tinción de inmunofluorescencia es una técnica útil para la comprensión de los efectos de la señalización celular en la morfología celular. Se presenta un protocolo simple, efectiva para el uso de la tinción de inmunofluorescencia para evaluar el tratamiento terapéutico en las células del esófago de Barrett.

Un método de inmunofluorescencia para la caracterización de las células del esófago de Barrett

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has an overall survival rate of less than 17% and incidence of EAC has risen dramatically over the past two decades. One ...

an-immunofluorescent-method-for-characterization-barretts-esophagus

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus Cells

14.0K vistas.  St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center.  Existe la necesidad de mejorar la información discernible en los conductores moleculares de esófago de Barrett. La tinción de inmunofluorescencia es una técnica útil para la comprensión de los efectos de la señalización celular en la morfología celular. Se presenta un protocolo simple, efectiva para el uso de la tinción de inmunofluorescencia para evaluar el tratamiento terapéutico en las células del esófago de Barrett. 

Video: An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus Cells

A Method For Production of Recombinant mCD1d Protein in Insect Cells.

CD1 proteins constitute a third class of antigen-presenting molecules. They are cell surface glycoproteins, expressed as approximately 50-kDa glycosylated heavy chains that are noncovalently associated with beta2-microglobulin. They bind lipids rather than peptides. Although their structure confirms the similarity of CD1 proteins to MHC class I and class II antigen presenting molecules, the mCD1d groove is relatively narrow, deep, and highly hydrophobic and it has two binding pockets instead of the several shallow pockets described for the classical MHC-encoded antigen-presenting molecules. Based upon their amino acid sequences, such a hydrobphobic groove provides an ideal environment for the binding of lipid antigens. The Natural Killer T (NKT) cells use their TCR to recognize glycolipids bound to or presented by CD1d. T cells reactive to lipids presented by CD1 have been involved in the protection against autoimmune and infectious diseases and in tumor rejection. Thus, the ability to identify, purify , and track the response of CD1-reactive NKT cell is of great importance . The generation of tetramers of alpha Galactosyl ceramide (a-Galcer) with CD1d has significant insight into the biology of NKT cells. Tetramers constructed from other CD1 molecules have also been generated and these new reagents have greatly expanded the knowledge of the functions of lipid-reactive T cells, with potential use in monitoring the response to lipid-based vaccines and in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and other treatments.

A Method to prepare Insect cells and infect them with baculovirus for the the purpose of production of recombinant mCD1d proteinand generating mCD1d tetramers.

Un método para la producción de proteínas recombinantes en células de insecto mCD1d.

CD1 proteins constitute a third class of antigen-presenting molecules. They are cell surface glycoproteins, expressed as approximately 50-kDa glycosylated ...

Investigación

Biología

A Method for Culturing Embryonic C. elegans Cells

C. elegans is a powerful model system, in which genetic and molecular techniques are easily applicable. Until recently though, techniques that require direct access to cells and isolation of specific cell types, could not be applied in C. elegans. This limitation was due to the fact that tissues are confined within a pressurized cuticle which is not easily digested by treatment with enzymes and/or detergents. Based on early pioneer work by Laird Bloom, Christensen and colleagues 1 developed a robust method for culturing C. elegans embryonic cells in large scale. Eggs are isolated from gravid adults by treatment with bleach/NaOH and subsequently treated with chitinase to remove the eggshells. Embryonic cells are then dissociated by manual pipetting and plated onto substrate-covered glass in serum-enriched media. Within 24 hr of isolation cells begin to differentiate by changing morphology and by expressing cell specific markers. C. elegans cells cultured using this method survive for up 2 weeks in vitro and have been used for electrophysiological, immunochemical, and imaging analyses as well as they have been sorted and used for microarray profiling.

A Method for Culturing Embryonic C. elegans Cells

We describe here a revised protocol for large-scale culture of embryonic C. elegans cells. Embryonic C. elegans cells cultured in vitro using this method, appear to differentiate and recapitulate the expression of genes in a cell specific manner. Techniques that require direct access to the cells or isolation of specific cell types from the other tissues can be applied on C. elegans cultured cells.

Un método para cultivar embrionarias<em&gt; C. elegans</em&gt; Células

C. elegans is a powerful model system, in which genetic and molecular techniques are easily applicable. Until recently though, techniques that require ...

An Innovative Method for Exosome Quantification and Size Measurement

Although the biological importance of exosomes has recently gained an increasing amount of scientific and clinical attention, much is still unknown about their complex pathways, their bioavailability and their diverse functions in health and disease. Current work focuses on the presence and the behavior of exosomes (in vitro as well as in vivo) in the context of different human disorders, especially in the fields of oncology, gynecology and cardiology.
Unfortunately, neither a consensus regarding a gold standard for exosome isolation exists, nor is there an agreement on such a method for their quantitative analysis. As there are many methods for the purification of exosomes and also many possibilities for their quantitative and qualitative analysis, it is difficult to determine a combination of methods for the ideal approach. 
Here, we demonstrate nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), a semi-automated method for the characterization of exosomes after isolation from human plasma by ultracentrifugation. The presented results show that this approach for isolation, as well as the determination of the average number and size of exosomes, delivers reproducible and valid data, as confirmed by other methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

A method for isolation of exosomes from whole blood and further analysis by nanoparticle tracking using a semi-automatic instrument is presented in this article. The presented technology provides an extremely sensitive method for visualizing and analyzing particles in liquid suspension.

Un método innovador para exosome cuantificación y medición de tamaño

Although the biological importance of exosomes has recently gained an increasing amount of scientific and clinical attention, much is still unknown about ...

Isolation of Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Esophagus

Murine and human esophageal myofibroblasts are generated via enzymatic digestion. Neonate (8-12 day old) murine esophagus is harvested, minced, washed, and subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase and dispase for 25 min. Human esophageal resection specimens are stripped of muscularis propria and adventitia and the remaining mucosa is minced, and subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase and dispase for up to 6 hr. Cultured cells express &#945;-SMA and vimentin and express desmin weakly or not at all. Culture conditions are not conducive to growth of epithelial, hematopoietic, or endothelial cells. Culture purity is further confirmed by flow cytometric evaluation of cell surface marker expression of potential contaminating hematopoietic and endothelial cells. The described technique is straightforward and results in consistent generation of non-hematopoieitc, non-endothelial stromal cells. Limitations of this technique are inherent to the use of primary cultures in molecular biology studies, i.e., the unavoidable variability encountered among cultures established across different mice or humans. Primary cultures however are a more representative reflection of the in vivo state compared to cell lines. These methods also provide investigators the ability to isolate and culture stromal cells from different clinical and experimental conditions, allowing comparisons between groups. Characterized esophageal stromal cells can also be used in functional studies investigating epithelial-stromal interactions in esophageal disorders.

We present a protocol to generate primary cultures of murine and human esophageal stromal cells with a myofibroblast phenotype. Cultured cells have spindle shaped morphology, express &#945;-SMA and vimentin, and lack epithelial, hematopoietic and endothelial cell surface markers. Characterized stromal cells can be used in functional studies of epithelial-stromal interactions.

Aislamiento de Miofibroblastos de Mouse y Esófago Humano

Murine and human esophageal myofibroblasts are generated via enzymatic digestion. Neonate (8-12 day old) murine esophagus is harvested, minced, washed, ...

Improved Swiss-rolling Technique for Intestinal Tissue Preparation for Immunohistochemical and Immunofluorescent Analyses

Understanding the role of factors that regulate intestinal epithelial homeostasis and response to injury and regeneration is important. The current literature describes several different methodological approaches to obtain images of intestinal tissues for data validation. In this paper, we delineate a common protocol relating to the derivation and processing of mouse intestinal tissues. Proper fixation of intestinal tissues and Swiss-roll techniques that enhance intestinal epithelial morphology are discussed. Postresection processing and reorientation of embedded intestinal tissues are critical in obtaining paraffin-embedded blocks that display intact intestinal structural features after sectioning. The Swiss-rolling technique helps in histological assessment of the complete intestinal or colonic sections examined. An ability to differentiate intestinal structural features can be vital in quantitative measurements of intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis along the entire length. Finally, paraffin-embedded sections are ideal for robust processing using both immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent detection methods. Nonfluorescent immunohistochemical sections provide a vibrant image of the tissue detailing different cellular structural features but do not provide flexibility for intracellular co-localization experiments. Multiple fluorescent channels can be appropriately utilized with immunofluorescent detection for co-localization experiments, lending support to mechanistic studies.

Accurate identification and location of epithelial cells along the intestinal mucosal lining are essential to define different cell lineages. Proper imaging of intestinal tissues is crucial for identification of protein expression patterns with maximum resolution. This study aims to delineate the optimal methods and conditions for processing mouse intestinal tissues.

Mejora Técnica Swiss-laminación para la preparación del tejido intestinal para inmunohistoquímica y análisis de inmunofluorescencia

Understanding the role of factors that regulate intestinal epithelial homeostasis and response to injury and regeneration is important. The current ...

An Easy Method for Plant Polysome Profiling

Translation of mRNA to protein is a fundamental and highly regulated biological process. Polysome profiling is considered as a gold standard for the analysis of translational regulation. The method described here is an easy and economical way for fractionating polysomes from various plant tissues. A sucrose gradient is made without the need for a gradient maker by sequentially freezing each layer. Cytosolic extracts are then prepared in a buffer containing cycloheximide and chloramphenicol to immobilize the cytosolic and chloroplastic ribosomes to mRNA and are loaded onto the sucrose gradient. After centrifugation, six fractions are directly collected from the bottom to the top of the gradient, without piercing the ultracentrifugation tube. During collection, the absorbance at 260 nm is read continuously to generate a polysome profile that gives a snapshot of global translational activity. Fractions are then pooled to prepare three different mRNA populations: the polysomes, mRNAs bound to several ribosomes; the monosomes, mRNAs bound to one ribosome; and mRNAs that are not bound to ribosomes. mRNAs are then extracted. This protocol has been validated for different plants and tissues including Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and adult plants, Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum lycopersicum, and Oryza sativa leaves.

This protocol describes an easy method to extract and fractionate transcripts from plant tissues on the basis of the number of bound ribosomes. It allows a global estimate of translation activity and the determination of the translational status of specific mRNAs.

Un método fácil para la planta de perfiles de polisomas

Translation of mRNA to protein is a fundamental and highly regulated biological process. Polysome profiling is considered as a gold standard for the ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Nefrotoxina Microinyección en pez cebra para modelar la lesión renal aguda

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

A Graphical User Interface for Software-assisted Tracking of Protein Concentration in Dynamic Cellular Protrusions

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex signaling mechanisms underlying filopodial initiation, elongation and subsequent stabilization or retraction, it is crucial to determine the spatio-temporal protein activity in these dynamic structures. To analyze protein function in filopodia, we recently developed a semi-automated tracking algorithm that adapts to filopodial shape-changes, thus allowing parallel analysis of protrusion dynamics and relative protein concentration along the whole filopodial length. Here, we present a detailed step-by-step protocol for optimized cell handling, image acquisition and software analysis. We further provide instructions for the use of optional features during image analysis and data representation, as well as troubleshooting guidelines for all critical steps along the way. Finally, we also include a comparison of the described image analysis software with other programs available for filopodia quantification. Together, the presented protocol provides a framework for accurate analysis of protein dynamics in filopodial protrusions using image analysis software.

We present a software solution for semi-automated tracking of relative protein concentration along the length of dynamic cellular protrusions.

Una interfaz gráfica de usuario para el seguimiento asistido por software de la concentración de proteínas en protones dinámicos celulares

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex ...

In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

Increasing evidence points to autophagy as a crucial regulatory process to preserve tissue homeostasis. It is known that autophagy is involved in skeletal muscle development and regeneration, and the autophagic process has been described in several muscular pathologies and age-related muscle disorders. A recently described block of the autophagic process that correlates with the functional exhaustion of satellite cells during muscle repair supports the notion that active autophagy is coupled with productive muscle regeneration. These data uncover the crucial role of autophagy in satellite cell activation during muscle regeneration in both normal and pathological conditions, such as muscular dystrophies. Here, we provide a protocol to monitor the autophagic process in the adult Muscle Stem Cell (MuSC) compartment during muscle regenerative conditions. This protocol describes the setup methodology to perform in situ immunofluorescence imaging of LC3, an autophagy marker, and MyoD, a myogenic lineage marker, in muscle tissue sections from control and injured mice. The methodology reported allows for monitoring the autophagic process in one specific cell compartment, the MuSC compartment, which plays a central role in orchestrating muscle regeneration.

In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

Active autophagy is associated with productive muscle regeneration, which is essential for Muscle Stem Cell (MuSC) activation. Here, we provide a protocol for the in situ detection of LC3, an autophagy marker in MyoD-positive MuSCs of muscle tissue sections from control and injured mice.

Tinción Inmunofluorescente In Situ de Autofagia en Células Madre Musculares

Increasing evidence points to autophagy as a crucial regulatory process to preserve tissue homeostasis. It is known that autophagy is involved in skeletal ...

An Antegrade Perfusion Method for Cardiomyocyte Isolation from Mice

In basic research using mouse heart, isolating viable individual cardiomyocytes is a crucial technical step to overcome. Traditionally, isolating cardiomyocytes from rabbits, guinea pigs or rats has been performed via retrograde perfusion of the heart with enzymes using a Langendorff apparatus. However, a high degree of skill is required when this method is used with a small mouse heart. An antegrade perfusion method that does not use a Langendorff apparatus was recently reported for the isolation of mouse cardiomyocytes. We herein report a complete protocol for the improved antegrade perfusion of the excised heart to isolate individual heart cells from adult mice (8 - 108 weeks old). Antegrade perfusion is performed by injecting perfusate near the apex of the left ventricle of the excised heart, the aorta of which was clamped, using an infusion pump. All procedures are carried out on a pre-warmed heater mat under a microscope, which allows for the injection and perfusion processes to be monitored. The results suggest that ventricular and atrial myocytes, and fibroblasts can be well isolated from a single adult mouse simultaneously.

We developed a simple method for isolating high quality individual mouse heart cells by the antegrade perfusion technique. This method is Langendorff-free and useful for isolating ventricular and atrial myocytes or interstitial cells, such as cardiac fibroblasts or progenitors.