We thank Sue Lindquist, Aaron Gitler, and Martin Duennwald for kindly sharing reagents. Our studies were supported by: an American Heart Association Post-Doctoral Fellowship (M.E.J); NIH Director's New Innovator Award DP2OD002177, NIH grants R21NS067354, R21HD074510, and R01GM099836, a Muscular Dystrophy Association Research Award (MDA277268), Packard Center for ALS Research at Johns Hopkins University, Target ALS, and an Ellison Medical Foundation New Scholar in Aging Award (J.S.).

1. Biblioteca Generación <ol><li> Para construir bibliotecas de Hsp104 utilizando PCR propensa a error de dominio específico, primero amplificar el dominio de interés con un error de ADN polimerasa propensa 20. </li><li> Se purificó el producto de PCR mediante extracción en gel. </li><li> Realizar un paso de extensión megacebador utilizando un protocolo estándar de mutagénesis dirigida al sitio: combinar plásmido molde 50 ng, 250 ng megacebador, 200 mM dNTPs, y de alta fidelidad de ADN polimerasa en un tampón de PCR, y diluir a 50 l volumen total con agua de grado PCR 20 . Ejecutar un programa de PCR estándar. NOTA: cebadores específicos usados ​​variará dependiendo de la región particular del gen que se va a amplificar. <ol><li> Tras la PCR, digerir ADN molde parental con 1 l de enzima de restricción Dpn I durante 2 horas a 37 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Transformar la biblioteca por electroporación u otros medios en Ultracompetent E. coli y purificarla por miniprep. NOTA: generación Bibliotecavaría dependiendo sustancialmente a los objetivos de un determinado experimento. Hsp104 es una proteína muy grande, por lo que es poco práctico para aleatorizar todo el gen, por lo que utilizamos error de dominio específico PCR propensa. Además, la estructura de Hsp104 sigue siendo poco conocida, por lo que el diseño de bibliotecas dirigidas desafiantes 21. Las bibliotecas pueden ser construidos usando enfoques dirigidos o aleatorios a mutagénesis, con la única restricción es que el esqueleto plasmídico plantilla debe contener el gen URA3 para permitir la 5-FOA selección del contador en medios de dextrosa. </li></ol> 2. Transformación de la Biblioteca Hsp104 <ol><li> Integrar el sustrato asociado a la enfermedad en W303aΔ Hsp104 levadura utilizando un / protocolo de transformación PEG acetato de litio estándar 22. Seleccione colonias individuales y detectar ellos para la toxicidad para aislar una cepa con alta toxicidad de la enfermedad sustrato 23 asociados. NOTA: Utilice una cepa integrado y isolaTé a sola colonia para garantizar la igualdad de expresión en todas las células. Clonar el sustrato de la enfermedad en un plásmido que permite la integración del gen bajo cualquier marcador que no sea uracilo (usamos histidina) y la biblioteca Hsp104 en el plásmido pAG416GAL (marcador de uracilo) 24. Para permitir la 5-FOA contraselección, asegúrese de que la biblioteca se expresa a partir de un plásmido con el marcador de uracilo. Otras cepas de levadura también pueden ser empleados. Hemos tomado nota de un fenotipo de supresión de toxicidad similar usando W303a y BY4741 cepas de levadura en ambos WT y Δ Hsp104 fondos (MEJ y JS, observaciones no publicadas). </li><li> Transformar la biblioteca Hsp104 en esta cepa usando la misma acetato de litio / protocolo de transformación PEG 22. Aumentar la escala de la transformación apropiada para mantener el espacio de secuencia de la biblioteca y para preservar el tamaño de la biblioteca predicho. </li><li> Placa de la mezcla de transformación en noninducing, placas selectivas (por ejemplo, SD-Su-Ura) con suficientes platos aasegurar el crecimiento de un gran número de colonias. El uso de grandes placas de Petri (150 mm) para minimizar el número de placas necesarias. La recuperación de los transformantes utilizando placas permite la eficiencia de transformación que deben evaluarse. </li><li> Transformar Hsp104 WT y controles negativos vector en paralelo. </li></ol> 3. La detección de represión de Proteotoxicity <ol><li> Lávese las colonias de las placas utilizando rafinosa complementado los medios de comunicación de abandono (por ejemplo Sraff-Su-Ura). Utilice una pipeta serológica y aplicadores de madera estériles para aflojar las colonias de las placas. Transferir los lavados líquidos a un tubo cónico de 50 ml y agitar a fondo para separar los grumos de células. Diluir a una cultura ligeramente nublado, OD 600 ~ 0,025. NOTA: Aquí rafinosa sirve para aliviar las células de la represión mediada por la glucosa de la inducción, las células de cebado por lo tanto para la inducción mediada por galactosa. </li><li> Mantener el cultivo diluido durante la noche en los medios de comunicación de abandono rafinosa con agitación a 30 ºC. Crecer el Hsp104 WT y controles vectoriales en paralelo. </li><li> A la mañana siguiente, la placa de un rango de concentraciones Onto galactosa individual (por ejemplo SGal-Su-Ura) placas (1 mu l a 2 ml concentrado cultura en 400 l de volumen total). Plating una amplia gama de concentraciones se asegurará de que una placa tendrá colonias individuales. La concentración real requerida depende de la toxicidad del sustrato enfermedad de interés. </li><li> Normalizar el vector y las culturas Hsp104 WT a la OD 600 de la biblioteca y la placa volúmenes iguales al comparar el crecimiento de la biblioteca con respecto a los controles. </li><li> Para evaluar la selección rigor, la placa de la biblioteca en la glucosa (represión) los medios de comunicación. Incubar las placas durante 2-3 días a 30 ° C, hasta que las colonias aparecen (Figura 2). Evaluar las colonias resultantes y comparar con los controles. NOTA: A menudo se obtienen ambas colonias grandes y pequeñas, pero no hay correlación entre el tamaño de la colonia y actuarse observa ividad. Pantalla estos posibles éxitos utilizando una técnica de selección de contador 5-FOA (Paso 4) para minimizar los falsos positivos prorrogados para secuenciación. </li></ol> 4. 5-FOA contraselección y Spotting para eliminar falsos positivos <ol><li> Streak cabo colonias individuales en duplicado sobre doble y una individual (por ejemplo, los medios de comunicación de abandono SD-Su-Ura y SD-Sus placas) y crecer durante la noche a 30 ºC. Repita el procedimiento con los controles vectoriales y Hsp104 WT. Plating en SD-His antes de la 5-FOA aumenta la eficacia de la etapa 5-FOA mediante el aumento de la probabilidad de que las células se han perdido el plásmido Hsp104 cuando se sembraron en 5-FOA. </li><li> Para evitar que las placas se seque, envuelva la placas en parafina Sus-Ura-SD y almacenar a 4 ° C en el desempeño de la pantalla de 5-FOA. Estas placas eventualmente ser utilizados para la secuenciación. </li><li> Racha de las colonias de la SD-Sus placas a colonias individuales en placas 5-FOA (YPD medios + 1g / L 5-FOA) y se incuba durante 1-2 días a 30 y# 186; C hasta que aparezca colonias individuales. Aquí, 5-FOA se convierte en un producto tóxico (5-fluorodesoxiuridina) en las células que contienen el gen URA3. Por lo tanto, las células que albergan el plásmido todavía Hsp104 morirán. </li><li> Racha de las colonias aisladas de las placas 5-FOA en duplicado sobre SD-Ura y SD-Sus placas. Prueba 3 colonias para cada golpe para aumentar la probabilidad de que al menos una colonia de cada golpe se habrá perdido el plásmido Hsp104. Incubar durante 1-2 días a 30 ° C. Las colonias que han perdido el plásmido Hsp104 crecerá en SD-Sus placas pero no las placas SD-ura. </li><li> Crecer las cepas que han perdido los plásmidos Hsp104 para observar los ensayos. Crecer las cepas a la saturación en rafinosa medios de deserción escolar (por ejemplo Sraff-Su) en 96 pozos profundos 2 placas ml durante la noche a 30 ° C con agitación. Asegúrese de incluir las cepas de control de 5-FOA tratados. </li><li> Preparar placas para la detección de ensayo. Con una pipeta multicanal, alícuota de 200 l rafinosa medios de deserción escolar (por ejemplo Sraff-His) porpocillo de una placa de 96 pocillos, reservando las columnas 1 y 7 para las culturas aseados. Alícuota de 250 l de cada uno de los 16 cultivos saturados en las columnas 1 y 7 de la placa. </li><li> En serie diluir las culturas 5 veces en cada columna de la placa, mezclando completamente con una pipeta multicanal. Retire 50 l de cultivo diluido de las columnas 6 y 12 para garantizar el volumen final de cada pocillo es de 200 l. Esto es esencial para asegurar una formación de manchas. </li><li> Con una herramienta de replicador de 96 perno (Frogger), manchar las culturas por duplicado en SD-His y SGal-Sus placas. Incubar las placas a 30 ° C durante 2-3 días. </li><li> Seleccionar para secuenciar cepas que exhiben toxicidad en los SGal-His placas similares a la de los controles. Deseche cepas como falsos positivos que no son tan tóxicos como los controles. 5-FOA es también a menudo tóxicos por sí mismo, por lo deseche cepas que exhiben un defecto de crecimiento en SD-Sus placas o que presentan sustancialmente mayor toxicidad que el sustrato (enfermedad por sí sola <strong&gt; Figura 3). </li></ol> 5. La secuenciación del Hsp104 variantes mediante PCR de colonias <ol><li> Raspe ~ 10 l de levadura de las placas SD-His-ura en NaOH 3 l 20 mM en tubos de PCR de tira y lisar las células por congelación-descongelación. Colocar los tubos de la tira en un congelador -80 ºC durante 10 min o en nitrógeno líquido, a continuación, se incuba a 99 ºC en un termociclador durante 10 min. Diluir las cepas de 100 l con agua de calidad PCR. </li><li> Prepare las reacciones de PCR: 5 l plantilla de PCR, 0,5 mu l de 100 mM de cada cebador, 0,5 l de 10 mM dNTPs, DNA polimerasa 0,25 l en tampón de PCR, y completar hasta 25 l volumen total con agua grado PCR. Diseño cebadores para amplificar la región aleatorizada más aproximadamente 100 pb en cada extremo. Minimizar el tamaño de la región amplificada para aumentar la probabilidad de éxito de la amplificación. Ejecutar un programa de PCR estándar. </li><li> Analizar las muestras mediante electroforesis en gel de agarosa para confirmar la amplificación de un producto de PCR de la siz apropiadoe. Repita la PCR si hay producto está presente. NOTA: el fracaso de PCR suele ser debido a un exceso de levadura que se utiliza en el paso 5.1. </li><li> Preparar las muestras para la secuenciación de ADN. Retire cebadores de PCR, ya sea por purificación de PCR o usando un reactivo de limpieza producto de PCR tales como exonucleasa I y fosfatasa alcalina de camarón enzima (ExoSAP-IT) para degradar el ADN de cadena sencilla. Este reactivo degrada enzimáticamente los cebadores no incorporados y dNTPs, lo que permite un mayor rendimiento. </li><li> Secuenciar los productos de PCR. Asegúrese de analizar a fondo cromatogramas de secuenciación para detectar mutaciones. Las mutaciones pueden ser observadas como una mezcla de dos nucleótidos en un sitio dado (Figura 4), ​​como la levadura a menudo albergar múltiples plásmidos. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Aquí presentamos nuestro enfoque para aislar variantes Hsp104 potenciadas que suprimen la toxicidad de los sustratos de las enfermedades asociadas que utilizan modelos proteinopatía levadura. Usando este enfoque, las grandes bibliotecas de variantes se pueden cribar en alto rendimiento, con la única limitación es el número de variantes que pasan la pantalla secundaria 5-FOA. Mediante la realización de estos pasos en formato de 96 pocillos, se examinan habitualmente hasta 200 hits en un momento en el paso 5-FOA en ...

Modelos proteinopatía de levadura se han desarrollado para los trastornos de proteínas misfolding incluyendo esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ALS) y la enfermedad de Parkinson (PD) 1-3. Expresión de las proteínas TDP-43 y FUS, que se pliegan inadecuadamente en pacientes con ELA, son tóxicos y mislocalize para formar agregados citoplasmáticos en la levadura 1,2. Del mismo modo, la expresión de α-sinucleína (α-syn), que está implicado en la EP, es tóxico y mislocalizes para formar agregados citoplasmáticos en la levadura 3. Estas características recapitulan fenotipos en los pacientes con estos trastornos 4,5. Por lo tanto, los modelos de levadura proporcionan una plataforma útil para la detección de proteínas o moléculas pequeñas que prevenir o revertir estos fenotipos 2,6-13. Estamos interesados ​​en el desarrollo de las proteínas que son capaces de revertir la agregación y la toxicidad debido a la TDP-43, FUS, y α-syn. Nos centramos en Hsp104, un AAA + proteína de la levadura que es el único capaz de desagregar las proteínas tanto fragregados amorfos om y amiloide en la levadura, sin embargo, no tiene homólogo humano 14,15. Hsp104 está bien afinado para desagregar los priones de levadura endógenos y sólo tiene una capacidad limitada para desagregar sustratos implicados en enfermedades neurodegenerativas humanas, que nunca encuentra con ordinariamente 16,17. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo es diseñar versiones mejoradas de Hsp104 que son capaces de desagregar eficazmente estos sustratos humanos. Para ello, construimos grandes bibliotecas de variantes Hsp104 usando PCR propensa a errores; estas bibliotecas se pueden cribar utilizando los modelos proteinopatía levadura 17. Hemos adoptado un enfoque de dominio orientados a la construcción y selección de bibliotecas, como Hsp104 es muy grande 17. Al principio nos centramos en el dominio del medio (MD) de Hsp104 17, aunque los enfoques similares pueden ser empleados para detectar otros dominios. Estos modelos permiten la detección de la actividad disaggregase directamente, en contraposición a las técnicas alternativas tales como la presentación en superficie, que es el descansoricted utilizar para el seguimiento de la unión 18. Nuestro protocolo se basa en dos pasos de detección (Figura 1). En primer lugar, se seleccionan variantes Hsp104 que suprimen la toxicidad del sustrato enfermedad en la levadura. Para ello, la Hsp104 variantes y la enfermedad asociada sustrato se cotransformación de la levadura Hsp104 Δ. Empleamos Δ Hsp104 levadura para explorar Hsp104 secuencia espacio en ausencia de tipo salvaje (WT) Hsp104 17. Es importante destacar que, la supresión de Hsp104 no afecta α-syn, FUS, o TDP-43 toxicidad en la levadura, y la expresión de Hsp104 WT proporciona mínima de rescate 1,13,17. La levadura está chapada a continuación, en la inducción de los medios de comunicación para inducir la expresión de ambas proteínas. La levadura que alberga variantes Hsp104 que suprimen la toxicidad del crecimiento confieren sustrato asociado a la enfermedad de la colonia. Estas variantes se seleccionan para su posterior análisis, mientras que el mantenimiento de colonias variantes que no suprimen troquel toxicidad. Sin embargo,falsos positivos son un problema importante en esta pantalla. Expresión de TDP-43, FUS, y α-syn son altamente tóxicos, que crea una fuerte presión selectiva para la aparición de supresores genéticos espontáneos de la toxicidad no relacionada con la variante de Hsp104 ser expresado. Por lo tanto, hemos utilizado una pantalla secundaria que es también relativamente de alto rendimiento para eliminar estos supresores de toxicidad no específica 17. En esta pantalla secundaria, levadura seleccionada se tratan con Fluorootic 5-ácido (5-FOA) para contrarrestar seleccione para el plásmido Hsp104 19. Las cepas se evaluaron entonces por el sustrato (TDP-43, FUS, o α-syn) toxicidad a través de la detección de ensayo para asegurarse de que la toxicidad del sustrato se restaura después de la pérdida del plásmido Hsp104. Por lo tanto, la levadura en la que la toxicidad se restaura en esta pantalla secundaria presumiblemente originalmente muestra la supresión de toxicidad debido a la presencia de la variante de Hsp104. Estas levaduras se designan como &quot;hits&quot; y el plásmido Hsp104 debe entonces serrecuperado y secuenciado para identificar las mutaciones en el gen Hsp104 17 (Figura 1). Cualquier resultado debe entonces ser reconfirmados mediante la construcción de la mutación de forma independiente mediante mutagénesis dirigida al sitio y luego volver a probar para la supresión de la toxicidad. Las aplicaciones potenciales de este protocolo son amplias. Usando estos métodos, las bibliotecas de cualquier tipo de proteína podrían ser examinados para variantes que suprimen la toxicidad de cualquier proteína sustrato que es tóxico en la levadura.

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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:320px;">Table of Specific Materials/Equipment</td>
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			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Name</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GeneMorphII EZClone Domain Mutagenesis Kit</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>200552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">150mm Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>351058</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5-Fluorootic Acid</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>f10501-5.0</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96-DeepWell 2mL Plates</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030 502.302</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 bold replicator tool</td>
			<td>V&#38;P Scientific</td>
			<td>vp-404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">ExoSAP-IT</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>78200</td>
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isolating potentiated hsp104 variants using yeast proteinopathy models

Many protein-misfolding disorders can be modeled in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proteins such as TDP-43 and FUS, implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and &#945;-synuclein, implicated in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, are toxic and form cytoplasmic aggregates in yeast. These features recapitulate protein pathologies observed in patients with these disorders. Thus, yeast are an ideal platform for isolating toxicity suppressors from libraries of protein variants. We are interested in applying protein disaggregases to eliminate misfolded toxic protein conformers. Specifically, we are engineering Hsp104, a hexameric AAA+ protein from yeast that is uniquely capable of solubilizing both disordered aggregates and amyloid and returning the proteins to their native conformations. While Hsp104 is highly conserved in eukaryotes and eubacteria, it has no known metazoan homologue. Hsp104 has only limited ability to eliminate disordered aggregates and amyloid fibers implicated in human disease. Thus, we aim to engineer Hsp104 variants to reverse the protein misfolding implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We have developed methods to screen large libraries of Hsp104 variants for suppression of proteotoxicity in yeast. As yeast are prone to spontaneous nonspecific suppression of toxicity, a two-step screening process has been developed to eliminate false positives. Using these methods, we have identified a series of potentiated Hsp104 variants that potently suppress the toxicity and aggregation of TDP-43, FUS, and &#945;-synuclein. Here, we describe this optimized protocol, which could be adapted to screen libraries constructed using any protein backbone for suppression of toxicity of any protein that is toxic in yeast.

Hemos construido una biblioteca de variantes Hsp104 aleatorios en el dominio medio y se tamiza para la supresión de la TDP-43 toxicidad. La biblioteca se transformó y colocó en placas sobre placas de glucosa y galactosa (Figura 2) para evaluar la severidad de la pantalla. Se seleccionaron colonias individuales y las cepas se seleccionaron usando contador de 5-FOA para eliminar el plásmido Hsp104. Estas cepas se evaluaron entonces para confirmar que la toxicidad era debido a la TDP-43 solo, sin las v...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolating Potentiated Hsp104 Variants Using Yeast Proteinopathy Models at JoVE.com

Isolating Potentiated Hsp104 Variants Using Yeast Proteinopathy Models

Yeast proteinopathy models are valuable tools to assess the toxicity and aggregation of proteins implicated in disease. Here, we present methods for screening Hsp104 variant libraries for toxicity suppressors. This protocol could be adapted to screen any protein library for toxicity suppressors of any protein that is toxic in yeast.

Aislar Potenciada Hsp104 Variantes Usando levadura Modelos proteinopatía

Many protein-misfolding disorders can be modeled in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proteins such as TDP-43 and FUS, implicated in amyotrophic ...

isolating-potentiated-hsp104-variants-using-yeast-proteinopathy-models

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.1K vistas.  Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Yeast proteinopathy models are valuable tools to assess the toxicity and aggregation of proteins implicated in disease. Here, we present methods for screening Hsp104 variant libraries for toxicity suppressors. This protocol could be adapted to screen any protein library for toxicity suppressors of any protein that is toxic in yeast.

Video: Isolating Potentiated Hsp104 Variants Using Yeast Proteinopathy Models

A Quantitative Assessment of The Yeast Lipidome using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Lipids are one of the major classes of biomolecules and play important roles membrane dynamics, energy storage, and signalling1-4. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genetically and biochemically manipulable unicellular eukaryote with annotated genome and very simple lipidome, is a valuable model for studying biological functions of various lipid species in multicellular eukaryotes2,3,5. S. cerevisiae has 10 major classes of lipids with chain lengths mainly of 16 or 18 carbon atoms and either zero or one degree of unsaturation6,7. Existing methods for lipid identification and quantification - such as high performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, fluorescence microscopy, and gas chromatography followed by MS - are well established but have low sensitivity, insufficiently separate various molecular forms of lipids, require lipid derivitization prior to analysis, or can be quite time consuming. Here we present a detailed description of our experimental approach to solve these inherent limitations by using survey-scan ESI/MS for the identification and quantification of the entire complement of lipids in yeast cells. The described method does not require chromatographic separation of complex lipid mixtures recovered from yeast cells, thereby greatly accelerating the process of data acquisition. This method enables lipid identification and quantification at the concentrations as low as g/ml and has been successfully applied to assessing lipidomes of whole yeast cells and their purified organelles. Lipids extraction from whole yeast cells for using this method of lipid analysis takes two to three hours. It takes only five to ten minutes to run each sample of extracted and dried lipids on a Q-TOF mass spectrometer equipped with a nano-electrospray source.

We describe a new quantitative lipidomics method for identifying numerous lipid species in yeast using survey-scan electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). This method exceeds currently available methods for lipid identification and quantification in the ability to resolve various molecular forms of lipids, sensitivity, and speed.

Una evaluación cuantitativa de la Lipidome levadura utilizando la espectrometría de masas de ionización por electrospray

Lipids are one of the major classes of biomolecules and play important roles membrane dynamics, energy storage, and signalling1-4. The budding yeast ...

Investigación

Biología

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System 

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers. Genetic studies in mammalian systems have been limited due to the lack of readily available tools including defined mutant genetic cell lines, regulatory expression systems, and appropriate selectable markers. To circumvent these difficulties, model genetic systems in lower eukaryotes have become an attractive choice for the study of functionally conserved DNA repair proteins and pathways. We have developed a model yeast system to study the poorly defined genetic functions of the Werner syndrome helicase-nuclease (WRN) in nucleic acid metabolism. Cellular phenotypes associated with defined genetic mutant backgrounds can be investigated to clarify the cellular and molecular functions of WRN through its catalytic activities and protein interactions. The human WRN gene and associated variants, cloned into DNA plasmids for expression in yeast, can be placed under the control of a regulatory plasmid element. The expression construct can then be transformed into the appropriate yeast mutant background, and genetic function assayed by a variety of methodologies. Using this approach, we determined that WRN, like its related RecQ family members BLM and Sgs1, operates in a Top3-dependent pathway that is likely to be important for genomic stability. This is described in our recent publication [1] at <a href="http://www.impactaging.com">www.impactaging.com</a>. Detailed methods of specific assays for genetic complementation studies in yeast are provided in this paper.

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System

Genetic studies in yeast can be employed to investigate the molecular and cellular functions of human genes in cellular DNA metabolism. Methods are described for the genetic characterization of the human WRN gene product defective in the premature aging disorder Werner syndrome in functionally conserved pathways using yeast as a tractable model system.

Los estudios genéticos de proteínas humanas de reparación del ADN utilizando la levadura como un sistema modelo

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers.  Genetic studies in mammalian ...

Yeast Colony Embedding Method

Patterning of different cell types in embryos is a key mechanism in metazoan development. Communities of microorganisms, such as colonies and biofilms also display patterns of cell types. For example, in the yeast S. cerevisiae, sporulated cells and pseudohyphal cells are not uniformly distributed in colonies. The functional importance of patterning and the molecular mechanisms that underlie these patterns are still poorly understood.
One challenge with respect to investigating patterns of cell types in fungal colonies is that unlike metazoan tissue, cells in colonies are relatively weakly attached to one another. In particular, fungal colonies do not contain the same extensive level of extracellular matrix found in most tissues . Here we report on a method for embedding and sectioning yeast colonies that reveals the interior patterns of cell types in these colonies. The method can be used to prepare thick sections (0.5 &mu;) useful for light microscopy and thin sections (0.1 &mu;) suitable for transmission electron microscopy. Asci and pseudohyphal cells can easily be distinguished from ovoid yeast cells by light microscopy , while the interior structure of these cells can be visualized by EM.
The method is based on surrounding colonies with agar, infiltrating them with Spurr's medium, and then sectioning. Colonies with a diameter in the range of 1-2 mm are suitable for this protocol. In addition to visualizing the interior of colonies, the method allows visualization of the region of the colony that invades the underlying agar.

A method for embedding yeast colonies allowing sectioning for light and electron microscopy. This protocol allows determination of the distribution of sporulated cells and pseudohyphal cells within colonies providing a new tool toward understanding the organization of cell types within a fungal community.

Colonia de levaduras Método de anidamiento

Patterning of  different cell types in embryos is a key mechanism in metazoan development. Communities of microorganisms, such as colonies and biofilms ...

Principles of Rodent Surgery for the New Surgeon

For both scientific and animal welfare reasons, training in basic surgical concepts and techniques should be undertaken before ever seeking to perform surgery on a rodent. Students, post-doctoral scholars, and others interested in performing surgery on rodents as part of a research protocol may not have had formal surgical training as part of their required coursework. Surgery itself is a technical skill, and one that will improve with practice. The principles of aseptic technique, however, often remain unexplained or untaught. For most new surgeons, this vital information is presented in piecemeal fashion or learned on the job, neither of which is ideal. It may also make learning how to perform a particular surgery difficult, as the new surgeon is learning both a surgical technique and the principles of asepsis at the same time. This article summarizes and makes recommendations for basic surgical skills and techniques necessary for successful rodent surgery. This article is designed to supplement hands-on training by the user's institution.

Before attempting surgery, a new surgeon should have training in basic surgical techniques and concepts. This article will present basic surgical considerations with an emphasis on rodents.

Principios de la cirugía de roedores para el cirujano de Nueva

For both scientific and animal welfare reasons, training in basic surgical concepts and techniques should be undertaken before ever seeking to perform ...

Manual Restraint and Common Compound Administration Routes in Mice and Rats

Being able to safely and effectively restrain mice and rats is an important part of conducting research. Working confidently and humanely with mice and rats requires a basic competency in handling and restraint methods. This article will present the basic principles required to safely handle animals. One-handed, two-handed, and restraint with specially designed restraint objects will be illustrated. Often, another part of the research or testing use of animals is the effective administration of compounds to mice and rats. Although there are a large number of possible administration routes (limited only by the size and organs of the animal), most are not used regularly in research. This video will illustrate several of the more common routes, including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral gavage. The goal of this article is to expose a viewer unfamiliar with these techniques to basic restraint and substance administration routes. This video does not replace required hands-on training at your facility, but is meant to augment and supplement that training.

Working safely and humanely with research rodents requires a core competency in handling and restraint methods. This article will present the basic principles required to safely handle and effectively administer compounds to mice and rats.

Sujeción manual y de las rutas de la administración del compuesto en ratones y ratas

Being able to safely and effectively restrain mice and rats is an important part of conducting research.  Working confidently and humanely with mice and ...

High-throughput Yeast Plasmid Overexpression Screen

The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a powerful model system for defining fundamental mechanisms of many important cellular processes, including those with direct relevance to human disease. Because of its short generation time and well-characterized genome, a major experimental advantage of the yeast model system is the ability to perform genetic screens to identify genes and pathways that are involved in a given process. Over the last thirty years such genetic screens have been used to elucidate the cell cycle, secretory pathway, and many more highly conserved aspects of eukaryotic cell biology 1-5. In the last few years, several genomewide libraries of yeast strains and plasmids have been generated 6-10. These collections now allow for the systematic interrogation of gene function using gain- and loss-of-function approaches 11-16. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the use of a high-throughput yeast transformation protocol with a liquid handling robot to perform a plasmid overexpression screen, using an arrayed library of 5,500 yeast plasmids. We have been using these screens to identify genetic modifiers of toxicity associated with the accumulation of aggregation-prone human neurodegenerative disease proteins. The methods presented here are readily adaptable to the study of other cellular phenotypes of interest.

Here we describe a plasmid overexpression screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using an arrayed plasmid library and a high-throughput yeast transformation protocol with a liquid handling robot.

La levadura de alto rendimiento de la pantalla sobreexpresión plásmido

The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a powerful model system for defining fundamental mechanisms of many important cellular processes, ...

Purification of Hsp104, a Protein Disaggregase

Hsp104 is a hexameric AAA+ protein1 from yeast, which couples ATP hydrolysis to protein disaggregation2-10 (Fig. 1). This activity imparts two key selective advantages. First, renaturation of disordered aggregates by Hsp104 empowers yeast survival after various protein-misfolding stresses, including heat shock3,5,11,12. Second, remodeling of cross-beta amyloid fibrils by Hsp104 enables yeast to exploit myriad prions (infectious amyloids) as a reservoir of beneficial and heritable phenotypic variation13-22. Remarkably, Hsp104 directly remodels preamyloid oligomers and amyloid fibrils, including those comprised of the yeast prion proteins Sup35 and Ure223-30. This amyloid-remodeling functionality is a specialized facet of yeast Hsp104. The E. coli orthologue, ClpB, fails to remodel preamyloid oligomers or amyloid fibrils26,31,32.
Hsp104 orthologues are found in all kingdoms of life except, perplexingly, animals. Indeed, whether animal cells possess any enzymatic system that couples protein disaggregation to renaturation (rather than degradation) remains unknown33-35. Thus, we and others have proposed that Hsp104 might be developed as a therapeutic agent for various neurodegenerative diseases connected with the misfolding of specific proteins into toxic preamyloid oligomers and amyloid fibrils4,7,23,36-38. There are no treatments that directly target the aggregated species associated with these diseases. Yet, Hsp104 dissolves toxic oligomers and amyloid fibrils composed of alpha-synuclein, which are connected with Parkinson's Disease23 as well as amyloid forms of PrP39. Importantly, Hsp104 reduces protein aggregation and ameliorates neurodegeneration in rodent models of Parkinson's Disease23 and Huntington's disease38. Ideally, to optimize therapy and minimize side effects, Hsp104 would be engineered and potentiated to selectively remodel specific aggregates central to the disease in question4,7. However, the limited structural and mechanistic understanding of how Hsp104 disaggregates such a diverse repertoire of aggregated structures and unrelated proteins frustrates these endeavors30,40-42.
To understand the structure and mechanism of Hsp104, it is essential to study the pure protein and reconstitute its disaggregase activity with minimal components. Hsp104 is a 102kDa protein with a pI of ~5.3, which hexamerizes in the presence of ADP or ATP, or at high protein concentrations in the absence of nucleotide43-46. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the purification of highly active, stable Hsp104 from E. coli. The use of E. coli allows simplified large-scale production and our method can be performed quickly and reliably for numerous Hsp104 variants. Our protocol increases Hsp104 purity and simplifies His6-tag removal compared to a previous purification method from E. coli47. Moreover, our protocol is more facile and convenient than two more recent protocols26,48.

Here, we describe a protocol for the purification of highly active Hsp104, a hexameric AAA+ protein from yeast, which couples ATP hydrolysis to protein disaggregation. This scheme exploits a His6-tagged construct for affinity purification from E. coli followed by anion-exchange chromatography, His6-tag removal with TEV protease, and size-exclusion chromatography.

La purificación de Hsp104, una proteína Disaggregase

Hsp104 is a hexameric AAA+ protein1 from yeast, which couples ATP hydrolysis to protein disaggregation2-10 (Fig. 1). This activity imparts two key ...

Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation and Recovery using the I&middot;Cryo Kit

Thousands of new genetically modified (GM) strains of mice have been created since the advent of transgenesis and knockout technologies. Many of these valuable animals exist only as live animals, with no backup plan in case of emergency. Cryopreservation of embryos can provide this backup, but is costly, can be a lengthy procedure, and generally requires a large number of animals for success. Since the discovery that mouse sperm can be successfully cryopreserved with a basic cryoprotective agent (CPA) consisting of 18&#37; raffinose and 3&#37; skim milk, sperm cryopreservation has become an acceptable and cost-effective procedure for archiving, distributing and recovery of these valuable strains.
 Here we demonstrate a newly developed I&bull;Cryo kit for mouse sperm cryopreservation. Sperm from five commonly-used strains of inbred mice were frozen using this kit and then recovered. Higher protection ratios of sperm motility (&gt; 60&#37;) and rapid progressive motility (&gt; 45&#37;) compared to the control (basic CPA) were seen for sperm frozen with this kit in 5 inbred mouse strains. Two cell stage embryo development after IVF with the recovered sperm was improved consistently in all 5 mouse strains examined. Over a 1.5 year period, 49 GM mouse lines were archived by sperm cryopreservation with the I&bull;Cryo kit and later recovered by IVF.

Here we demonstrate the newly developed I&#x2022;Cryo kit for mouse sperm cryopreservation. Two-cell stage embryo development with frozen-thawed sperm was improved consistently in 5 mouse strains with the use of this kit. Over a 1.5 year period, 49 genetically modified mouse lines were archived by sperm cryopreservation with the I&#x2022;Cryo kit and later successfully recovered by IVF.

Criopreservación de espermatozoides de ratón y de recuperación con el I · Kit de Cryo

Thousands of new genetically modified (GM) strains of mice have been created since the advent of transgenesis and knockout technologies.  Many of these ...

Detection of Rare Genomic Variants from Pooled Sequencing Using SPLINTER

As DNA sequencing technology has markedly advanced in recent years2, it has become increasingly evident that the amount of genetic variation between any two individuals is greater than previously thought3. In contrast, array-based genotyping has failed to identify a significant contribution of common sequence variants to the phenotypic variability of common disease4,5. Taken together, these observations have led to the evolution of the Common Disease / Rare Variant hypothesis suggesting that the majority of the "missing heritability" in common and complex phenotypes is instead due to an individual's personal profile of rare or private DNA variants6-8. However, characterizing how rare variation impacts complex phenotypes requires the analysis of many affected individuals at many genomic loci, and is ideally compared to a similar survey in an unaffected cohort. Despite the sequencing power offered by today's platforms, a population-based survey of many genomic loci and the subsequent computational analysis required remains prohibitive for many investigators.
To address this need, we have developed a pooled sequencing approach1,9 and a novel software package1 for highly accurate rare variant detection from the resulting data. The ability to pool genomes from entire populations of affected individuals and survey the degree of genetic variation at multiple targeted regions in a single sequencing library provides excellent cost and time savings to traditional single-sample sequencing methodology. With a mean sequencing coverage per allele of 25-fold, our custom algorithm, SPLINTER, uses an internal variant calling control strategy to call insertions, deletions and substitutions up to four base pairs in length with high sensitivity and specificity from pools of up to 1 mutant allele in 500 individuals. Here we describe the method for preparing the pooled sequencing library followed by step-by-step instructions on how to use the SPLINTER package for pooled sequencing analysis (<a href="http://www.ibridgenetwork.org/wustl/splinter" target="_blank">http://www.ibridgenetwork.org/wustl/splinter</a>). We show a comparison between pooled sequencing of 947 individuals, all of whom also underwent genome-wide array, at over 20kb of sequencing per person. Concordance between genotyping of tagged and novel variants called in the pooled sample were excellent. This method can be easily scaled up to any number of genomic loci and any number of individuals. By incorporating the internal positive and negative amplicon controls at ratios that mimic the population under study, the algorithm can be calibrated for optimal performance. This strategy can also be modified for use with hybridization capture or individual-specific barcodes and can be applied to the sequencing of naturally heterogeneous samples, such as tumor DNA.

Pooled DNA sequencing is a fast and cost-effective strategy to detect rare variants associated with complex phenotypes in large cohorts. Here we describe the computational analysis of pooled, next-generation sequencing of 32 cancer-related genes using the SPLINTER software package. This method is scalable, and applicable to any phenotype of interest.

La detección de raras variantes genómicas de secuenciación agruparon mediante SPLINTER

As DNA sequencing technology has markedly advanced in recent years2, it has become increasingly evident that the amount of genetic variation between any ...

Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay (DAPA)

Population and family-based genetic studies typically result in the identification of genetic variants that are statistically associated with a clinical disease or phenotype. For many diseases and traits, most variants are non-coding, and are thus likely to act by impacting subtle, comparatively hard to predict mechanisms controlling gene expression. Here, we describe a general strategic approach to prioritize non-coding variants, and screen them for their function. This approach involves computational prioritization using functional genomic databases followed by experimental analysis of differential binding of transcription factors (TFs) to risk and non-risk alleles. For both electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and DNA affinity precipitation assay (DAPA) analysis of genetic variants, a synthetic DNA oligonucleotide (oligo) is used to identify factors in the nuclear lysate of disease or phenotype-relevant cells. For EMSA, the oligonucleotides with or without bound nuclear factors (often TFs) are analyzed by non-denaturing electrophoresis on a tris-borate-EDTA (TBE) polyacrylamide gel. For DAPA, the oligonucleotides are bound to a magnetic column and the nuclear factors that specifically bind the DNA sequence are eluted and analyzed through mass spectrometry or with a reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Western blot analysis. This general approach can be widely used to study the function of non-coding genetic variants associated with any disease, trait, or phenotype.

Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay EMSA and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay DAPA

We present a strategic plan and protocol for identifying non-coding genetic variants affecting transcription factor (TF) DNA binding. A detailed experimental protocol is provided for electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and DNA affinity precipitation assay (DAPA) analysis of genotype-dependent TF DNA binding.

La detección de funcional no codificante-variantes genéticas Uso de movilidad electroforética Shift ensayo (EMSA) y el ADN afinidad Precipitación Ensayo (DAPA)

Population and family-based genetic studies typically result in the identification of genetic variants that are statistically associated with a clinical ...