We thank Sue Lindquist, Aaron Gitler, and Martin Duennwald for kindly sharing reagents. Our studies were supported by: an American Heart Association Post-Doctoral Fellowship (M.E.J); NIH Director's New Innovator Award DP2OD002177, NIH grants R21NS067354, R21HD074510, and R01GM099836, a Muscular Dystrophy Association Research Award (MDA277268), Packard Center for ALS Research at Johns Hopkins University, Target ALS, and an Ellison Medical Foundation New Scholar in Aging Award (J.S.).

1.ライブラリの生成<ol><li>ドメイン固有のエラープローンPCRを用いて、Hsp104ののライブラリーを構築するために、最初のエラーを起こしやすいDNAポリメラーゼ20で関心のあるドメインを増幅する。 </li><li>ゲル抽出によってPCR産物を精製する。 </li><li>標準的な部位特異的突然変異誘発プロトコルを使用して、メガプライマー伸長工程を実行する：PCR緩衝液中の50 ngの鋳型プラスミド、250ngののメガプライマー、200μMのdNTP類、および高忠実度DNAポリメラーゼを結合し、そしてPCRグレードの水20との50μlの総容量まで希釈する。標準的なPCRプログラムを実行します。 注：使用される特定のプライマーは、増幅される遺伝子の特定領域に基づいて異なります。 <ol><li> PCRに続いて、37℃で2時間の1μl のDpn I制限酵素で親テンプレートDNAを消化する。 </li></ol></li><li>ウルトラEにエレクトロポレーションまたは他の手段によってライブラリを変換する大腸菌は、ミニプレップによってそれを浄化し。 注：ライブラリ世代ほぼ所定の実験の目的に応じて変化する。 Hsp104のは、非常に大きなタンパク質であるので、私たちは、ドメイン固有のエラープローンPCRを利用した理由である全遺伝子を、ランダム化することは非現実的である。さらに、Hsp104のの構造は21に挑戦監督ライブラリの設計を行うこと、よくわかっていないままです。ライブラリは、唯一の制限は、テンプレートプラスミド骨格はデキストロース培地上で5-FOAの対抗選択を可能にするためにURA3遺伝子を含むべきであることであると共に、突然変異誘発またはランダムアプローチを用いて構築することができる。 </li></ol> Hsp104の図書館の2変容<ol><li>標準酢酸リチウム/ PEG形質転換プロトコル22を使用してW303aΔのHSP104の酵母に疾患関連基板を統合します。単一のコロニーを選択して、基板23を関連する疾患の高い毒性を持つ菌株を分離するために、毒性のためにそれらを選別。 注：統合されたひずみとイソラを使用してくださいすべてのセルに等しい発現を確実にするために単一のコロニーをteの。 pAG416GALプラスミド（ウラシルマーカー）24 ​​にウラシル以外の任意のマーカー（我々はヒスチジンを使用）と、Hsp104のライブラリ下にある遺伝子の組み込みを可能にするプラスミドに病気基板のクローンを作成。 5-FOAの対抗を可能にするために、ライブラリはウラシルマーカーとプラスミドから発現されていることを確認。他の酵母株を用いることもできる。我々は両方のWT及びΔHSP104背景 （MEJとJS、未発表の観察）にW303a及びBY4741酵母菌株を使用して同様の毒性抑制表現型を指摘している。 </li><li>同じ酢酸リチウム/ PEG形質転換プロトコル22を使用して、この株にHsp104のライブラリを変換します。ライブラリーの配列スペースを維持するために、予測ライブラリーサイズを維持するために適切に変換をスケールアップ。 </li><li>十分なプレートにを使用して非誘導、選択プレート（ 例えば 、SD-Hisを-URA）上でプレートを形質転換混合物を多数のコロニーの成長を確保する。必要なプレートの数を最小限にするために大規模なペトリ皿（150ミリメートル）を使用します。プレートを使用して形質転換体を回収すること形質転換効率を評価することができます。 </li><li>並行してHsp104のWT及びベクトル陰性対照を変換します。 </li></ol> Proteotoxicityの抑制3.スクリーニング<ol><li>ラフィノース補足ドロップアウト媒体（ 例えば SRaff-のHis-裏）を使用して、プレートからコロニーを洗ってください。プレートからコロニーを緩めるために血清用ピペット及び滅菌木製のアプリケーターを使用してください。を50mlコニカルチューブボルテックス液体の洗浄を転送することは完全に任意の細胞塊を分離する。わずかに濁っ文化、OD 600〜0.025に希釈します。 注：ここにラフィノースは、このようにガラクトース媒介誘導のために細胞をプライミング、誘導のグルコース媒介抑制の細胞を緩和するのに役立つ。 </li><li> 3で振盪しながらラフィノースドロップアウト培地で一晩希釈した培養を育てる0ºC。並行してHsp104のWT及びベクトル制御を育てる。 </li><li>翌朝、個々のガラクトース（ 例えば SGal-のHis-URA）プレート（400μlの総容量で1μlの2ミリリットルに濃縮した培養）の上に濃度の範囲をメッキ。広範囲の濃度をメッキすると、プレートは、単一のコロニーを持つことを保証します。実際に必要な濃度は、対象となる疾患基板の毒性に依存する。 </li><li>ライブラリのOD 600にベクトルとHsp104のWT培養を正常化し、コントロールとライブラリの相対的な成長を比較するために同じボリュームをプレート。 </li><li>選択ストリンジェンシーを評価するために、メディアを（抑制）グルコース上のライブラリをめっきする。コロニーが（ 図2）が表示されるまで、30ºCで2〜3日間プレートをインキュベートする。得られたコロニーを評価し、コントロールに比較してください。 注：多くの場合、両方の大小のコロニーが得られたが、コロニーの大きさと行動の間には相関関係ivityが観察される。配列決定に持ち越さ偽陽性を最小限にするために5-FOAカウンタ選択技術（工程4）を使用して、これらの潜在的なヒットをスクリーニングする。 </li></ol>偽陽性を排除するために4. 5-FOA対抗とスポッティング<ol><li>ダブルとシングルドロップアウトメディアに重複して、単一のコロニー（ 例えば 、SD-Hisを-浦とSD-Hisのプレート）、30ºCで一晩成長して連勝。ベクトルとHsp104のWTコントロールを繰り返します。上にプレーティングSD-Hisの前に5-FOAは、それらが5-FOA上に播種されたとき、細胞がHsp104のプラスミドを失った可能性を増加させることによって、5-FOA工程の効率を高める。 </li><li> 5-FOA画面を行いながら、乾燥からプレートを防止するために、4ºCでパラフィルムや店舗で、SD-Hisを-浦のプレートをラップ。これらのプレートは、最終的に配列決定のために使用される。 </li><li>ストリークからコロニーのSD-Hisを5-FOAプレート上の単一コロニーにプレート（YPD培地+ 1グラム/ Lの5-FOA）と、＆30で1〜2日間インキュベート＃186; Cシングルコロニーが現れるまで。ここでは、5-FOAは、URA3遺伝子を含む細胞中の毒性産物（5-フルオロ）に変換される。このように、まだHsp104のプラスミドをどの細胞が死んでしまう。 </li><li>ストリークSD-浦とSD-Hisをプレート上に重複した5-FOAプレートから単一コロニー。それぞれについて、試験3のコロニーを各ヒットするための少なくとも一つのコロニーHsp104のプラスミドを失った可能性を高めるために打つ。 30℃で1〜2日間インキュベートする。 Hsp104のプラスミドを失ったコロニーは、SD-Hisのプレートではなく、SD-浦プレート上で増殖します。 </li><li>アッセイをスポッティングするためのHsp104のプラスミドを失った菌株を栽培。振とうしながら30ºCで一晩96ディープウェル2ミリリットルプレート中で（ 例えば SRaff-His）をラフィノースドロップアウト培地で飽和するまでの株を栽培。 5-FOA処理対照株を含めるようにしてください。 </li><li>アッセイをスポッティングするためのプレートを準備します。マルチチャンネルピ ​​ペットを用いて、一定分量200μlのラフィノースドロップアウト媒体（ 例えば SRaff-His）のあたり96ウェルプレートのウェル、ニート培養の列1,7を予約する。アリコート列1およびプレートの7への16の飽和培養物の各々を250μl。 </li><li>シリアルにマルチチャンネルピペットで十分に混合し、プレートの各列に文化5倍に希釈する。各ウェルの最終容量は200μlであることを確認するために、列6および12から希釈した培養液50μlを削除します。これはさえスポッティング確保することが不可欠である。 </li><li> 96ボルトレプリケータツール（フロッガー）を使用して、SD-HisおよびSGal-彼のプレート上に重複しての文化を発見。 2-3日間30ºCでプレートをインキュベートする。 </li><li>コントロールと同様のSGal-Hisをプレート上に毒性を示す菌株の配列決定のために選択します。コントロールのように毒性がないなどの偽陽性株を捨てる。 5-FOAは、（自分自身でもしばしば有毒であるので、SD-Hisのプレートまたはその展示に単独の疾患基板よりも実質的に大きい毒性を成長欠損を示す菌株を破棄<stronG&gt;図3）。 </li></ol> 5.コロニーPCRによってHsp104のバリアントの配列決定<ol><li>のPCRストリップチューブ中の3μlの20 mMのNaOH中のSD-Hisの-浦プレートから掻き〜10μlの酵母および凍結融解によって細胞を溶解。 10分間のサーマルサイクラーで99ºCでインキュベート、その後、10分間、または液体窒素中で-80ºCの冷凍庫にストリップチューブを置きます。のPCRグレードの水で100μlに菌株を希釈します。 </li><li> PCR反応の準備：5μlのPCRの鋳型、0.5μlの100μMの各プライマー、0.5μlの10mMのdNTPを、PCRバッファー中0.25μlのDNAポリメラーゼを、そしてPCRグレードの水で25μlの総体積に占める。デザインは、プライマーのどちらかの端にランダム化された地域に加えて、約100bpのを増幅する。増幅の成功の可能性を高めるために増幅された領域のサイズを最小限に抑えます。標準的なPCRプログラムを実行します。 </li><li>適切なSIZのPCR産物の増幅を確認するためにアガロースゲル電気泳動によって試料を分析電子メール。何の製品が存在しない場合、PCRを繰り返します。 注：PCRの失敗は、典型的には、ステップ5.1で使用されすぎて、酵母に起因する。 </li><li> DNA配列決定のためのサンプルを準備します。そのようなエキソヌクレアーゼIおよびエビアルカリホスファターゼ酵素としてPCR精製またはPCR産物クリーンアップ試薬のいずれかを使用してPCRプライマーを除去する（ExoSAP-IT）は、一本鎖DNAを分解した。この試薬は、酵素的に、より高いスループットを可能にし、取り込まれていないプライマーおよびdNTPを分解する。 </li><li> PCR産物を配列決定する。徹底的に変異をシークエンスクロマトグラムを分析するようにしてください。多くの場合、複数のプラスミドを有する酵母として突然変異は、与えられた部位（ 図4）は 2つのヌクレオチドの混合物として観察され得る。 </li></ol>

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</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

ここでは、酵母proteinopathyモデルを用いた疾患関連基質の毒性を抑制増強Hsp104の変異体を単離するための我々のアプローチを提示します。このアプローチを用いて、変異体の大きなライブラリーは、唯一の制限は、5-FOA二次スクリーニングを渡すバリアントの数であると、高スループットでスクリーニングすることができる。 96ウェルフォーマットにこれらのステップを実行することにより、?...

酵母proteinopathyモデルは、筋萎縮性側索硬化症（ALS）およびパーキンソン病（PD）1-3を含む、タンパク質の誤った折りたたみに起因する疾患のために開発されている。 ALS患者において誤って折り畳まタンパク質TDP-43とFUSの発現は、酵母1,2-細胞質凝集体を形成するために有毒でmislocalizeある。同様に、PDに関与するαシヌクレイン（α-synの）の発現は、毒性であり、mislocalizes酵母3の細胞質の凝集体を形成する。これらの機能は、これらの疾患4,5を有する患者での表現型を再現。このように、酵母のモデルは防止又はこれらの表現型2,6-13を逆にタンパク質または小分子をスクリーニングするための有用なプラットフォームを提供します。私たちは、TDP-43、FUS、及びα-synのに凝集と毒性を逆転することができるタンパク質の開発に興味を持っています。我々はHsp104の、両方のFRタンパク質を脱凝集の一意可能な酵母からAAA +タンパク質に焦点を当てる酵母におけるアモルファス凝集体およびアミロイドOM、まだそれはないヒトホモログ14,15を持っていません。 Hsp104のは細かく、内因性酵母プリオンを分解するように調整し、それが通常16,17に遭遇したことがない人間の神経変性疾患に関与する基質を脱凝集する唯一の限られた能力を持っています。従って、我々は効果的にこれらのヒトの基質を分解することができますHsp104のの強化されたバージョンを設計することを目指しています。そうするために、我々はHsp104の大量のライブラリーを構築すると、エラープローンPCRを用いて、変異体;これらのライブラリーは、酵母proteinopathyモデル17を用いてスクリーニングすることができる。 Hsp104のは17非常に大きいように我々は、ライブラリーを構築およびスクリーニングへのドメインを標的とするアプローチを採用しています。同様のアプローチは他のドメインをスクリーニングするために用いることができるが、我々は最初に、Hsp104の17の中央ドメイン（MD）に焦点を当てた。そのような残りの表面ディスプレイなどの代替技術とは対照的に、これらのモデルは、直接disaggregase活性についてスクリーニングイネーブル18を結合監視するために使用するricted。 我々のプロトコルは、2スクリーニング工程（ 図1）に基づいています。まず、酵母における疾患基板の毒性を抑制Hsp104の変異体が選択されている。これを行うには、Hsp104の変異体および疾患関連基板は、ΔHSP104酵母に同時形質転換される。我々は、野生型（WT）Hsp104の17の非存在下ではHsp104のシーケンススペースを探検する、ΔHSP104酵母を採用している。重要なことは、Hsp104のの削除は、酵母中のα-synの、FUS、またはTDP-43の毒性には影響しません、とHsp104のWTの発現は最小限の救助1,13,17を提供しています。酵母は、両方のタンパク質の発現を誘導するためにメディアを誘導する上でメッキされる。コロニーの疾患関連基板トリシン成長の毒性を抑えるHsp104の変異体を保有する酵母。コロニーを毒性型を抑制しない変異体を維持しながら、これらの変異体は、さらなる分析のために選択される。しかし、偽陽性は、この画面の大幅な問題である。 TDP-43、FUS、及びα-synの発現は、発現されているHsp104の変種とは無関係の毒性の自発的な遺伝的抑制の出現のための強力な選択圧を作成する、非常に有毒である。従って、我々はまた、これらの非特異的毒性サプレッサ17を除去するために比較的高いスループットで二次スクリーニングを使用している。この二次スクリーニングでは、選択された酵母をHsp104のプラスミド19ためのセレクト対抗する5-Fluorootic酸（5-FOA）で処理する。株は、基板の毒性はHsp104のプラスミドの喪失後に復元されることを保証するためにアッセイをスポッティングを介して基板（TDP-43、FUS、またはα-SYN）毒性について評価される。したがって、毒性がこの二次スクリーニングで復元された酵母は、おそらく、もともとHsp104の変異体の存在に起因する毒性の抑制を示した。これらの酵母は、「ヒット」として指定され、Hsp104のプラスミドは、その後でなければならない回収しHsp104の遺伝子17（ 図1）における変異を同定するために配列決定。任意のヒットは、その後独立して、突然変異を構築する部位特異的変異誘発を使用して、その後、毒性抑制のため再試験により再確認する必要があります。このプロトコルの潜在的なアプリケーションが広範である。これらの方法を用いて、タンパク質の任意のタイプのライブラリーは、酵母における毒性である任意の基質蛋白質の毒性を抑制する変異体についてスクリーニングすることができる。

<table><tbody><tr><td>GeneMorphII EZClone Domain Mutagenesis Kit</td><td>Agilent</td><td>200552</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>150 mm Petri dishes</td><td>Falcon</td><td>351058</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5-Fluorootic Acid</td><td>Research Products International</td><td>f10501-5.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-DeepWell 2 ml Plates</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>0030 502.302</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96 bold replicator tool</td><td>V&amp;amp;P Scientific</td><td>vp-404</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ExoSAP-IT</td><td>Affymetrix</td><td>78200</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolating potentiated hsp104 variants using yeast proteinopathy models

Many protein-misfolding disorders can be modeled in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proteins such as TDP-43 and FUS, implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and &#945;-synuclein, implicated in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, are toxic and form cytoplasmic aggregates in yeast. These features recapitulate protein pathologies observed in patients with these disorders. Thus, yeast are an ideal platform for isolating toxicity suppressors from libraries of protein variants. We are interested in applying protein disaggregases to eliminate misfolded toxic protein conformers. Specifically, we are engineering Hsp104, a hexameric AAA+ protein from yeast that is uniquely capable of solubilizing both disordered aggregates and amyloid and returning the proteins to their native conformations. While Hsp104 is highly conserved in eukaryotes and eubacteria, it has no known metazoan homologue. Hsp104 has only limited ability to eliminate disordered aggregates and amyloid fibers implicated in human disease. Thus, we aim to engineer Hsp104 variants to reverse the protein misfolding implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We have developed methods to screen large libraries of Hsp104 variants for suppression of proteotoxicity in yeast. As yeast are prone to spontaneous nonspecific suppression of toxicity, a two-step screening process has been developed to eliminate false positives. Using these methods, we have identified a series of potentiated Hsp104 variants that potently suppress the toxicity and aggregation of TDP-43, FUS, and &#945;-synuclein. Here, we describe this optimized protocol, which could be adapted to screen libraries constructed using any protein backbone for suppression of toxicity of any protein that is toxic in yeast.

私たちは、真ん中のドメインで無作為化Hsp104の変異体のライブラリーを構築し、TDP-43の毒性の抑制のためにそれをスクリーニングしている。ライブラリーは、形質転換され、画面のストリンジェンシーを評価するために、グルコースおよびガラクトースプレート（ 図2）上にプレーティングした。単一コロニーを選択した株は、カウンタHsp104のプラスミドを除去するために5-FOAを?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolating Potentiated Hsp104 Variants Using Yeast Proteinopathy Models at JoVE.com

Isolating Potentiated Hsp104 Variants Using Yeast Proteinopathy Models

Yeast proteinopathy models are valuable tools to assess the toxicity and aggregation of proteins implicated in disease. Here, we present methods for screening Hsp104 variant libraries for toxicity suppressors. This protocol could be adapted to screen any protein library for toxicity suppressors of any protein that is toxic in yeast.

酵母Proteinopathyモデルを用いた増強Hsp104のバリアントを分離

Many protein-misfolding disorders can be modeled in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proteins such as TDP-43 and FUS, implicated in amyotrophic ...

isolating-potentiated-hsp104-variants-using-yeast-proteinopathy-models

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.1K ビュー.  Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Yeast proteinopathy models are valuable tools to assess the toxicity and aggregation of proteins implicated in disease. Here, we present methods for screening Hsp104 variant libraries for toxicity suppressors. This protocol could be adapted to screen any protein library for toxicity suppressors of any protein that is toxic in yeast.

ビデオ: Isolating Potentiated Hsp104 Variants Using Yeast Proteinopathy Models

Mating-based Overexpression Library Screening in Yeast

Budding yeast has been widely used as a model in studying proteins associated with human diseases. Genome-wide genetic screening is a powerful tool commonly used in yeast studies. The expression of a number of neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins in yeast causes cytotoxicity and aggregate formation, recapitulating findings seen in patients with these disorders. Here, we describe a method for screening a yeast model of the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-associated protein FUS for modifiers of its toxicity. Instead of using transformation, this new screening platform relies on the mating of yeast to introduce an arrayed library of plasmids into the yeast model. The mating method has two clear advantages: first, it is highly efficient; second, the pre-transformed arrayed library of plasmids can be stored for long-term as a glycerol stock, and quickly applied to other screens without the labor-intensive step of transformation into the yeast model each time. We demonstrate how this method can successfully be used to screen for genes that modify the toxicity of FUS.

This article presents a mating-based method to facilitate overexpression screening in budding yeast using an arrayed plasmid library.

酵母の過剰発現の交尾ベース ライブラリ スクリーニング

Budding yeast has been widely used as a model in studying proteins associated with human diseases. Genome-wide genetic screening is a powerful tool ...

遺伝学

Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

The finding that the well-known mammalian P53 protein can act as a transcription factor (TF) in the yeast S. cerevisiae has allowed for the development of different functional assays to study the impacts of 1) binding site [i.e., response element (RE)] sequence variants on P53 transactivation specificity or 2) TP53 mutations, co-expressed cofactors, or small molecules on P53 transactivation activity. Different basic and translational research applications have been developed. Experimentally, these approaches exploit two major advantages of the yeast model. On one hand, the ease of genome editing enables quick construction of qualitative or quantitative reporter systems by exploiting isogenic strains that differ only at the level of a specific P53-RE to investigate sequence-specificity of P53-dependent transactivation. On the other hand, the availability of regulated systems for ectopic P53 expression allows the evaluation of transactivation in a wide range of protein expression. Reviewed in this report are extensively used systems that are based on color reporter genes, luciferase, and the growth of yeast to illustrate their main methodological steps and to critically assess their predictive power. Moreover, the extreme versatility of these approaches can be easily exploited to study different TFs including P63 and P73, which are other members of TP53 gene family.

Presented here are four protocols to construct and exploit yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reporter strains to study human P53 transactivation potential, impacts of its various cancer-associated mutations, co-expressed interacting proteins, and the effects of specific small molecules.

ヒトP53を研究する機能アッセイを開発するシャーシとしての酵母

The finding that the well-known mammalian P53 protein can act as a transcription factor (TF) in the yeast S. cerevisiae has allowed for the development of ...

がん研究

Characterizing Histone Post-translational Modification Alterations in Yeast Neurodegenerative Proteinopathy Models

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), cause the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives each year. Effective treatment options able to halt disease progression are lacking. Despite the extensive sequencing efforts in large patient populations, the majority of ALS and PD cases remain unexplained by genetic mutations alone. Epigenetics mechanisms, such as the post-translational modification of histone proteins, may be involved in neurodegenerative disease etiology and progression and lead to new targets for pharmaceutical intervention. Mammalian in vivo and in vitro models of ALS and PD are costly and often require prolonged and laborious experimental protocols. Here, we outline a practical, fast, and cost-effective approach to determining genome-wide alterations in histone modification levels using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system. This protocol allows for comprehensive investigations into epigenetic changes connected to neurodegenerative proteinopathies that corroborate previous findings in different model systems while significantly expanding our knowledge of the neurodegenerative disease epigenome.

This protocol outlines experimental procedures to characterize genome-wide changes in the levels of histone post-translational modifications (PTM) occurring in connection with the overexpression of proteins associated with ALS and Parkinson&#39;s disease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae models. After SDS-PAGE separation, individual histone PTM levels are detected with modification-specific antibodies via Western blotting.

酵母神経変性認知症予備モデルにおけるヒストン翻訳後修飾変化の特性

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), cause the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives ...

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System 

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers. Genetic studies in mammalian systems have been limited due to the lack of readily available tools including defined mutant genetic cell lines, regulatory expression systems, and appropriate selectable markers. To circumvent these difficulties, model genetic systems in lower eukaryotes have become an attractive choice for the study of functionally conserved DNA repair proteins and pathways. We have developed a model yeast system to study the poorly defined genetic functions of the Werner syndrome helicase-nuclease (WRN) in nucleic acid metabolism. Cellular phenotypes associated with defined genetic mutant backgrounds can be investigated to clarify the cellular and molecular functions of WRN through its catalytic activities and protein interactions. The human WRN gene and associated variants, cloned into DNA plasmids for expression in yeast, can be placed under the control of a regulatory plasmid element. The expression construct can then be transformed into the appropriate yeast mutant background, and genetic function assayed by a variety of methodologies. Using this approach, we determined that WRN, like its related RecQ family members BLM and Sgs1, operates in a Top3-dependent pathway that is likely to be important for genomic stability. This is described in our recent publication [1] at <a href="http://www.impactaging.com">www.impactaging.com</a>. Detailed methods of specific assays for genetic complementation studies in yeast are provided in this paper.

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System

Genetic studies in yeast can be employed to investigate the molecular and cellular functions of human genes in cellular DNA metabolism. Methods are described for the genetic characterization of the human WRN gene product defective in the premature aging disorder Werner syndrome in functionally conserved pathways using yeast as a tractable model system.

人間のDNA修復タンパク質の遺伝的研究は、モデルシステムとして酵母を使用

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers.  Genetic studies in mammalian ...

生物学

Purification of Hsp104, a Protein Disaggregase

Hsp104 is a hexameric AAA+ protein1 from yeast, which couples ATP hydrolysis to protein disaggregation2-10 (Fig. 1). This activity imparts two key selective advantages. First, renaturation of disordered aggregates by Hsp104 empowers yeast survival after various protein-misfolding stresses, including heat shock3,5,11,12. Second, remodeling of cross-beta amyloid fibrils by Hsp104 enables yeast to exploit myriad prions (infectious amyloids) as a reservoir of beneficial and heritable phenotypic variation13-22. Remarkably, Hsp104 directly remodels preamyloid oligomers and amyloid fibrils, including those comprised of the yeast prion proteins Sup35 and Ure223-30. This amyloid-remodeling functionality is a specialized facet of yeast Hsp104. The E. coli orthologue, ClpB, fails to remodel preamyloid oligomers or amyloid fibrils26,31,32.
Hsp104 orthologues are found in all kingdoms of life except, perplexingly, animals. Indeed, whether animal cells possess any enzymatic system that couples protein disaggregation to renaturation (rather than degradation) remains unknown33-35. Thus, we and others have proposed that Hsp104 might be developed as a therapeutic agent for various neurodegenerative diseases connected with the misfolding of specific proteins into toxic preamyloid oligomers and amyloid fibrils4,7,23,36-38. There are no treatments that directly target the aggregated species associated with these diseases. Yet, Hsp104 dissolves toxic oligomers and amyloid fibrils composed of alpha-synuclein, which are connected with Parkinson's Disease23 as well as amyloid forms of PrP39. Importantly, Hsp104 reduces protein aggregation and ameliorates neurodegeneration in rodent models of Parkinson's Disease23 and Huntington's disease38. Ideally, to optimize therapy and minimize side effects, Hsp104 would be engineered and potentiated to selectively remodel specific aggregates central to the disease in question4,7. However, the limited structural and mechanistic understanding of how Hsp104 disaggregates such a diverse repertoire of aggregated structures and unrelated proteins frustrates these endeavors30,40-42.
To understand the structure and mechanism of Hsp104, it is essential to study the pure protein and reconstitute its disaggregase activity with minimal components. Hsp104 is a 102kDa protein with a pI of ~5.3, which hexamerizes in the presence of ADP or ATP, or at high protein concentrations in the absence of nucleotide43-46. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the purification of highly active, stable Hsp104 from E. coli. The use of E. coli allows simplified large-scale production and our method can be performed quickly and reliably for numerous Hsp104 variants. Our protocol increases Hsp104 purity and simplifies His6-tag removal compared to a previous purification method from E. coli47. Moreover, our protocol is more facile and convenient than two more recent protocols26,48.

Here, we describe a protocol for the purification of highly active Hsp104, a hexameric AAA+ protein from yeast, which couples ATP hydrolysis to protein disaggregation. This scheme exploits a His6-tagged construct for affinity purification from E. coli followed by anion-exchange chromatography, His6-tag removal with TEV protease, and size-exclusion chromatography.

Hsp104の精製、タンパク質Disaggregase

Hsp104 is a hexameric AAA+ protein1 from yeast, which couples ATP hydrolysis to protein disaggregation2-10 (Fig. 1). This activity imparts two key ...

Growth Assays to Assess Polyglutamine Toxicity in Yeast

Protein misfolding is associated with many human diseases, particularly neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease 1. Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by the abnormal expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) region within the protein huntingtin. The polyQ-expanded huntingtin protein attains an aberrant conformation (i.e. it misfolds) and causes cellular toxicity 2. At least eight further neurodegenerative diseases are caused by polyQ-expansions, including the Spinocerebellar Ataxias and Kennedy&#x2019;s disease 3.
The model organism yeast has facilitated significant insights into the cellular and molecular basis of polyQ-toxicity, including the impact of intra- and inter-molecular factors of polyQ-toxicity, and the identification of cellular pathways that are impaired in cells expressing polyQ-expansion proteins 3-8. Importantly, many aspects of polyQ-toxicity that were found in yeast were reproduced in other experimental systems and to some extent in samples from HD patients, thus demonstrating the significance of the yeast model for the discovery of basic mechanisms underpinning polyQ-toxicity. 
A direct and relatively simple way to determine polyQ-toxicity in yeast is to measure growth defects of yeast cells expressing polyQ-expansion proteins. This manuscript describes three complementary experimental approaches to determine polyQ-toxicity in yeast by measuring the growth of yeast cells expressing polyQ-expansion proteins. The first two experimental approaches monitor yeast growth on plates, the third approach monitors the growth of liquid yeast cultures using the BioscreenC instrument. 
Furthermore, this manuscript describes experimental difficulties that can occur when handling yeast polyQ models and outlines strategies that will help to avoid or minimize these difficulties. The protocols described here can be used to identify and to characterize genetic pathways and small molecules that modulate polyQ-toxicity. Moreover, the described assays may serve as templates for accurate analyses of the toxicity caused by other disease-associated misfolded proteins in yeast models.

This manuscript describes three complementary protocols for assessing the toxicity of polyglutamine (polyQ)-expansion proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These protocols can easily be modified to monitor the toxicity of other misfolded proteins in yeast.

成長アッセイ酵母におけるポリグルタミン毒性を評価する

Protein misfolding is associated with many human diseases, particularly neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease, Parkinson's ...

Coupled Assays for Monitoring Protein Refolding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Proteostasis, defined as the combined processes of protein folding/biogenesis, refolding/repair, and degradation, is a delicate cellular balance that must be maintained to avoid deleterious consequences 1. External or internal factors that disrupt this balance can lead to protein aggregation, toxicity and cell death. In humans this is a major contributing factor to the symptoms associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases 10. It is therefore essential that the proteins involved in maintenance of proteostasis be identified in order to develop treatments for these debilitating diseases. This article describes techniques for monitoring in vivo protein folding at near-real time resolution using the model protein firefly luciferase fused to green fluorescent protein (FFL-GFP). FFL-GFP is a unique model chimeric protein as the FFL moiety is extremely sensitive to stress-induced misfolding and aggregation, which inactivates the enzyme 12. Luciferase activity is monitored using an enzymatic assay, and the GFP moiety provides a method of visualizing soluble or aggregated FFL using automated microscopy. These coupled methods incorporate two parallel and technically independent approaches to analyze both refolding and functional reactivation of an enzyme after stress. Activity recovery can be directly correlated with kinetics of disaggregation and re-solubilization to better understand how protein quality control factors such as protein chaperones collaborate to perform these functions. In addition, gene deletions or mutations can be used to test contributions of specific proteins or protein subunits to this process. In this article we examine the contributions of the protein disaggregase Hsp104 13, known to partner with the Hsp40/70/nucleotide exchange factor (NEF) refolding system 5, to protein refolding to validate this approach.

Coupled Assays for Monitoring Protein Refolding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This article describes the use of a firefly luciferase-GFP fusion protein to investigate in vivo protein folding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using this reagent, refolding of a model heat-denatured protein can be monitored simultaneously by fluorescence microscopy and an enzymatic assay to probe the roles of proteostasis network components in protein quality control.

のリフォールディング監視タンパク質を結合アッセイ<em&gt;サッカロミセス·セレビシエ（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）</em

Proteostasis, defined as the combined processes of protein folding/biogenesis, refolding/repair, and degradation, is a delicate cellular balance that must ...

High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae

The encoding of biological information that is accessible to future generations is generally achieved via changes to the DNA sequence. Long-lived inheritance encoded in protein conformation (rather than sequence) has long been viewed as paradigm-shifting but rare. The best characterized examples of such epigenetic elements are prions, which possess a self-assembling behavior that can drive the heritable manifestation of new phenotypes. Many archetypal prions display a striking N/Q-rich sequence bias and assemble into an amyloid fold. These unusual features have informed most screening efforts to identify new prion proteins. However, at least three known prions (including the founding prion, PrPSc) do not harbor these biochemical characteristics. We therefore developed an alternative method to probe the scope of protein-based inheritance based on a property of mass action: the transient overexpression of prion proteins increases the frequency at which they acquire a self-templating conformation. This paper describes a method for analyzing the capacity of the yeast ORFeome to elicit protein-based inheritance. Using this strategy, we previously found that &gt;1% of yeast proteins could fuel the emergence of biological traits that were long-lived, stable, and arose more frequently than genetic mutation. This approach can be employed in high throughput across entire ORFeomes or as a targeted screening paradigm for specific genetic networks or environmental stimuli. Just as forward genetic screens define numerous developmental and signaling pathways, these techniques provide a methodology to investigate the influence of protein-based inheritance in biological processes.

High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae

This protocol describes a high-throughput methodology to functionally screen for protein-based inheritance in S. cerevisiae.

出芽酵母におけるタンパク質ベース継承の高速スクリーニング

The encoding of biological information that is accessible to future generations is generally achieved via changes to the DNA sequence. Long-lived ...

Effect of Fluorescent Proteins on Fusion Partners Using Polyglutamine Toxicity Assays in Yeast

For the investigation of protein localization and trafficking using live cell imaging, researchers often rely on fusing their protein of interest to a fluorescent reporter. The constantly evolving list of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins (FPs) presents users with several alternatives when it comes to fluorescent fusion design. Each FP has specific optical and biophysical properties that can affect the biochemical, cellular, and functional properties of the resulting fluorescent fusions. For instance, several FPs tend to form nonspecific oligomers that are susceptible to impede on the function of the fusion partner. Unfortunately, only a few methods exist to test the impact of FPs on the behavior of the fluorescent reporter. Here, we describe a simple method that enables the rapid assessment of the impact of FPs using polyglutamine (polyQ) toxicity assays in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PolyQ-expanded huntingtin proteins are associated with the onset of Huntington&#39;s disease (HD), where the expanded huntingtin aggregates into toxic oligomers and inclusion bodies. The aggregation and toxicity of polyQ expansions in yeast are highly dependent on the sequences flanking the polyQ region, including the presence of fluorescent tags, thus providing an ideal experimental platform to study the impact of FPs on the behavior of their fusion partner.

This article describes protocols to assess the effect of fluorescent proteins on the aggregation and toxicity of misfolded polyglutamine expansion for the rapid evaluation of a newly uncharacterized fluorescent protein in the context of fluorescent reporters.

酵母におけるポリグルタミン毒性の試金を使用して融合パートナーの蛍光タンパク質の効果

For the investigation of protein localization and trafficking using live cell imaging, researchers often rely on fusing their protein of interest to a ...

A Method to Study &#945;-Synuclein Toxicity and Aggregation Using a Humanized Yeast Model

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by progressive cell death caused by the formation of Lewy bodies containing misfolded and aggregated &#945;-synuclein. &#945;-synuclein is an abundant presynaptic protein that regulates synaptic vesicle trafficking, but the accumulation of its proteinaceous inclusions results in neurotoxicity. Recent studies have revealed that various genetic factors, including bacterial chaperones, could reduce the formation of &#945;-synuclein aggregates in vitro. However, it is also important to monitor the anti-aggregation effect in the cell to apply this as a potential treatment for the patients. It would be ideal to use neuronal cells, but these cells are difficult to handle and take a long time to exhibit the anti-aggregation phenotype. Therefore, a quick and effective in vivo tool is required for the further evaluation of in vivo anti-aggregation activity. The method described here was used to monitor and analyze the anti-aggregation phenotype in the humanized yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which expressed human &#945;-synuclein. This protocol demonstrates in vivo tools that could be used for monitoring &#945;-synuclein-induced cellular toxicity, as well as the formation of &#945;-synuclein aggregates in cells.

An in vivo physiological model of &#945;-synuclein is required to study and understand the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. We describe a method to monitor the cytotoxicity and aggregate formation of &#945;-synuclein using a humanized yeast model.

ヒト化酵母モデルを用いたα-シヌクレインの毒性と凝集の研究法

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by progressive cell death caused by the formation of Lewy ...

酵母Proteinopathyモデルを用いた増強Hsp104のバリアントを分離

要約

さらに動画を探す

酵母の過剰発現の交尾ベースライブラリスクリーニング

ヒトP53を研究する機能アッセイを開発するシャーシとしての酵母

酵母神経変性認知症予備モデルにおけるヒストン翻訳後修飾変化の特性

人間のDNA修復タンパク質の遺伝的研究は、モデルシステムとして酵母を使用

Hsp104の精製、タンパク質Disaggregase

成長アッセイ酵母におけるポリグルタミン毒性を評価する

のリフォールディング監視タンパク質を結合アッセイ

出芽酵母におけるタンパク質ベース継承の高速スクリーニング

酵母におけるポリグルタミン毒性の試金を使用して融合パートナーの蛍光タンパク質の効果

ヒト化酵母モデルを用いたα-シヌクレインの毒性と凝集の研究法

酵母Proteinopathyモデルを用いた増強Hsp104のバリアントを分離

要約

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酵母の過剰発現の交尾ベース ライブラリ スクリーニング

ヒトP53を研究する機能アッセイを開発するシャーシとしての酵母

酵母神経変性認知症予備モデルにおけるヒストン翻訳後修飾変化の特性

人間のDNA修復タンパク質の遺伝的研究は、モデルシステムとして酵母を使用

Hsp104の精製、タンパク質Disaggregase

成長アッセイ酵母におけるポリグルタミン毒性を評価する

のリフォールディング監視タンパク質を結合アッセイ

出芽酵母におけるタンパク質ベース継承の高速スクリーニング

酵母におけるポリグルタミン毒性の試金を使用して融合パートナーの蛍光タンパク質の効果

ヒト化酵母モデルを用いたα-シヌクレインの毒性と凝集の研究法

酵母の過剰発現の交尾ベースライブラリスクリーニング