The authors would like to acknowledge the Cincinnati Children&#8217;s Hospital Division of Veterinary Services for their assistance. This manuscript was supported by the National Institutes of Health K12 HD028827. Anna Perl PhD taught the authors this surgical procedure.

Declaración de uso animal:: NOTA Todos los procedimientos de este estudio se llevaron a cabo con la aprobación y siguiendo las directrices de la Institutional Animal Uso y Comité de Cuidado (IACUC) en el Hospital de Niños de Cincinnati. C57BL / 6J macho de ocho semanas de edad se obtuvieron de Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME) y se dejaron aclimatar durante una semana antes de usar. Hasta la cirugía, los animales fueron alojados en un centro de barrera libre de patógenos y siempre pienso en autoclave y se filtra agua ad libdium. Cada jaula ratón se suministra con un aire dedicado y agua, y las habitaciones se mantuvieron en un ciclo día-noche de 12 horas. Después de la recuperación de la cirugía, los ratones fueron mantenidos en jaulas con las tapas filtrados, siempre autoclave comida ad libitum, y siempre que filtran el agua de una botella de agua. 1. Elaboración de Instrumentos <ol><li> Hacer 6 retractores de la piel utilizando clips y pines de papel. Giro enderezó clips de papel en los vástagos de los pines de papel, lalero de un alambre de acero recta 5 cm en un extremo y hacer un solo 0.5 cm &quot;U&quot; en forma de gancho en el extremo del cable. </li><li> Hacer un poco de 15 x 15 cm paños quirúrgicos cuadrados utilizando una envoltura de plástico. Prepare un aderezo por ratón. Ponga una torre de papel entre cada envoltura. </li><li> Esterilizar todos los instrumentos quirúrgicos junto con una pila de fichas de 12 x 12 pulgadas de corcho, gasas, y aplicadores de algodón. </li></ol> 2. Preparación del ratón <ol><li> Inducir la anestesia con isoflurano al 2%. Pesar animal. </li><li> En un área de preparación quirúrgica dedicada afeitarse tórax izquierdo y el cuello con la máquina de afeitar eléctrica. </li><li> Aplique una gota del ungüento de lágrimas artificiales para los ojos del ratón. </li><li> Descontaminar el cuello y el tórax izquierdo con clorhexidina y alcohol isopropílico. Repite dos veces más. </li></ol> 3. Ratón Oro-traqueal La intubación y ventilación mecánica <ol><li> Haga que un técnico quirúrgico lugar no estéril la supina ratón en el área quirúrgica pre-calentado.</li><li> Confirme la profundidad de la anestesia mediante la documentación de la falta de una respuesta a la pizca de la pata. </li><li> Después de lavarse las manos y ponerse el traje quirúrgico, máscara y sombrero, ponerse guantes quirúrgicos estériles. </li><li> Después de drapeado y utilizando una técnica aséptica, hacer una incisión vertical de 1 cm en el mediano anterior del cuello para exponer la laringe. Ligeramente retraer los músculos de la correa dentada, con curvas de 10 cm pinzas y exponer la laringe y la tráquea mediante la difusión de los músculos de la correa con la punta de unas tijeras rectas. </li><li> Por vía oral insertar un 22 G angiocatéter romo-punta en la mitad de la tráquea (Figura 1A) y confirmar visualmente la colocación (Figura 1B). Mantener la anestesia y ventilar utilizando 1-3% isoflurano a través del ventilador de roedores (225 l por golpe; 200 Stokes por minuto). Emplear un límite de presión de 15 cm H 2 O. </li></ol> 4. Ratón neumonectomía <ol><li> Coloque el ratón en la posición de decúbito lateral derecho con la espalda del ratón haciael operador (a la izquierda hacia arriba). Utilice una envoltura de plástico de cierre automático como un campo estéril. Corte a través de la cortina, utilice contundentes tijeras curvas de punta para hacer un 2 cm de largo corte paralelo a las costillas en el espacio intercostal 4 º y 5 º. Inserte las tijeras de punta curvada contundentes y diseccionar la piel lejos de las costillas subyacentes y los músculos intercostales. </li><li> Retraer la piel con cuatro retractores para exponer un cuadrado 1,5 x 1,5 cm de la ventana quirúrgica (Figura 2A). Asegure los retractores al tablero de corcho. </li><li> Diseccionar a costillas utilizando pinzas curvas, y utilizar una punta de las pinzas curvas para entrar en la cavidad torácica. </li><li> Usando la punta roma micro-tijeras, utilice la cuchilla inferior para entrar en la cavidad torácica. Hacer una incisión de 0,5 cm entre las costillas y la repetición en la dirección opuesta. </li><li> Usando los dos retractores restantes, abrir el tórax en el eje antero-posterior y el seguro de los retractores de la placa de corcho (Figura 2B). </li> &lt;li&gt; Con unas pinzas de punta roma curvas en la mano izquierda, sujete el pulmón izquierdo y desplazar a la parte superior del pulmón izquierdo lateral e inferior a través de la toracotomía hasta la arteria pulmonar izquierda y bronquios están expuestos (Figura 3A, B). </li><li> Sosteniendo el titanio microclip vascular aplicador cargado en la mano derecha con el cuerpo del aplicador en la palma y punta curva en dirección opuesta a la palma de la mano (Figura 3C), deslice la punta del aplicador en el tórax a lo largo de la curvatura de la cara posterior de la izquierda pulmón y el clip del bronquio izquierdo y la arteria pulmonar (Figura 3D). </li><li> Retire el aplicador pero mantener el pulmón izquierdo retraída. Sujete las puntas micro-tijeras de punta roma con la mano derecha y cortar el bronquio y distal de la arteria pulmonar para el clip y retire pulmón izquierdo (Figura 3E). </li><li> Retire los retractores costales. </li><li> Utilice las pinzas contundentes curvas pellizcar hasta 1 cm de piel de calidad inferior a la incisien pero por encima del nivel del diafragma e insertar un angiocatéter 24 G a través de la piel y en la cavidad torácica izquierda (Figura 4A, B). </li><li> Utilice 5-0 prolene sutura colocar dos puntos separados alrededor de la 4 ª y 5 ª costillas para cerrar la cavidad torácica. </li><li> Retire los retractores de la piel. Utilice dos conjuntos de pinzas para aproximar la piel a lo largo de la longitud de la incisión y pegar la piel cerrada. </li><li> Conecte una jeringa luer-lock 3 ml al angiocatéter y eliminar el aire residual aplicando succión suave y retirar el angiocatéter. </li><li> Pegue la incisión en el cuello cerrado usando dos juegos de pinzas como antes. </li></ol> 5. Ratón Sham neumonectomía <ol><li> Exponer el pulmón izquierdo como se señala en el protocolo &quot;Ratón Neumonectomía&quot;. Levante la caja torácica con unas pinzas romas curvas para permitir que el aire en la cavidad torácica izquierda (Figura 5 A, B). </li><li> Coloque una G angiocatéter 24 en el tho izquierdacavidad Racic que arriba con cuidado de no dañar el pulmón izquierdo. </li><li> Utilizando 5-0 prolene sutura y teniendo cuidado de no perforar el pulmón (Figura 5C), colocar dos trozos de material de sutura en la 3ª / 4ª y 5ª / 6 espacios intermedios ª costilla (Figura 5D). Coloque las dos longitudes de material de sutura antes de atar a disminuir los riesgos de hernia pulmón izquierdo. Ate el material de sutura para hacer dos puntos separados (Figura 5E). </li><li> Pegue la piel sobre la incisión torácica, eliminar el aire residual con el angiocatéter y pegar la incisión en el cuello que el anterior. </li></ol> 6. Reanimación, Analgesia y Recuperación <ol><li> Apague el isoflurano, y administrar 0,1 mg / kg de buprenorfina y 0,5 ml de solución salina normal por vía subcutánea. </li><li> Cuando la respiración espontánea se reanuden, retire el tubo endotraqueal. </li><li> Observe ratón hasta que esté de nuevo ambulatorio. Caminar normalmente Resumit varios minutos después de la extracción del tubo endotraqueal. </li><li> Coloca el ratón en un 27 ° C incubadora (, 25% de oxígeno humidificado) para recuperar O / N. NOTA: Nos colocamos varias bolitas de comida humedecida con agua en el suelo de la jaula por primera 24 horas después de la cirugía. </li><li> Administrar 0,1 mg / kg de buprenorfina por inyección intraperitoneal dos veces al día durante tres días después de la cirugía. Tenga cuidado de no abrir el sitio quirúrgico al manipular animales. </li></ol> 7. Monitoreo Ratón <ol><li> Pesar ratones a 1, 3, 5, y 7 días después de la cirugía. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Hemos proporcionado la descripción más detallada de los procedimientos PNX PNX ratón y ratón del impostor reportados hasta la fecha. Hemos hecho el lector consciente de varios de los errores comunes que los investigadores están aprendiendo el procedimiento comúnmente se enfrentan, y que hemos descrito varias técnicas desarrolladas por nuestro laboratorio para mitigar estos riesgos. Otros laboratorios que utilizan este modelo pueden haber desarrollado otras modificaciones en la técnica o utilizar diferentes instr...

La función principal del pulmón es proporcionar para el oxígeno y el dióxido de carbono de intercambio entre un organismo y el ambiente. En los seres humanos, una serie de condiciones congénitas y adquiridas conducen a la reducción de la superficie pulmonar que se traduce en la función pulmonar. Aunque una serie de terapias tales como los corticosteroides inhalados, broncodilatadores, oxígeno suplementario, y la ventilación mecánica crónica se utilizan para mitigar las consecuencias de la función pulmonar 1-3, la terapia ideal para estas condiciones sería promover el recrecimiento del tejido pulmonar funcional - es decir, de pulmón regeneración. La regeneración de tejidos de mamíferos ha sido bien documentado. El Ratón espinoso africano puede regenerar grandes zonas de piel sin la formación de cicatrices 4. La falange distal en los seres humanos puede regenerarse después de una lesión o amputación 5-7. Siguiendo neumonectomía (PNX), el crecimiento pulmonar compensatorio se produce en ratones 8, 9 ratas, hacergs 10, y los seres humanos 11. Por definición, el crecimiento pulmonar compensatorio implica no sólo la expansión de los espacios aéreos existentes, pero volver a la tabicación de estos espacios aéreos ampliados con la expansión de la microcirculación 12 asociado. La expresión de genes ha demostrado que este modelo recapitula muchos de los eventos de señalización de desarrollo pulmonar 13. Cuatro semanas después de ratón PNX, área de la superficie alveolar es equivalente a la de animales operados simulados 14. En este manuscrito, se describe la PNX ratón y procedimientos simulados PNX.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1052">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:263px;">Name of the reagent</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Catalogue number</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:263px;">6-inch Vascular Clip Applicator</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Teleflex Medical (WECK)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">137062</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:263px;">Horizon Small Titanium Red Clip</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Teleflex Medical (WECK)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">1201</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="121">
			<td height="121" style="height:121px;width:263px;">Narrow Pattern 12cm Curved Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">11003-12</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="141">
			<td height="141" style="height:141px;width:263px;">Curved Serated 10 cm Graefe Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">11052-10</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Castroviejo Needle Holder</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">12565-14</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:263px;">Straight 9 cm Strabismus Scissors (Blunt Tip)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">14075-09</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:263px;">Straight 8.5 cm Hardened Fine Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">14090-09</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:263px;">Straight, Blunt Tip Cohan-Vannas Spring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">15000-12</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Skin Glue</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Gluture</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">32046</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">22 ga angiocatheter</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">24 ga angiocatheter</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">3 mL luer lock syringe</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">4 short retractors</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">2 long retractors</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:263px;">5-0 Prolene on curved cutting needle</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">8698G</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">0.5 mL syringe on 27 ga needle</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Normal Saline</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Buprenorphine</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Press-n-Seal Wrap</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Glad Products Company</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
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mouse pneumonectomy model of compensatory lung growth

In humans, disrupted repair and remodeling of injured lung contributes to a host of acute and chronic lung disorders which may ultimately lead to disability or death. Injury-based animal models of lung repair and regeneration are limited by injury-specific responses making it difficult to differentiate changes related to the injury response and injury resolution from changes related to lung repair and lung regeneration. However, use of animal models to identify these repair and regeneration signaling pathways is critical to the development of new therapies aimed at improving pulmonary function following lung injury. The mouse pneumonectomy model utilizes compensatory lung growth to isolate those repair and regeneration signals in order to more clearly define mechanisms of alveolar re-septation. Here, we describe our technique for performing mouse pneumonectomy and sham pneumonectomy. This technique may be utilized in conjunction with lineage tracing or other transgenic mouse models to define molecular and cellular mechanism of lung repair and regeneration.

. Una parcela de PNX y operación simulada pesos de los ratones se proporciona en la figura 6 En nuestras manos, la supervivencia es consistentemente 95-100% tanto para PNX y farsa neumonectomía. Para obtener una descripción de cómo el pulmón derecho re-crece en este modelo y la evolución en el tiempo previsto, nos remite al lector a los manuscritos de Gibney et al. 15 y Wang et al. 14 Varios errores comunes se deben evitar para r...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Pneumonectomy Model of Compensatory Lung Growth at JoVE.com

Mouse Pneumonectomy Model of Compensatory Lung Growth

Mouse pneumonectomy is a commonly employed model of compensatory lung growth. This procedure can be used in conjunction with lineage tracing or transgenic mouse models to elucidate underlying mechanisms.

Ratón neumonectomía Modelo de Compensatoria crecimiento pulmonar

In humans, disrupted repair and remodeling of injured lung contributes to a host of acute and chronic lung disorders which may ultimately lead to ...

mouse-pneumonectomy-model-of-compensatory-lung-growth

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.7K vistas.  Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Mouse pneumonectomy is a commonly employed model of compensatory lung growth. This procedure can be used in conjunction with lineage tracing or transgenic mouse models to elucidate underlying mechanisms.

Video: Mouse Pneumonectomy Model of Compensatory Lung Growth

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

Un sencillo método de intubación ratón de pulmón

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Investigación

Medicina

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive surgical procedures. Although this is an effective method of assessing in vitro diaphragm activity, it involves non-survival surgery. The application of non-invasive ultrasound imaging as an in vivo procedure is beneficial since it not only reduces the number of animals sacrificed, but is also suitable for monitoring disease progression in live mice. Thus, our ultrasound imaging method may likely assist in the development of novel therapies that alleviate muscle injury induced by various respiratory diseases. Particularly, in clinical diagnoses of obstructive lung diseases, ultrasound imaging has the potential to be used in conjunction with other standard tests to detect the early onset of diaphragm muscle fatigue. In the current protocol, we describe how to accurately evaluate diaphragm contractility in a mouse model using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has proven to be effective in diagnosing various respiratory diseases in human and animal subjects. We demonstrate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol utilized by Dr. Zuo's lab to analyze diaphragm kinetics specifically in mouse models. This is also a non-invasive research technique which can provide quantitative information on mouse respiratory muscle function.

Ultrasonido Diagnóstico por la Imagen de la función del ratón del diafragma

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

A Murine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury through Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Artery

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms at work during MI and developing effective therapeutic approaches requires methodology to reproducibly simulate the clinical incidence and reflect the pathophysiological changes associated with MI. Here, we describe a surgical method to induce MI in mouse models that can be used for short-term ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury as well as permanent ligation. The major advantage of this method is to facilitate location of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to allow for accurate ligation of this artery to induce ischemia in the left ventricle of the mouse heart. Accurate positioning of the ligature on the LAD increases reproducibility of infarct size and thus produces more reliable results. Greater precision in placement of the ligature will improve the standard surgical approaches to simulate MI in mice, thus reducing the number of experimental animals necessary for statistically relevant studies and improving our understanding of the mechanisms producing cardiac dysfunction following MI. This mouse model of MI is also useful for the preclinical testing of treatments targeting myocardial damage following MI.

We introduce a surgical method to induce experimental ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to simulate myocardial infarction (MI) in mouse models that allows for more clarity in positioning of the ligation on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to increase the reproducibility of MI experiments in mice.

Un modelo murino de isquemia-reperfusión miocárdica lesión a través de la ligadura de la arteria descendente anterior

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms ...

Implantation of Fibrin Gel on Mouse Lung to Study Lung-specific Angiogenesis

Recent significant advances in stem cell research and bioengineering techniques have made great progress in utilizing biomaterials to regenerate and repair damage in simple tissues in the orthopedic and periodontal fields. However, attempts to regenerate the structures and functions of more complex three-dimensional (3D) organs such as lungs have not been very successful because the biological processes of organ regeneration have not been well explored. It is becoming clear that angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays key roles in organ regeneration. Newly formed vasculatures not only deliver oxygen, nutrients and various cell components that are required for organ regeneration but also provide instructive signals to the regenerating local tissues. Therefore, to successfully regenerate lungs in an adult, it is necessary to recapitulate the lung-specific microenvironments in which angiogenesis drives regeneration of local lung tissues. Although conventional in vivo angiogenesis assays, such as subcutaneous implantation of extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich hydrogels (e.g., fibrin or collagen gels or Matrigel - ECM protein mixture secreted by Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma cells), are extensively utilized to explore the general mechanisms of angiogenesis, lung-specific angiogenesis has not been well characterized because methods for orthotopic implantation of biomaterials in the lung have not been well established. The goal of this protocol is to introduce a unique method to implant fibrin gel on the lung surface of living adult mouse, allowing for the successful recapitulation of host lung-derived angiogenesis inside the gel. This approach enables researchers to explore the mechanisms by which the lung-specific microenvironment controls angiogenesis and alveolar regeneration in both normal and pathological conditions. Since implanted biomaterials release and supply physical and chemical signals to adjacent lung tissues, implantation of these biomaterials on diseased lung can potentially normalize the adjacent diseased tissues, enabling researchers to develop new therapeutic approaches for various types of lung diseases.

Recapitulation of the organ-specific microenvironment, which stimulates local angiogenesis, is indispensable for successful regeneration of damaged tissues. This report demonstrates a novel method to implant fibrin gels on the lung surface of living mouse in order to explore how the lung-specific microenvironment modulates angiogenesis and alveolar regeneration in adult mouse.

El implante de gel de fibrina en pulmón de ratón para el Estudio de la angiogénesis pulmón específico

Recent significant advances in stem cell research and bioengineering techniques have made great progress in utilizing biomaterials to regenerate and ...

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed lung transplantation in humans to become more readily available by enabling the ability to assess organs and expand the donor pool. As this technology expands and improves, the ability to potentially evaluate and improve the quality of substandard lungs prior to transplant is a critical need. In order to more rigorously evaluate these approaches, a reproducible animal model needs to be established that would allow for testing of improved techniques and management of the donated lungs as well as to the lung-transplant recipient. In addition, an EVLP animal model of associated pathologies, e.g., ventilation induced lung injury (VILI), would provide a novel method to evaluate treatments for these pathologies. Here, we describe the development of a rat EVLP lung program and refinements to this method that allow for a reproducible model for future expansion. We also describe the application of this EVLP system to model VILI in rat lungs. The goal is to provide the research community with key information and &#8220;pearls of wisdom&#8221;/techniques that arose from trial and error and are critical to establishing an EVLP system that is robust and reproducible.

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed lung transplantation in humans to become more readily available by enabling the ability to assess organs and expand the donor pool. Here, we describe the development of a rat EVLP program and refinements that allow for a reproducible model for future expansion.

Método de aislados<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Perfusión pulmonar en un modelo de rata: Lecciones Aprendidas de Desarrollo de un Programa EVLP Rata

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed ...

Real-time X-ray Imaging of Lung Fluid Volumes in Neonatal Mouse Lung

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting and sustaining this phenotype is critically important in normal alveolar growth and gas exchange throughout life. Several in vitro studies have characterized the role of key regulatory proteins, signaling molecules, and steroid hormones that can influence the rate of lung fluid clearance. However, in vivo examinations must be performed to evaluate whether these regulatory factors play important physiological roles in regulating perinatal lung liquid absorption. As such, the utilization of real time X-ray imaging to determine perinatal lung fluid clearance, or pulmonary edema, represents a technological advancement in the field. Herein, we explain and illustrate an approach to assess the rate of alveolar lung fluid clearance and alveolar flooding in C57BL/6 mice at post natal day 10 using X-ray imaging and analysis. Successful implementation of this protocol requires prior approval from institutional animal care and use committees (IACUC), an in vivo small animal X-ray imaging system, and compatible molecular imaging software.

We present a protocol to assess the rate of alveolar fluid clearance or pulmonary edema in neonatal mouse lung using X-ray imaging technology.

En tiempo real de imágenes de rayos X de los pulmones de volúmenes de líquido en pulmón de ratón neonatal

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting ...

Apical Resection Mouse Model to Study Early Mammalian Heart Regeneration

Cardiovascular disease plagues the whole world due to intensive lifestyle changes. Heart regeneration holds great promise for repairing and restoring cardiomyocytes lost due to injury and disease. In contrast to the robust cardiac regeneration of certain lower vertebrates, adult mammalian hearts typically show minimal capacity for heart regeneration and repair. However, recent studies have sparked considerable scientific interest with the finding that, between postnatal day 1 to 7 (P1 to P7), the neonatal mouse heart retains significant regenerative potential after apical resection (i.e., surgical amputation and exposure of left ventricular apex). One major controversy over this finding might be due to the diverse surgery-related procedures used in efforts to replicate or expand upon this important finding. These instructions dynamically present the materials and methodology for apical resection in a mouse model. The salient steps of this rodent survival surgery involve hypothermia anesthesia, thoracotomy, surgical amputation of heart ventricular apex, and suture and recovery of mice. The approach described could expand the application of the apical resection mouse model for cardiovascular research.

A step-by-step video protocol of apical resection is demonstrated in this study. Apical resection is a recently highlighted surgical approach in mammalian heart regeneration research. This study may promote the application of apical resection as a standard methodology in research into the mechanism underlying heart regeneration.

Modelo apical Resección ratón para el Estudio de la regeneración del corazón de mamíferos Temprana

Cardiovascular disease plagues the whole world due to intensive lifestyle changes. Heart regeneration holds great promise for repairing and restoring ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

La traqueostomía abierta ácido gástrico aspiración modelo murino de lesión pulmonar aguda Resultados en máxima no letal aguda lesión pulmonar

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of trauma-related deaths, partly because early diagnosis of the severity of blood loss is difficult. Assessment of hemorrhaging patients is difficult because current clinical tools provide measures of vital signs that remain stable during the early stages of bleeding due to compensatory mechanisms. Consequently, there is a need to understand and measure the total integration of mechanisms that compensate for reduced circulating blood volume and how they change during ongoing progressive hemorrhage. The body&#39;s reserve to compensate for reduced circulating blood volume is called the &#39;compensatory reserve&#39;. The compensatory reserve can be accurately evaluated with real-time measurements of changes in the features of the arterial waveform measured with the use of a high-powered computer. Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) has been shown to simulate many of the physiological responses in humans associated with hemorrhage, and is used to study the compensatory response to hemorrhage. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how compensatory reserve is assessed during progressive reductions in central blood volume with LBNP as a simulation of hemorrhage.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the techniques for measuring compensatory responses to reduced central blood volume using lower body negative pressure as a noninvasive experimental model of human hemorrhage which can be used to quantify the total integration of compensatory mechanisms to blood volume deficit in humans.

Las respuestas compensatorias integradas en un modelo humano de la hemorragia

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of trauma-related deaths, partly because early diagnosis of the severity of blood loss is difficult. Assessment of ...

Echocardiographic Measurement of Right Ventricular Diastolic Parameters in Mouse

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV diastolic function is rarely quantified in experimental studies. This might be due to technical difficulties in the visualization of the RV in the apical four-chamber view in rodents. Here we describe two positions facilitating the visualization of the apical four-chamber view in mice to assess the RV diastolic function.
The apical four-chamber view is enabled by tilting the mouse fixation platform to the left and caudally (LeCa) or to the right and cranially (RiCr). Both positions provide images of comparable quality. The results of the RV diastolic function obtained from two positions are not significantly different. Both positions are comparably easy to perform. This protocol can be incorporated into published protocols and enables detailed investigations of the RV function.

Here we describe and compare two positions for obtaining the apical four-chamber view in mice. These positions enable the quantification of the right ventricular function, provide comparable results, and can be used interchangeably.