The authors would like to acknowledge the Cincinnati Children&#8217;s Hospital Division of Veterinary Services for their assistance. This manuscript was supported by the National Institutes of Health K12 HD028827. Anna Perl PhD taught the authors this surgical procedure.

참고 : 동물 use 문 : 본 연구의 모든 절차를 승인 신시내티 아동 병원의 기관 동물 사용 및 관리위원회 (IACUC)의 가이드 라인을 다음과 같이 실시 하였다. 여덟 주령의 C57BL / 6J 수컷 마우스는 잭슨 연구소 (주 바 하버, ME)로부터 획득하고 사용하기 전에 일주일 동안 순응시켰다. 수술까지는 동물은 무균 장벽 시설에 보관하고 멸균 차우 여과 물 광고 libdium를 제공했다. 각 마우스 케이지는 전용 공기와 물을 공급하고, 객실은 12 시간 밤낮주기를 유지 하였다. 수술 회복 후, 마우스, 여과 탑과에서 사육 멸균 우 광고 섭취하는을 제공하고, 물병에서 물을 여과 제공되었다. 악기 1. 준비 <ol><li> 종이 클립과 핀을 사용하여 6 피부 견인기를 확인합니다. 트위스트 종이 핀의 정강이에 종이 클립을 곧게, L일단에 5cm 직선 강선 처마와 와이어의 단부에 단일 0.5 cm &quot;U&quot;자 고리를 만든다. </li><li> 플라스틱 랩을 사용하여 약 15 X 15cm 정사각형 외과 드레이프를 확인합니다. 마우스 당 하나의 드레싱을 준비합니다. 각 랩 사이에 종이 타워를 넣습니다. </li><li> 12 × 12 인치 코르크 타일, 거즈, 그리고 면봉 면봉의 스택과 함께 모든 수술 도구를 소독. </li></ol> 2. 마우스 준비 <ol><li> 2 % 이소 플루 란 마취를 유도한다. 동물의 무게를. </li><li> 전용 수술 준비 영역에서 전기 면도기 왼쪽 흉부와 목 영역을 면도. </li><li> 마우스의 눈에 인공 눈물 연고의 드롭을 적용합니다. </li><li> 클로르헥시딘과 이소 프로필 알코올 목과 왼쪽 가슴의 오염을 제거. 두 번 더 반복한다. </li></ol> 3. 마우스 오로 - 기관 내 삽관 및 기계 환기 <ol><li> 비 멸균 수술 기술자 장소를 예열 외과 영역에서 마우스 부정사가있다.</li><li> 발 핀치에 대한 응답의 부족을 문서화하여 마취의 깊이를 확인합니다. </li><li> 수술 복장, 마스크, 모자를 손을 씻고 걸치고 후, 멸균 수술 장갑을 돈. </li><li> 입체 재단 및 무균 기술을 사용하면, 후두를 노출 앞쪽 중간 목을 통해 1cm 세로 절개를합니다. 살짝 곡선, 톱니 모양의 10cm 집게와 스트랩 근육을 철회하고 직선 가위의 끝 스트랩 근육을 확산하여 후두와 기관을 노출. </li><li> 경구 중반 기관 (그림 1A)에 22 G 뭉툭한 팁 angiocatheter를 삽입하고 시각적으로 배치 (그림 1B)를 확인합니다. 마취를 유지하고 설치류 인공 호흡기를 통해 (스트로크 당 225 μL, 분 당 200 스톡스를) 1-3% 이소 플루 란 (isoflurane)을 이용 환기. 15cm의 H 2 O의 압력 한계를 채용 </li></ol> 4. 마우스 전폐 절제술 <ol><li> 마우스의 뒷면을 향 우측 측와위 위치에 마우스를 놓는다연산자 (왼쪽 위). 멸균 드레이프로 자체 밀봉 플라스틱 랩을 사용합니다. 드레이프를 통해 절단, 4 번째와 5 번째 늑간에서 갈비뼈에 2cm 길이 컷 평행하게 끝이 무딘 곡선 가위를 사용합니다. 무딘 끝 곡선 가위를 삽입하고 기본 갈비와 늑간 근육에서 멀리 피부를 해부하다. </li><li> 광장을 1.5 × 1.5 cm 수술 창 (그림 2A)를 노출 네 견인기로 피부를 후퇴. 코르크 보드에 견인기를 고정합니다. </li><li> 곡선 집게를 사용 갈비뼈 아래로 해부하고, 흉강을 입력 곡선 집게 중 하나 팁을 사용합니다. </li><li> 뭉툭한 팁 마이크로 가위를 사용하여, 흉강을 입력 하부 날개를 사용합니다. 반대 방향으로 갈비와 반복 사이에 0.5 cm의 절개를합니다. </li><li> 나머지 두 견인기를 사용하여 전후방 축과 코르크 보드 (그림 2B)로 견인기 보안에 흉부를 엽니 다. </li> &lt;왼쪽 폐 동맥과 기관지가 (그림 3A, B)에 노출 될 때까지 왼쪽 손에 곡선 무딘 팁 집게를 사용하여 리&gt;, 개흉술을 통해 옆으로 하방 왼쪽 폐의 상부를 왼쪽 폐를 잡고 대체. </li><li> 손바닥에 도포 손목 (그림 3C)에서 멀리 가리키는 곡선 팁의 시체와 함께 오른쪽에있는로드 티타늄 혈관 microclip 주걱을 잡고, 왼쪽의 후방 측면의 곡률을 따라 흉부에 도포 팁을 밀어 폐는 왼쪽 기관지 및 폐 동맥 (그림 3D)를 클립. </li><li> 도포를 제거하지만 수축 왼쪽 폐를 유지합니다. 오른손으로 무딘 팁 마이크로 가위를 잡고 클립에 기관지 및 폐 동맥 원위부 절단과 왼쪽 폐 (그림 3E)를 제거합니다. </li><li> 리브 견인기를 제거합니다. </li><li> incisi 열등 피부의 1cm를 끼지 곡선 무딘 집게를 사용하여에하지만 진동판의 수준 이상과 피부를 통해 왼쪽 흉강 (그림 4A, B)에 24 G의 angiocatheter를 삽입합니다. </li><li> 흉강을 닫습니다 제 4 회 약 2 단속 봉합 5 일 리브를 배치 5-0 prolene의 봉합을 사용합니다. </li><li> 피부 견인기를 제거합니다. 절개의 길이를 따라 피부를 피부에 근사하고 폐쇄 붙 집게 두 세트를 사용한다. </li><li> angiocatheter에 3 ㎖ 루어 잠금 주사기를 연결하고 부드러운 흡입을 적용하고 angiocatheter을 인출하여 잔류 공기를 제거합니다. </li><li> 목 절개 전과 집게 두 세트를 사용하는 폐쇄 붙인다. </li></ol> 5. 마우스 위장 전폐 절제술 <ol><li> &quot;마우스 전폐 절제술&quot;프로토콜에서 언급 한 바와 같이 왼쪽 폐를 노출. 왼쪽 흉강에 공기를 허용하는 곡선 무딘 집게로 갈비뼈를 들어 올립니다 (그림 5A, B). </li><li> 왼쪽 상점에 24 G의 angiocatheter를 배치왼쪽 폐를 손상하지 않도록주의 상기와 흉부 캐비티. </li><li> 5-0 prolene의 봉합을 사용하고 폐 (그림 5C)를 구멍을 뚫거나하지 않도록주의, 제 3 회 / 4 회에 봉합사의 두 길이와 5 일 / 6 일 리브의 사이 공간 (그림 5D)를 배치합니다. 왼쪽 폐 탈출증의 위험을 줄이기 위해 묶는 전에 봉합사의 양쪽 길이를 놓습니다. 두 중단 바늘 (그림 5E)을 만들 수있는 봉합사를 묶어. </li><li> 흉부 절개를 통해 피부 접착제, angiocatheter에 잔류 공기를 제거하고, 상기와 목 절개를 붙입니다. </li></ol> 6. 소생술, 진통, 및 복구 <ol><li> 이소 플루 란의 전원을 끄고, 부 프레 노르 핀의 0.1 ㎎ / ㎏을 관리하고 생리 식염수를 피하 0.5 ml의. </li><li> 자발 호흡이 다시 시작하면, 기관 튜브를 제거합니다. </li><li> 다시 외래 때까지 마우스를 관찰합니다. 일반적으로 resum 워킹기관 내 튜브의 제거 후 몇 분 말이지. </li><li> / N을 O를 복구하기 위해 27 ° C 배양기 (가습, 25 % 산소)에 마우스를 놓습니다. 참고 : 우리는 수술 후 첫 24 시간 동안 케이지 바닥에 물을 적신 차우의 몇 가지 알약을 배치합니다. </li><li> 수술 후 하루에 두 번 3 일 동안 복강 주사로 부 프레 노르 핀의 0.1 ㎎ / ㎏을 관리합니다. 동물을 처리 할 때 수술 부위를 열 않도록주의하십시오. </li></ol> 7. 마우스 모니터링 <ol><li> 수술 후 1, 3, 5 및 7 일째에 마우스 체중. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Strueby, L., Thebaud, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+bronchopulmonary+dysplasia.">Advances in bronchopulmonary dysplasia.</a> Expert review of respiratory medicine. , (2014).</li><li>Donn, S. M., Sinha, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+the+understanding+and+management+of+bronchopulmonary+dysplasia.">Recent advances in the understanding and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.</a> Seminars in fetal &amp; neonatal medicine. 14, 332 (2009).</li><li>Molen, T., Miravitlles, M., Kocks, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=COPD+management:+role+of+symptom+assessment+in+routine+clinical+practice.">COPD management: role of symptom assessment in routine clinical practice.</a> International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 8, 461-471 (2013).</li><li>Seifert, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+shedding+and+tissue+regeneration+in+African+spiny+mice+(Acomys).">Skin shedding and tissue regeneration in African spiny mice (Acomys).</a> Nature. 489, 561-565 (2012).</li><li>Vidal, P., Dickson, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+the+distal+phalanx.+A+case+report.">Regeneration of the distal phalanx. A case report.</a> Journal of hand surgery. 18, 230-233 (1993).</li><li>Potter, P. C., Levine, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+Regeneration+Following+Chronic+Suppurative+Osteitis+of+the+Distal+Phalanx.">Bone Regeneration Following Chronic Suppurative Osteitis of the Distal Phalanx.</a> Annals of surgery. 80, 728-729 (1924).</li><li>McKim, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+the+Distal+Phalanx.">Regeneration of the Distal Phalanx.</a> Canadian Medical Association journal. 26, 549-550 (1932).</li><li>Brown, L. M., Rannels, S. R., Rannels, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implications+of+post-pneumonectomy+compensatory+lung+growth+in+pulmonary+physiology+and+disease.">Implications of post-pneumonectomy compensatory lung growth in pulmonary physiology and disease.</a> Respir Res. 2, 340-347 (2001).</li><li>Holder, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+and+compensatory+growth.">Regeneration and compensatory growth.</a> British medical bulletin. 37, 227-232 (1981).</li><li>Hsia, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lessons+from+a+canine+model+of+compensatory+lung+growth.">Lessons from a canine model of compensatory lung growth.</a> Curr Top Dev Biol. 64, 17-32 (2004).</li><li>Butler, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+adult+lung+growth+in+humans.">Evidence for adult lung growth in humans.</a> N Engl J Med. 367, 244-247 (2012).</li><li>Konerding, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+dependence+of+alveolar+angiogenesis+in+post-pneumonectomy+lung+growth.">Spatial dependence of alveolar angiogenesis in post-pneumonectomy lung growth.</a> Angiogenesis. 15, 23-32 (2012).</li><li>Kho, A. T., Liu, K., Visner, G., Martin, T., Boudreault, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+dedifferentiation+and+redevelopment+phases+during+postpneumonectomy+lung+growth.">Identification of dedifferentiation and redevelopment phases during postpneumonectomy lung growth.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 305, 542-554 (2013).</li><li>Wang, W., Nguyen, N. M., Guo, J., Longitudinal Woods, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+Monitoring+of+Compensatory+Lung+Growth+in+Mice+after+Pneumonectomy+via+(3)He+and+(1)H+Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging.">Noninvasive Monitoring of Compensatory Lung Growth in Mice after Pneumonectomy via (3)He and (1)H Magnetic Resonance Imaging.</a> Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 49, 697-703 (2013).</li><li>Gibney, B. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+murine+post-pneumonectomy+lung+regeneration+by+18FDG+PET+imaging.">Detection of murine post-pneumonectomy lung regeneration by 18FDG PET imaging.</a> EJNMMI research. 2, 48 (2012).</li><li>Rawlins, E. L., Perl, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+a'MAZE'ing+world+of+lung-specific+transgenic+mice.">The a'MAZE'ing world of lung-specific transgenic mice.</a> Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 46, 269-282 (2012).</li><li>Ochs, M., Muhlfeld, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+microscopy+of+the+lung:+a+problem-based+approach.+Part+1:+basic+principles+of+lung+stereology.">Quantitative microscopy of the lung: a problem-based approach. Part 1: basic principles of lung stereology.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 305, L15-22 (2013).</li><li>Ysasi, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+unilateral+diaphragmatic+paralysis+on+postpneumonectomy+lung+growth.">Effect of unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis on postpneumonectomy lung growth.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 305, L439-445 (2013).</li><li>Dane, D. M., Yilmaz, C., Estrera, A. S., Hsia, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separating+in+vivo+mechanical+stimuli+for+postpneumonectomy+compensation:+physiological+assessment.">Separating in vivo mechanical stimuli for postpneumonectomy compensation: physiological assessment.</a> Journal of applied physiology. 114, 99-106 (2013).</li><li>Mortola, J. P., Magnante, D., Saetta, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expiratory+pattern+of+newborn+mammals.">Expiratory pattern of newborn mammals.</a> Journal of applied physiology. 58, 528-533 (1985).</li><li>MacDonald, K. D., Chang, H. Y., Mitzner, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+simple+method+of+mouse+lung+intubation.">An improved simple method of mouse lung intubation.</a> Journal of applied physiology. 106, 984-987 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

우리는 지금까지보고 된 마우스 PNX와 마우스 가짜 PNX 절차의 가장 상세한 설명을 제공하고 있습니다. 우리는 절차를 학습 연구자들은 일반적으로 발생하는 일반적인 함정의 여러 가지의 독자가 인식 한 우리는이 함정을 완화하기 위해 실험실에서 개발 한 몇 가지 기술을 설명했다. 이 모델을 이용하여 다른 실험실은 다른 기술 수​​정을 개발하거나 다른 악기를 사용할 수 있습니다. 기술의 차?...

폐의 주요 기능은 유기체와 대기 사이의 산소와 이산화탄소의 교환을 제공하는 것이다. 인간에서, 선천성 및 획득 조건 호스트 손상된 폐 기능의 감소 결과 폐 표면적 이어질. 즉, 폐 - 같은 흡입 코르티코 스테로이드, 기관지 확장제, 산소 보충, 만성 기계 호흡으로 치료의 호스트가 손상된 폐 기능 1-3의 결과를 완화하기 위해 사용되지만, 이러한 조건을위한 이상적인 치료는 기능 폐 조직의 재성장을 촉진 것 재생. 포유류 조직 재생이 잘 설명되어 있습니다. 아프리카 가시 마우스 반흔 4없이 피부의 넓은 지역을 다시 생성 할 수 있습니다. 인간의 말단 지골 부상 또는 절단 5-7 다음 다시 생성 할 수 있습니다. 다음 전폐 절제술 (PNX), 보상 폐 성장 할, 9 쥐, 마우스 (8) 발생GS (10), 및 11 인간. 정의에 따라 보상 폐 성장은 관련 미세 (12)의 확장과이 확대 airspaces의 기존 airspaces의뿐만 아니라 확장,하지만 다시 격막을 포함한다. 유전자 발현 분석은이 모델은 폐 (13)의 개발 시그널링 많은 이벤트를 되풀이 것을 보여 주었다. 네 주 마우스 PNX 후, 폐포 표면적은 가짜 운영 동물 (14)의 그것과 동일하다. 이 논문에서 우리는 마우스 PNX와 가짜 PNX 절차를 설명합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1052">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:263px;">Name of the reagent</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Catalogue number</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:263px;">6-inch Vascular Clip Applicator</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Teleflex Medical (WECK)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">137062</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:263px;">Horizon Small Titanium Red Clip</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Teleflex Medical (WECK)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">1201</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="121">
			<td height="121" style="height:121px;width:263px;">Narrow Pattern 12cm Curved Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">11003-12</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="141">
			<td height="141" style="height:141px;width:263px;">Curved Serated 10 cm Graefe Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">11052-10</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Castroviejo Needle Holder</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">12565-14</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:263px;">Straight 9 cm Strabismus Scissors (Blunt Tip)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">14075-09</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:263px;">Straight 8.5 cm Hardened Fine Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">14090-09</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:263px;">Straight, Blunt Tip Cohan-Vannas Spring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">15000-12</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Skin Glue</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Gluture</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">32046</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">22 ga angiocatheter</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">24 ga angiocatheter</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">3 mL luer lock syringe</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">4 short retractors</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">2 long retractors</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:263px;">5-0 Prolene on curved cutting needle</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">8698G</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">0.5 mL syringe on 27 ga needle</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Normal Saline</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Buprenorphine</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Press-n-Seal Wrap</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Glad Products Company</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">12 inch X 12 inch cork board stack</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Office Depot</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Betadine</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Mouse Ventilator</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Hugo Sachs Elektronnik&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Minivent Type 845</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Isoflurane Vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">OHMEDA</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Excel 210 SE</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">artificial tear ointment</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">puralube</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">NDC: 17033-211-38</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mouse pneumonectomy model of compensatory lung growth

In humans, disrupted repair and remodeling of injured lung contributes to a host of acute and chronic lung disorders which may ultimately lead to disability or death. Injury-based animal models of lung repair and regeneration are limited by injury-specific responses making it difficult to differentiate changes related to the injury response and injury resolution from changes related to lung repair and lung regeneration. However, use of animal models to identify these repair and regeneration signaling pathways is critical to the development of new therapies aimed at improving pulmonary function following lung injury. The mouse pneumonectomy model utilizes compensatory lung growth to isolate those repair and regeneration signals in order to more clearly define mechanisms of alveolar re-septation. Here, we describe our technique for performing mouse pneumonectomy and sham pneumonectomy. This technique may be utilized in conjunction with lineage tracing or other transgenic mouse models to define molecular and cellular mechanism of lung repair and regeneration.

. 모두 PNX와 가짜 전폐 절제술 100 % - PNX와 가짜 운영 마우스 무게의 플롯은 그림 6에 제공됩니다 우리의 손에, 생존은 지속적으로 95이다. 오른쪽 폐 - 성장 다시이 모델과 예상 시간 과정에서, 우리는 기 브니 등. (15)과 왕 등의 원고에 독자를 참조하는 방법에 대한 설명. (14) 몇 가지 일반적인 함정이 성공적으로 마우스 PNX와 마...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Pneumonectomy Model of Compensatory Lung Growth at JoVE.com

Mouse Pneumonectomy Model of Compensatory Lung Growth

Mouse pneumonectomy is a commonly employed model of compensatory lung growth. This procedure can be used in conjunction with lineage tracing or transgenic mouse models to elucidate underlying mechanisms.

보상 성 폐 성장의 마우스 전폐 절제술 모델

In humans, disrupted repair and remodeling of injured lung contributes to a host of acute and chronic lung disorders which may ultimately lead to ...

mouse-pneumonectomy-model-of-compensatory-lung-growth

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.7K 조회수.  Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Mouse pneumonectomy is a commonly employed model of compensatory lung growth. This procedure can be used in conjunction with lineage tracing or transgenic mouse models to elucidate underlying mechanisms.

비디오: Mouse Pneumonectomy Model of Compensatory Lung Growth

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

마우스 폐 삽관 법의 간단한 방법

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

연구

의학

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive surgical procedures. Although this is an effective method of assessing in vitro diaphragm activity, it involves non-survival surgery. The application of non-invasive ultrasound imaging as an in vivo procedure is beneficial since it not only reduces the number of animals sacrificed, but is also suitable for monitoring disease progression in live mice. Thus, our ultrasound imaging method may likely assist in the development of novel therapies that alleviate muscle injury induced by various respiratory diseases. Particularly, in clinical diagnoses of obstructive lung diseases, ultrasound imaging has the potential to be used in conjunction with other standard tests to detect the early onset of diaphragm muscle fatigue. In the current protocol, we describe how to accurately evaluate diaphragm contractility in a mouse model using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has proven to be effective in diagnosing various respiratory diseases in human and animal subjects. We demonstrate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol utilized by Dr. Zuo's lab to analyze diaphragm kinetics specifically in mouse models. This is also a non-invasive research technique which can provide quantitative information on mouse respiratory muscle function.

마우스 다이어프램 기능의 진단 초음파 이미징

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

A Murine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury through Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Artery

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms at work during MI and developing effective therapeutic approaches requires methodology to reproducibly simulate the clinical incidence and reflect the pathophysiological changes associated with MI. Here, we describe a surgical method to induce MI in mouse models that can be used for short-term ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury as well as permanent ligation. The major advantage of this method is to facilitate location of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to allow for accurate ligation of this artery to induce ischemia in the left ventricle of the mouse heart. Accurate positioning of the ligature on the LAD increases reproducibility of infarct size and thus produces more reliable results. Greater precision in placement of the ligature will improve the standard surgical approaches to simulate MI in mice, thus reducing the number of experimental animals necessary for statistically relevant studies and improving our understanding of the mechanisms producing cardiac dysfunction following MI. This mouse model of MI is also useful for the preclinical testing of treatments targeting myocardial damage following MI.

We introduce a surgical method to induce experimental ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to simulate myocardial infarction (MI) in mouse models that allows for more clarity in positioning of the ligation on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to increase the reproducibility of MI experiments in mice.

왼쪽 앞쪽에 내림차순 동맥의 결찰을 통해 심근 허혈 - 재관류 손상의 생쥐 모델

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms ...

Implantation of Fibrin Gel on Mouse Lung to Study Lung-specific Angiogenesis

Recent significant advances in stem cell research and bioengineering techniques have made great progress in utilizing biomaterials to regenerate and repair damage in simple tissues in the orthopedic and periodontal fields. However, attempts to regenerate the structures and functions of more complex three-dimensional (3D) organs such as lungs have not been very successful because the biological processes of organ regeneration have not been well explored. It is becoming clear that angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays key roles in organ regeneration. Newly formed vasculatures not only deliver oxygen, nutrients and various cell components that are required for organ regeneration but also provide instructive signals to the regenerating local tissues. Therefore, to successfully regenerate lungs in an adult, it is necessary to recapitulate the lung-specific microenvironments in which angiogenesis drives regeneration of local lung tissues. Although conventional in vivo angiogenesis assays, such as subcutaneous implantation of extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich hydrogels (e.g., fibrin or collagen gels or Matrigel - ECM protein mixture secreted by Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma cells), are extensively utilized to explore the general mechanisms of angiogenesis, lung-specific angiogenesis has not been well characterized because methods for orthotopic implantation of biomaterials in the lung have not been well established. The goal of this protocol is to introduce a unique method to implant fibrin gel on the lung surface of living adult mouse, allowing for the successful recapitulation of host lung-derived angiogenesis inside the gel. This approach enables researchers to explore the mechanisms by which the lung-specific microenvironment controls angiogenesis and alveolar regeneration in both normal and pathological conditions. Since implanted biomaterials release and supply physical and chemical signals to adjacent lung tissues, implantation of these biomaterials on diseased lung can potentially normalize the adjacent diseased tissues, enabling researchers to develop new therapeutic approaches for various types of lung diseases.

Recapitulation of the organ-specific microenvironment, which stimulates local angiogenesis, is indispensable for successful regeneration of damaged tissues. This report demonstrates a novel method to implant fibrin gels on the lung surface of living mouse in order to explore how the lung-specific microenvironment modulates angiogenesis and alveolar regeneration in adult mouse.

마우스 폐에 섬유소 젤의 주입은 폐 관련 신생 혈관 연구에

Recent significant advances in stem cell research and bioengineering techniques have made great progress in utilizing biomaterials to regenerate and ...

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed lung transplantation in humans to become more readily available by enabling the ability to assess organs and expand the donor pool. As this technology expands and improves, the ability to potentially evaluate and improve the quality of substandard lungs prior to transplant is a critical need. In order to more rigorously evaluate these approaches, a reproducible animal model needs to be established that would allow for testing of improved techniques and management of the donated lungs as well as to the lung-transplant recipient. In addition, an EVLP animal model of associated pathologies, e.g., ventilation induced lung injury (VILI), would provide a novel method to evaluate treatments for these pathologies. Here, we describe the development of a rat EVLP lung program and refinements to this method that allow for a reproducible model for future expansion. We also describe the application of this EVLP system to model VILI in rat lungs. The goal is to provide the research community with key information and &#8220;pearls of wisdom&#8221;/techniques that arose from trial and error and are critical to establishing an EVLP system that is robust and reproducible.

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed lung transplantation in humans to become more readily available by enabling the ability to assess organs and expand the donor pool. Here, we describe the development of a rat EVLP program and refinements that allow for a reproducible model for future expansion.

고립의 방법<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em쥐 모델에서&gt; 폐 관류 : 쥐 EVLP 프로그램 개발에서 교훈을

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed ...

Real-time X-ray Imaging of Lung Fluid Volumes in Neonatal Mouse Lung

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting and sustaining this phenotype is critically important in normal alveolar growth and gas exchange throughout life. Several in vitro studies have characterized the role of key regulatory proteins, signaling molecules, and steroid hormones that can influence the rate of lung fluid clearance. However, in vivo examinations must be performed to evaluate whether these regulatory factors play important physiological roles in regulating perinatal lung liquid absorption. As such, the utilization of real time X-ray imaging to determine perinatal lung fluid clearance, or pulmonary edema, represents a technological advancement in the field. Herein, we explain and illustrate an approach to assess the rate of alveolar lung fluid clearance and alveolar flooding in C57BL/6 mice at post natal day 10 using X-ray imaging and analysis. Successful implementation of this protocol requires prior approval from institutional animal care and use committees (IACUC), an in vivo small animal X-ray imaging system, and compatible molecular imaging software.

We present a protocol to assess the rate of alveolar fluid clearance or pulmonary edema in neonatal mouse lung using X-ray imaging technology.

신생아 마우스 폐에서 폐 유체 볼륨의 실시간 X 선 영상

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting ...

Apical Resection Mouse Model to Study Early Mammalian Heart Regeneration

Cardiovascular disease plagues the whole world due to intensive lifestyle changes. Heart regeneration holds great promise for repairing and restoring cardiomyocytes lost due to injury and disease. In contrast to the robust cardiac regeneration of certain lower vertebrates, adult mammalian hearts typically show minimal capacity for heart regeneration and repair. However, recent studies have sparked considerable scientific interest with the finding that, between postnatal day 1 to 7 (P1 to P7), the neonatal mouse heart retains significant regenerative potential after apical resection (i.e., surgical amputation and exposure of left ventricular apex). One major controversy over this finding might be due to the diverse surgery-related procedures used in efforts to replicate or expand upon this important finding. These instructions dynamically present the materials and methodology for apical resection in a mouse model. The salient steps of this rodent survival surgery involve hypothermia anesthesia, thoracotomy, surgical amputation of heart ventricular apex, and suture and recovery of mice. The approach described could expand the application of the apical resection mouse model for cardiovascular research.

A step-by-step video protocol of apical resection is demonstrated in this study. Apical resection is a recently highlighted surgical approach in mammalian heart regeneration research. This study may promote the application of apical resection as a standard methodology in research into the mechanism underlying heart regeneration.

치근단 절제술 마우스 모델은 초기 포유류의 심장 재생을 연구하는

Cardiovascular disease plagues the whole world due to intensive lifestyle changes. Heart regeneration holds great promise for repairing and restoring ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

급성 폐 손상의 열기 기관 절개 위산 흡인 쥐 모델은 최대한 급성 치명적 폐 손상의 결과

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of trauma-related deaths, partly because early diagnosis of the severity of blood loss is difficult. Assessment of hemorrhaging patients is difficult because current clinical tools provide measures of vital signs that remain stable during the early stages of bleeding due to compensatory mechanisms. Consequently, there is a need to understand and measure the total integration of mechanisms that compensate for reduced circulating blood volume and how they change during ongoing progressive hemorrhage. The body&#39;s reserve to compensate for reduced circulating blood volume is called the &#39;compensatory reserve&#39;. The compensatory reserve can be accurately evaluated with real-time measurements of changes in the features of the arterial waveform measured with the use of a high-powered computer. Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) has been shown to simulate many of the physiological responses in humans associated with hemorrhage, and is used to study the compensatory response to hemorrhage. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how compensatory reserve is assessed during progressive reductions in central blood volume with LBNP as a simulation of hemorrhage.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the techniques for measuring compensatory responses to reduced central blood volume using lower body negative pressure as a noninvasive experimental model of human hemorrhage which can be used to quantify the total integration of compensatory mechanisms to blood volume deficit in humans.

출혈의 인간 모델의 통합 보상 적 응답

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of trauma-related deaths, partly because early diagnosis of the severity of blood loss is difficult. Assessment of ...

Echocardiographic Measurement of Right Ventricular Diastolic Parameters in Mouse

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV diastolic function is rarely quantified in experimental studies. This might be due to technical difficulties in the visualization of the RV in the apical four-chamber view in rodents. Here we describe two positions facilitating the visualization of the apical four-chamber view in mice to assess the RV diastolic function.
The apical four-chamber view is enabled by tilting the mouse fixation platform to the left and caudally (LeCa) or to the right and cranially (RiCr). Both positions provide images of comparable quality. The results of the RV diastolic function obtained from two positions are not significantly different. Both positions are comparably easy to perform. This protocol can be incorporated into published protocols and enables detailed investigations of the RV function.

Here we describe and compare two positions for obtaining the apical four-chamber view in mice. These positions enable the quantification of the right ventricular function, provide comparable results, and can be used interchangeably.