This work was supported by a research grant MOP 119271 to JMW by the Canadian Institute of Health Research. The authors would like to thank Ms. Yao Fang Tan for her outstanding technical assistance.

NOTA: Todos los animales procedimientos se ajustaban a las normas de salud y bienestar de los animales del Departamento de Medicina Comparada en la Universidad de Toronto. 1. Preparación del hipocampo rebanadas <ol><li> Esterilizar los siguientes instrumentos utilizando el autoclave seco a 125 ° C: mango de bisturí (# 3) (2), fórceps patrón estándar, grande (1), pequeña tijera de disección (angulado a lado) (1), Micro cuchara (cuchara y plana extremos espátula) (1), Micro-espátulas (redondeadas y redondeados extremos afilados) (2), Cena de pincel (1), Fuego pulido pipeta Pasteur (2), plazas de gasa, 2 x 2 pulgadas (5). </li><li> Cuando estéril, poner los instrumentos en un recipiente estéril y mantener cubierto hasta su uso. Inmediatamente antes de la disección, sumergir los instrumentos en una solución de etanol al 70%. </li><li> Preparar una placa de cultivo de 6 pocillos con inserto de cultivo antes de comenzar el procedimiento de disección mediante la adición de 1 ml de medio de cultivo / pocillo y el almacenamiento de la placa en la incubadora a 35 ° C unand 5% de CO 2. </li></ol> 2. Organizar herramientas de disección en la campana estéril de Flujo Laminar <ol><li> Pulverizar la campana de flujo laminar con etanol al 70% y eliminación de instrumentos de disección esterilizadas de alcohol. Permita que los instrumentos se sequen mientras descansa en una placa de Petri estéril para evitar el contacto entre el alcohol y el tejido cerebral diseccionado. </li><li> Depósito 5-7 ml de solución de disección helada esterilizado en 2 grandes placas de Petri estériles. Un plato enfriará y limpiar la cabeza (sucio), el otro para la refrigeración y enjuagar el cerebro excavado (limpio). Colocar un papel de filtro esterilizado en una de las tapas de los recipientes de Petri para la disección de cerebro. </li><li> Coloque un filtro de papel pequeña, esterilizada en una pequeña tapa de la placa de Petri para disecar el hipocampo. Depósito 3-5 ml de solución de disección helada esterilizado en 2 pequeños platos, Petri estériles. Un plato celebrará el hipocampo excavado, uno se mantenga secciones durante la separación de secciones de hipocampobajo el microscopio de disección. </li><li> Preparar el cortador de tejidos con cinta adhesiva un trozo de papel de filtro esterilizado a la etapa de corte y el montaje de una hoja de afeitar estéril. Mojar el papel de filtro con una solución de disección esterilizado. </li><li> Rocíe una bio-bolsa limpia con alcohol y lo coloca en el flujo laminar banco limpio. </li></ol> 3. Disección del hipocampo <ol><li> Rocíe la cría de rata P7 Sprague Dawley con etanol al 70% fuera del flujo laminar banco limpio y decapitar rápidamente al animal utilizando grandes tijeras quirúrgicas estériles dentro de la cabina de flujo laminar. Dejó caer la cabeza en la solución de disección enfriado con hielo en una de las placas de Petri. </li><li> En la placa de Petri, enjuagar la sangre y rápidamente transferir la cabeza a un papel de filtro esterilizado, lado ventral hacia abajo. </li><li> Utilizando el bisturí, corte a lo largo de la superficie dorsal en el plano sagital para exponer el cráneo subyacente. Cortar a través de la piel, pero no el hueso subyacente, que es suave y fácilmente penetrable en ratas de tsu edad. Ponga a un lado este bisturí &quot;sucio&quot; y no utilizar en el tejido cerebral. </li><li> Usando las tijeras pequeñas disector (ángulo a lado) y pinzas, corte abierto el cráneo a lo largo de la sutura sagital del cráneo para bregma, el punto anatómico en el cráneo donde la sutura coronal se cruza perpendicularmente por la sutura sagital. El uso de fórceps para tirar de las aletas del cráneo arriba y lejos de la línea media del cráneo. </li><li> Coloque la cuchara micro en la parte inferior del cerebro, debajo del tronco cerebral, para levantar suavemente el cerebro fuera del cráneo. Levantar el cerebro para exponer los nervios ópticos y bulbo olfatorio en la superficie basal del cerebro. Cortar estas estructuras con unas tijeras pequeñas para separar completamente el cerebro del cráneo. Retire y transferir el cerebro intacto a la otra placa de Petri grande que contiene solución de disección enfriado con hielo. </li><li> El uso de la cuchara micro, transferir el cerebro a una pequeña tapa placa de Petri que contiene papel de filtro estéril. Con una pipeta Pasteur estéril, enjuague el cerebro con unas pocas gotas de dispreo solución para mantener el tejido húmedo. </li><li> Usando una hoja de bisturí &quot;limpia&quot; cortar las dos hemisferios separados. Transferir el hemisferio izquierdo de nuevo a gran placa de Petri con micro cuchara y colocar lado pia hemisferio en solución de disección helada para su uso posterior. </li><li> Ver la cara medial del hemisferio derecho e identificar el fondo de saco de borde, una banda prominente de la materia blanca a lo largo del borde medial del hipocampo. Con un bisturí estéril, hacer un corte sagital a través del fondo de saco, pero tenga cuidado porque sólo 0,5 cm de la punta de bisturí serán suficientes para reducir el fondo de saco. </li><li> Usando 2 micro-espátulas, retire la primera hipocampo del hemisferio derecho, colocando la mano derecha-espátula en el tronco cerebral y el levantamiento de la corteza que recubre con la espátula de la izquierda. Levante suavemente la corteza para revelar el ventrículo lateral y la superficie medial del hipocampo. Una línea curva blanco, la fimbria, ahora debe ser visible. </li><li> Alinear la curvatura de la espátula con la curvatura de la fimbria y presionar suavemente la espátula bajo la fimbria. Deslice la espátula a la izquierda y viajar a lo largo del eje rostral-caudal y luego levantar la espátula en dirección dorsal para eliminar hipocampo. </li><li> Transferir el hipocampo a un plato pequeño nd 2 Petri con solución de disección enfriado con hielo. Repita el mismo procedimiento en el hemisferio izquierdo para eliminar el hipocampo izquierdo. </li><li> Usando una espátula micro, transferir cuidadosamente el hipocampo a la etapa de cortador de tejidos. Arréglelos adyacentes y paralelos entre sí y perpendiculares al eje de la cuchilla de corte. Utilice un pincel para colocar el tejido y añadir unas gotas de la solución de disección en la parte superior de los hipocampos. </li><li> Cortar el tejido en 400 micras rodajas sin detenerse para eliminar cortes individuales (por lo general no se unirán a la hoja). Después de todo el hipocampo se ha cortado, utilice el pincel para transferir suavemente las secciones a un nd plato pequeño 2 Petri con solución de disección. </li><li> Bajo anuncioissecting microscopio, separar cuidadosamente las rodajas flotantes utilizando amicro-espátula y pincel. </li><li> Retire la placa de cultivo previamente preparada con la cultura de inserción de la incubadora y el lugar en una campana de flujo laminar. </li><li> Utilizando una pipeta Pasteur pulida al fuego, dibujar 4-5 rebanadas en las rebanadas de pipeta y transferir a la superficie apical de la membrana de inserción del cultivo. A continuación, ajustar la posición con un pincel y dejar espacio entre las secciones individuales y de la frontera de la inserción de la cultura. </li><li> Utilizando una pipeta Pasteur estéril, eliminar la solución de disección exceso de la superficie apical de la membrana. NOTA: Al retirar solución no llamar la secciones de tejido en la pipeta. Alternativamente, utilice una pipeta regular (P200 o P1000) con puntas de pipeta estériles para eliminar lentamente solución. </li><li> Coloque la placa de cultivo con medio de cultivo que contiene suero y las rodajas de hipocampo de nuevo en el incubador a 35 ° C y 5% de CO 2. NOTA: Si las llamadas de experimentaciónpara generar culturas de varios animales, limpiar a fondo el flujo laminar banco limpio entre disecciones. Instrumentos Regreso a solución de alcohol y reemplazar todas las placas Petri, filtros de papel y hojas de afeitar estéril antes de la segunda disección. </li></ol> 4. Alimentación y mantenimiento organotípicos rodajas <ol><li> Culturas de alimentación en un banco limpio de flujo laminar estéril. </li><li> Realizar la primera alimentación de las secciones de cultivo 2 días después de la disección. Aspirar medio de cultivo de edad con una pipeta de vidrio esterilizado. </li><li> Utilice estériles 5 ml pipeta serológica para añadir 1 ml de medio fresco, estéril, que contiene suero a los pocillos. </li><li> Reemplazar suavemente el inserto de cultivo y tener cuidado para eliminar las burbujas de aire que puedan haberse formado debajo de la superficie de la membrana. </li><li> Después de la primera alimentación, cambio de medio cada dos días. </li></ol> 5. La incubación de cortes de tejido con timidina Análogos para etiquetar recién nacido neuronas <ol><li> Con el fin de estudiarla maduración y la integración de las células granulares dentadas en el hipocampo, se incuban las rebanadas organotípicos con un análogo de timidina, tales como bromodesoxiuridina (BrdU) o Chlorodeoxyuridine (CldU). Aquí, nosotros usamos CldU debido a su mayor solubilidad en solución salina. </li><li> Después de 3div, añadir 1 l de 10 mg ml de solución madre / CldU en solución salina a 1 ml de medio de cultivo para una concentración final de 10 mg / ml. Si se utiliza BrdU, corregir la concentración de las diferencias en el peso molecular. Añadir medio con CldU a pocillos de cultivo e incubar el tejido con medio CldU contienen durante 2 horas a 35 ° C. </li><li> Después de 2 horas de incubación a 35 ° C, se elimina el medio CldU contienen y reemplazar con medio de alimentación regular para reanudar el horario de alimentación normal (descrito anteriormente). </li></ol> 6. Fijación de tejidos y almacenamiento <ol><li> Establecer un calendario para la aplicación de los tratamientos y la fijación de las muestras de tejido antes de comenzar los experimentos de cultivo (Figura 2B). </li> &lt;li&gt; En un post-disección día predeterminado, a preparar el siguiente en un extractor de laboratorio: un vaso de precipitados de 10 a 50 ml que contiene 4% de paraformaldehído (PFA) en tampón fosfato salino (PBS); un vaso de precipitados vacío para medio de cultivo desechado; pequeñas pinzas; y una pipeta 1.000 ml con puntas desechables. </li><li> Retire la placa de cultivo (s) de la cámara y la transferencia de incubación a una campana de humos. Incline los accesorios para placas de pozos individuales con fórceps. A continuación, utilice una pipeta para eliminar medio y transferencia cultura a un vaso de precipitados disposición. Incline la placa de cultivo en un ángulo para ayudar a asegurar que haya salido todo medio de cultivo. </li><li> Termine de retirar medio de una placa de cultivo a la vez. Al medio se ha eliminado, añadir 1 ml de PFA al 4% a cada pocillo de cultivo y sellar bien la placa con parafilm. Repita para tantas placas de cultivo como las placas necesarias y traslado al refrigerador a 4 ° C durante 24 horas. </li><li> Después de 24 horas, prepare la siguiente en una campana de humos: 10-50 vaso ml contiene 0,1% de azida sódica en PBS; un vacíovaso de precipitados de PFA descartado (las medidas de seguridad cuando no funcione sustancias tóxicas); pequeñas pinzas; y 1.000 ml pipeta con puntas desechables. </li><li> Siga el procedimiento descrito en 6.4 para añadir PFA, pero añadir 1 ml de PBS con azida de sodio en su lugar. Una vez que las placas así sellar completamente transferido, para uso futuro por envolver bordes en Parafilm y almacenar en el refrigerador a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 7. seccionar los tejidos para inmunohistoquímica <ol><li> Realizar el tejido seccionado usando un vibratome. La siguiente serie de pasos ayudan a maximizar el rendimiento de las secciones de tejidos utilizables de cultivos organotípicos. NOTA: Inmediatamente después de la disección del hipocampo y de las planchas de las rebanadas, el tejido tiene un espesor de aproximadamente 400 micras. Sin embargo, después de 2-3 semanas en la cámara de incubación, rodajas de tejido comenzarán a aplanar, resultando en un espesor sección final de 150-300 micras. </li><li> Prepare los siguientes elementos a la sección tejido cultivado: un bisturí nº 11 blade y manejar, una placa de Petri de vidrio que contiene el hielo frío PBS, una pinza de micro-disección, y una etapa de corte vibratome limpio para montar el tejido. </li><li> Utilice un bisturí para cortar cuidadosamente a lo largo del perímetro de la membrana de inserción circular de modo que se puede extraer de la carcasa de inserción de plástico. Deje un amplio espacio entre la rebanada culta y el bisturí. </li><li> Transferir la membrana de inserción individual de una placa de Petri que contiene PBS. Después de lavado en PBS, el uso de fórceps para transferir la membrana a la etapa de montaje vibratome. </li><li> A continuación, utilice el bisturí para eliminar el exceso de membrana que rodea las rebanadas cultivadas y cortar el exceso de material para crear bordes limpios. Este paso se asegurará de la membrana es plana y se puede adherir fácilmente a la superficie de corte. </li><li> Coloque 1-2 gotas de adhesivo en la etapa de corte vibratome y extendido en capa uniforme usando una aguja 22 G. Extender el adhesivo en una forma rectangular con el borde largo paralelo a la cuchilla de corte de la vibratome. Realice este pasorápidamente, para evitar que el adhesivo se seque. </li><li> El uso de fórceps para transferir la membrana recortada contiene rodajas de hipocampo a la etapa de corte y con cuidado colocar la membrana en la cola y asegurarse de que no haya burbujas de aire. </li><li> A medida que el pegamento se seque, transferir la etapa vibratome con la membrana pegada de nuevo al plato que contiene PBS Petri. Preparar la hoja vibratome y que contiene azida de sodio 48 placa de pocillos para almacenar las secciones de tejido. </li><li> Utilice la vibratome para generar 30 micras secciones de tejido de cortes organotípicos y la transferencia a una que contiene azida de sodio 48 placa de pocillos para el almacenamiento y posterior tinción inmunohistoquímica. </li><li> Consulte preexistentes protocolos de 26,29 tinción inmunohistoquímica. </li></ol>

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P., Laskowski, A., Gray, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examination+of+granule+layer+cell+count,+cell+density,+and+single-pulse+BrdU+incorporation+in+rat+organotypic+hippocampal+slice+cultures+with+respect+to+culture+medium,+septotemporal+position,+and+time+in+vitro.">Examination of granule layer cell count, cell density, and single-pulse BrdU incorporation in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures with respect to culture medium, septotemporal position, and time in vitro.</a> The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 497 (3), 397-415 (2006).</li><li>Mielke, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoskeletal,+synaptic,+and+nuclear+protein+changes+associated+with+rat+interface+organotypic+hippocampal+slice+culture+development.">Cytoskeletal, synaptic, and nuclear protein changes associated with rat interface organotypic hippocampal slice culture development.</a> Developmental Brain Research. 160 (2), 275-286 (2005).</li><li>Fabian-Fine, R., Volknandt, W., Fine, A., Stewart, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-dependent+pre-+and+postsynaptic+distribution+of+AMPA+receptors+at+synapses+in+CA3+stratum+radiatum+of+hippocampal+slice+cultures+compared+with+intact+brain.">Age-dependent pre- and postsynaptic distribution of AMPA receptors at synapses in CA3 stratum radiatum of hippocampal slice cultures compared with intact brain.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 12 (10), 3687-3700 (2000).</li><li>Laplagne, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+convergence+of+neurons+generated+in+the+developing+and+adult+hippocampus.">Functional convergence of neurons generated in the developing and adult hippocampus.</a> PLoS Biology. 4 (12), e409 (2006).</li><li>McDonald, H. Y., Wojtowicz, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+neurogenesis+in+the+dentate+gyrus+of+adult+rats.">Dynamics of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult rats.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 385 (1), 70-75 (2005).</li><li>Stone, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+convergence+of+developmentally+and+adult-generated+granule+cells+in+dentate+gyrus+circuits+supporting+hippocampus-dependent+memory.">Functional convergence of developmentally and adult-generated granule cells in dentate gyrus circuits supporting hippocampus-dependent memory.</a> Hippocampus. 21 (12), 1348-1362 (2011).</li><li>Wang, S., Scott, B. W., Wojtowicz, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogenous+properties+of+dentate+granule+neurons+in+the+adult+rat.">Heterogenous properties of dentate granule neurons in the adult rat.</a> Journal of Neurobiology. 42 (2), 248-257 (2000).</li><li>Wojtowicz, J. M., Kee, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BrdU+assay+for+neurogenesis+in+rodents.">BrdU assay for neurogenesis in rodents.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (3), 1399-1405 (2006).</li><li>Fritsch, R. S. E. R., Weibel, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereological+Methods,+Vol.+1:+Practical+Methods+for+Biological+Morphometry.">Stereological Methods, Vol. 1: Practical Methods for Biological Morphometry.</a> Zeitschrift f&#252;r Allgemeine Mikrobiologie. 21 (8), 630-630 (1981).</li><li>Bunk, E. C., Konig, H. G., Bonner, H. P., Kirby, B. P., Prehn, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMDA-induced+injury+of+mouse+organotypic+hippocampal+slice+cultures+triggers+delayed+neuroblast+proliferation+in+the+dentate+gyrus:+an+in+vitro+model+for+the+study+of+neural+precursor+cell+proliferation.">NMDA-induced injury of mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures triggers delayed neuroblast proliferation in the dentate gyrus: an in vitro model for the study of neural precursor cell proliferation.</a> Brain Research. 1359, 22-32 (2010).</li><li>Kolb, B., Pedersen, B., Ballermann, M., Gibb, R., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+and+postnatal+injections+of+bromodeoxyuridine+produce+age-dependent+morphological+and+behavioral+abnormalities.">Embryonic and postnatal injections of bromodeoxyuridine produce age-dependent morphological and behavioral abnormalities.</a> The Journal Of Neuroscience : The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience. 19 (6), 2337-2346 (1999).</li><li>Morris, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genetic+toxicology+of+5-bromodeoxyuridine+in+mammalian+cells.">The genetic toxicology of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in mammalian cells.</a> Mutation Research. 258 (2), 161-188 (1991).</li><li>Bannigan, J., Langman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cellular+effect+of+5-bromodeoxyuridine+on+the+mammalian+embryo.">The cellular effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on the mammalian embryo.</a> Journal Of Embryology And Experimental Morphology. 50, 123-135 (1979).</li><li>Breunig, J. J., Arellano, J. I., Macklis, J. D., Rakic, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Everything+that+glitters+isn't+gold:+a+critical+review+of+postnatal+neural+precursor+analyses.">Everything that glitters isn't gold: a critical review of postnatal neural precursor analyses.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 1 (6), 612-627 (2007).</li><li>Duque, A., Rakic, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+effects+of+bromodeoxyuridine+and+[3H]thymidine+incorporation+into+DNA+on+cell+proliferation,+position,+and+fate.">Different effects of bromodeoxyuridine and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA on cell proliferation, position, and fate.</a> The Journal Of Neuroscience : The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience. 31 (42), 15205-15217 (2011).</li><li>Namba, T., Mochizuki, H., Onodera, M., Namiki, H., Seki, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postnatal+neurogenesis+in+hippocampal+slice+cultures:+early+in+vitro+labeling+of+neural+precursor+cells+leads+to+efficient+neuronal+production.">Postnatal neurogenesis in hippocampal slice cultures: early in vitro labeling of neural precursor cells leads to efficient neuronal production.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Research. 85 (8), 1704-1712 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Después de CldU (o BrdU) administración, la línea de tiempo de aplicación de agentes farmacológicos puede ser elegido para dirigir PED recién nacido durante particulares ventanas de desarrollo. Por ejemplo, un agente hipotético se puede aplicar durante la segunda semana post-inyección CldU, que se propone para coincidir con la edad de las neuronas inmaduras que se encuentran en una etapa de desarrollo en que se GABA despolarizante. Futuros estudios que utilizan este protocolo podrían adaptar el agente farmacol?...

Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian hippocampus represents a remarkable example of the brain&#8217;s innate capacity for adaptability and plasticity. Dentate granule cells (DGCs) are generated from a renewable pool of neural progenitor cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, which is one of the two presently well-characterized neurogenic regions in the mammalian brain, and is thought to be particularly important for learning and memory. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system and has a deep location within the mammalian brain, which makes it a difficult target for precise pharmacological manipulation. Additionally, aberrant neurogenesis has been implicated in conditions, such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease, which has prompted interest in understanding the influence of various pharmacological agents during the maturation and survival of newborn neurons. The distinction between postnatal and adult neurogenesis is blurred and previous studies have shown that many features of in vivo neuronal development in the early postnatal period and adulthood are similar25. Here we emphasize postnatal neurogenesis and suggest possible applications to adult neurogenesis.
Organotypic slice cultures provide an efficient in vitro method for studying various physiological properties of the mammalian hippocampus. The value of slice cultures prepared from rodent brains can be summarized in three main qualities: 1) the protocol is straightforward and requires readily available materials; 2) slice cultures allow for pharmacological studies that eliminate complex variables such as the deep anatomic location of the hippocampus and circumvents the blood brain barrier1; and 3) the well characterized structure of the hippocampus and tri-synaptic circuit is preserved2. Previous investigators have used the organotypic hippocampal culture to study synaptic development and physiology3,4, gliogenesis5-7, ischemic brain damage8,9, neuroprotection and neurorepair10-12 as well as epilepsy13-15.The slice cultures could also provide a useful model system allowing for the monitoring of cell development in conjunction with labeling of cells with green fluorescent protein (GFP) or other vital markers.
Slice cultures have also been previously employed to study postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis16-19, but one important factor in the majority of these studies is the well-characterized degeneration that results from explanting tissue from adult animals after approximately 2 weeks in vitro20,21. For this reason, slice cultures are typically prepared from early post-natal (P5-P10) mice or rat pups, which utilizes the improved viability of early postnatal brain tissue for culturing22. While previous studies have shown that the early postnatal and adult hippocampus differ with regards to synaptic physiology and the expression of specific neuronal subtypes23,24, there is substantial conservation of the choreographed developmental program that newborn dentate granule cells proceed through during maturation25. Additionally, recent studies have suggested that the physiological characteristics of newborn DGCs in culture are very similar to immature neurons in the acute hippocampal slice preparation16.

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			<td rowspan="2" style="width:131px;">Company</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:135px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:239px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:265px;">5-chloro-2&#39;-deoxyuridine (CldU)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:135px;">105478</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Hazardous, Carcinogenic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:265px;">Cell culture inserts, 30mm diameter, 0.4&#181;m pore size</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Thermo scientific&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:135px;">140660</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Nuclon delta coating on these inserts provides better tissue adhesion and improves slice quality.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">Conical Centrifuge tubes (sterile)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">14-432-22</td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:265px;">Dissector scissors (angled to side)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">14082-09</td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:265px;">Minimum essential medium (MEM)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">11095; liquid</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">Eclipse Ni-U fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
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		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:265px;">Glue for tissue</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Krazy Glue</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">KG585</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Use minimum amount of glue to achieve adhesion as any tissue exposed to glue will be unusable for IHC.</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:265px;">Hank&#8217;s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) (500 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">14025-092</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:265px;">Horse Serum Heat Inactivated (500 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">16050-122</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Make 50 mL aliquots and store at -20&#176;C</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:265px;">Kimwipes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Kimberly-Clarke</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">TW 31KYPBX</td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:265px;">Modified glass pipettes (bottom of Pasteur pipette removed and edge smoothed with Bunsen flame)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:265px;">Petri Dish (100mm x 15mm) and (60mm x 15mm)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fisher Brand</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">FB0875712 and FB0875713A</td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:265px;">Scalpel blades #11</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">10011-00</td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:265px;">Scalpel handle #3</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">10003-12</td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:265px;">Serological Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sorfa Medical Plastic Co.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P8050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:265px;">Standard Pattern forceps</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">11000-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:265px;">Sterile vacuum filter</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Thermo-Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">565-0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:265px;">Surgical Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">14054-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">Syringe driven filter unit</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Millipore-Millex</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SLGP033RS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:265px;">Tissue chopper with moveable stage</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Stoelting&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:135px;">51425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:265px;">Fine tip paintbrush</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

organotypic slice cultures for studies of postnatal neurogenesis

Aquí se describe una técnica para el estudio de la neurogénesis postnatal del hipocampo en el cerebro de roedores mediante la técnica de cultivo de cortes organotípicos. Este método mantiene la morfología característica topográfica del hipocampo al tiempo que permite la aplicación directa de agentes farmacológicos a las desarrollo giro dentado del hipocampo. Además, los cultivos de cortes se pueden mantener durante un máximo de 4 semanas y por lo tanto, permiten a uno a estudiar el proceso de maduración de las neuronas granulares nacidos. Cultivos de cortes permiten la manipulación farmacológica eficaz de los cortes de hipocampo excluyendo variables complejas tales como las incertidumbres relacionadas con la localización anatómica profunda del hipocampo, así como la barrera hematoencefálica. Por estas razones, hemos tratado de optimizar cultivos de cortes organotípicos específicamente para la investigación neurogénesis postnatal.

Determinar si los cultivos organotípicos serían adecuadas para la investigación neurogénesis adulta requiere que cumplan dos criterios principales: 1) que las rebanadas mantienen rasgos morfológicos característicos de rodajas de hipocampo después de 10 a 21 días in vitro (DIV), y 2) que los PED recién nacidos pueden ser cuantificados mediante técnicas de inmunohistoquímica convencionales empleados habitualmente en la investigación neurogénesis adulta. Con respecto al primer criterio, la Fig...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Organotypic Slice Cultures for Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis at JoVE.com

Organotypic Slice Cultures for Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis

Aquí se describe una técnica para el estudio de la neurogénesis postnatal del hipocampo mediante la técnica de cultivo de cortes organotípicos. Este método permite la manipulación in vitro de la neurogénesis adulta y permite la aplicación directa de agentes farmacológicos para el hipocampo cultivadas.

Culturas organotípicos rebanada de Estudios de Postnatal neurogénesis

Here we describe a technique for studying hippocampal postnatal neurogenesis in the rodent brain using the organotypic slice culture technique. This ...

organotypic-slice-cultures-for-studies-of-postnatal-neurogenesis

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

12.2K vistas.  University of Toronto.  Aquí se describe una técnica para el estudio de la neurogénesis postnatal del hipocampo mediante la técnica de cultivo de cortes organotípicos. Este método permite la manipulación in vitro de la neurogénesis adulta y permite la aplicación directa de agentes farmacológicos para el hipocampo cultivadas. 

Video: Organotypic Slice Cultures for Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical and molecular methods provides information of potential target genes and signaling pathways. To further elucidate specific regulatory mechanisms requires a system allowing the manipulation of only a small number of cells of a specific tissue by either overexpression, ablation or re-introduction of specific genes and follow their fate during development. To achieve this ex utero electroporation of hippocampal structures, especially the dentate gyrus, followed by organotypic slice culture provides such a tool. Using this system to generate mosaic deletions allows determining whether the gene of interest regulates cell-autonomously developmental processes like progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. Furthermore it facilitates the rescue of phenotypes by re-introducing the deleted gene or its target genes. In contrast to in utero electroporation the ex utero approach improves the rate of successfully targeting deeper layers of the brain like the dentate gyrus. Overall ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture provide a potent tool to study regulatory mechanisms in a semi-native environment mirroring endogenous conditions.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Here we present a protocol providing a tool to examine regulatory mechanisms of specific genes during hippocampal development. Employing ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture allows the up- and down-regulation of the expression of genes of interest in single cells and follow their fate during development.

Ex Utero electroporación y organotípicos rebanada Cultura de ratón Hipocampo Tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis

Organotypic cultures allow the reconstitution of a 3D environment critical for cell-cell contact and cell-matrix interactions which mimics the function and physiology of their in vivo tissue counterparts. This is exemplified by organotypic skin cultures which faithfully recapitulates the epidermal differentiation and stratification program. Primary human epidermal keratinocytes are genetically manipulable through retroviruses where genes can be easily overexpressed or knocked down. These genetically modified keratinocytes can then be used to regenerate human epidermis in organotypic skin cultures providing a powerful model to study genetic pathways impacting epidermal growth, differentiation, and disease progression. The protocols presented here describe methods to prepare devitalized human dermis as well as to genetically manipulate primary human keratinocytes in order to generate organotypic skin cultures. Regenerated human skin can be used in downstream applications such as gene expression profiling, immunostaining, and chromatin immunoprecipitations followed by high throughput sequencing. Thus, generation of these genetically modified organotypic skin cultures will allow the determination of genes that are critical for maintaining skin homeostasis.

The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and detailed protocol on how to generate genetically modified human organotypic skin from epidermal keratinocytes and devitalized human dermis.

Generación de Genéticamente Modificados cultivos de piel organotípicos Uso Desvitalizada Dermis Humana

Organotypic cultures allow the reconstitution of a 3D environment critical for cell-cell contact and cell-matrix interactions which mimics the function ...

Generating Primary Fibroblast Cultures from Mouse Ear and Tail Tissues

Primary cells are derived directly from tissue and are thought to be more representative of the physiological state of cells in vivo than established cell lines. However, primary cell cultures usually have a finite life span and need to be frequently re-established. Fibroblasts are an easily accessible source of primary cells. Here, we discuss a simple and quick experimental procedure to establish primary fibroblast cultures from ears and tails of mice. The protocol can be used to establish primary fibroblast cultures from ears stored at RT for up to 10 days. When the protocol is carefully followed, contaminations are unlikely to occur despite the use of non-sterile tissue stored for extended time in some cases. Fibroblasts proliferate rapidly in culture and can be expanded to substantial numbers before undergoing replicative senescence.

We describe a simple and quick experimental procedure for generating primary fibroblasts from the ears and tails of mice. The procedure does not require special animal training and can be used for the generation of fibroblast cultures from ears stored at RT for up to 10 days.

Culturas Generación de fibroblastos primarios de mouse de oreja y rabo tejidos

Primary cells are derived directly from tissue and are thought to be more representative of the physiological state of cells in vivo than established cell ...

Imaging Cleared Embryonic and Postnatal Hearts at Single-cell Resolution

Single clonal tracing and analysis at the whole-heart level can determine cardiac progenitor cell behavior and differentiation during cardiac development, and allow for the study of the cellular and molecular basis of normal and abnormal cardiac morphogenesis. Recent emerging technologies of retrospective single clonal analyses make the study of cardiac morphogenesis at single cell resolution feasible. However, tissue opacity and light scattering of the heart as imaging depth is increased hinder whole-heart imaging at single cell resolution. To overcome these obstacles, a whole-embryo clearing system that can render the heart highly transparent for both illumination and detection must be developed. Fortunately, in the last several years, many methodologies for whole-organism clearing systems such as CLARITY, Scale, SeeDB, ClearT, 3DISCO, CUBIC, DBE, BABB and PACT have been reported. This lab is interested in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cardiac morphogenesis. Recently, we established single cell lineage tracing via the ROSA26-CreERT2; ROSA26-Confetti system to sparsely label cells during cardiac development. We adapted several whole embryo-clearing methodologies including Scale and CUBIC (clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis) to clear the embryo in combination with whole mount staining to image single clones inside the heart. The heart was successfully imaged at single cell resolution. We found that Scale can clear the embryonic heart, but cannot effectively clear the postnatal heart, while CUBIC can clear the postnatal heart, but damages the embryonic heart by dissolving the tissue. The methods described here will permit the study of gene function at a single clone resolution during cardiac morphogenesis, which, in turn, can reveal the cellular and molecular basis of congenital heart defects.

We describe a protocol to volumetrically image fluorescent protein labeled cells deep inside intact embryonic and postnatal hearts. Utilizing tissue-clearing methods in combination with whole mount staining, single fluorescent protein-labeled cells inside an embryonic or postnatal heart can be imaged clearly and accurately.

Borrado de imágenes embrionario y postnatal Corazones en la Resolución de celda única

Single clonal tracing and analysis at the whole-heart level can determine cardiac progenitor cell behavior and differentiation during cardiac development, ...

Visualization of Cell Cycle Variations and Determination of Nucleation in Postnatal Cardiomyocytes

Cardiomyocytes are prone to variations of the cell cycle, such as endoreduplication (continuing rounds of DNA synthesis without karyokinesis and cytokinesis) and acytokinetic mitosis (karyokinesis but no cytokinesis). Such atypical cell cycle variations result in polyploid and multinucleated cells rather than in cell division. Therefore, to determine cardiac turnover and regeneration, it is of crucial importance to correctly identify cardiomyocyte nuclei, the number of nuclei per cell, and their cell cycle status. This is especially true for the use of nuclear markers for identifying cell cycle activity, such as thymidine analogues Ki-67, PCNA, or pHH3. Here, we present methods for recognizing cardiomyocytes and their nuclearity and for determining their cell cycle activity. We use two published transgenic systems: the Myh6-H2B-mCh transgenic mouse line, for the unequivocal identification of cardiomyocyte nuclei, and the CAG-eGFP-anillin mouse line, for distinguishing cell division from cell cycle variations. Combined together, these two systems ease the study of cardiac regeneration and plasticity.

To distinguish cell division from cell cycle variations in cardiomyocytes, we present protocols using two transgenic mouse lines: Myh6-H2B-mCh transgenic mice, for the unequivocal identification of cardiomyocyte nuclei, and CAG-eGFP-anillin mice, for distinguishing cell division from cell cycle variations.

La visualización de las variaciones del ciclo celular y la determinación de la nucleación en cardiomiocitos postnatales

Cardiomyocytes are prone to variations of the cell cycle, such as endoreduplication (continuing rounds of DNA synthesis without karyokinesis and ...

Dissection and Coronal Slice Preparation of Developing Mouse Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland or hypophysis is an important endocrine organ secreting hormones essential for homeostasis. It consists of two glands with separate embryonic origins and functions &#8212; the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis. The developing mouse pituitary gland is tiny and delicate with an elongated oval shape. A coronal section is preferred to display both the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis in a single slice of the mouse pituitary.
The goal of this protocol is to achieve proper pituitary coronal sections with well-preserved tissue architectures from developing mice. In this protocol, we describe in detail how to dissect and process pituitary glands properly from developing mice. First, mice are fixed by transcardial perfusion of formaldehyde prior to dissection. Then three different dissecting techniques are applied to obtain intact pituitary glands depending on the age of mice. For fetal mice aged embryonic days (E) 17.5 - 18.5 and neonates up to 4 days, the entire sella regions including the sphenoid bone, gland, and trigeminal nerves are dissected. For pups aged postnatal days (P) 5 - 14, the pituitary glands connected with trigeminal nerves are dissected as a whole. For mice over 3 weeks old, the pituitary glands are carefully dissected free from the surrounding tissues. We also display how to embed the pituitary glands in a proper orientation by using the surrounding tissues as landmarks to obtain satisfying coronal sections. These methods are useful in analyzing histological and developmental features of pituitary glands in developing mice.

We present a protocol to dissect pituitary glands and prepare pituitary coronal sections from developing mice.

Disección y preparación del segmento Coronal de desarrollo de hipófisis de ratón

The pituitary gland or hypophysis is an important endocrine organ secreting hormones essential for homeostasis. It consists of two glands with separate ...

Three-dimensional Organotypic Cultures of Vestibular and Auditory Sensory Organs

The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. Moreover, although existing culture techniques allow biochemical perturbations, these methods do not provide a means to study the effects of mechanical force and tissue stiffness during development of the inner ear sensory organs. Here we describe a method for three-dimensional organotypic culture of the intact murine utricle and cochlea that overcomes these limitations. The technique for adjustment of a three-dimensional matrix stiffness described here permits manipulation of the elastic force opposing tissue growth. This method can therefore be used to study the role of mechanical forces during inner ear development. Additionally, the cultures permit virus-mediated gene delivery, which can be used for gain- and loss-of-function experiments. This culture method preserves innate hair cells and supporting cells and serves as a potentially superior alternative to the traditional two-dimensional culture of vestibular and auditory sensory organs.

Three-dimensional organotypic cultures of the murine utricle and cochlea in optically clear collagen I gels preserve innate tissue morphology, allow for mechanical stimulation through adjustment of matrix stiffness, and permit virus-mediated gene delivery.

Culturas Organotypic tridimensionales de órganos sensoriales vestibulares y auditivas

The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. ...

Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells

Pancreatic endocrine cells, which are clustered in islets, regulate blood glucose stability and energy metabolism. The distinct cell types in islets, including insulin-secreting &#946; cells, are differentiated from common endocrine progenitors during the embryonic stage. Immature endocrine cells expand via cell proliferation and mature during a long postnatal developmental period. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes are not clearly defined. Single-cell RNA-sequencing is a promising approach for the characterization of distinct cell populations and tracing cell lineage differentiation pathways. Here, we describe a method for the single-cell RNA-sequencing of isolated pancreatic &#946; cells from embryonic, neonatal and postnatal pancreases.

We describe a method for the isolation of endocrine cells from embryonic, neonatal and postnatal pancreases followed by single-cell RNA sequencing. This method allows analyses of pancreatic endocrine lineage development, cell heterogeneity and transcriptomic dynamics.

Análisis transcriptómico de unicelular de células endocrinas pancreáticas de ratón

Pancreatic endocrine cells, which are clustered in islets, regulate blood glucose stability and energy metabolism. The distinct cell types in islets, ...

Neurogenesis Using P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells

The P19 cell line derived from a mouse embryo-derived teratocarcinoma has the ability to differentiate into the three germ layers. In the presence of retinoic acid (RA), the suspension cultured P19 cell line is induced to differentiate into neurons. This phenomenon is extensively investigated as a neurogenesis model in vitro. Therefore, the P19 cell line is very useful for molecular and cellular studies associated with neurogenesis. However, protocols for neuronal differentiation of P19 cell line described in the literature are very complex. The method developed in this study are simple and will play a part in elucidating the molecular mechanisms in neurodevelopmental abnormalities and neurodegenerative diseases.

The P19 mouse embryonic carcinoma cell line (P19 cell line) is widely used for studying the molecular mechanism of neurogenesis with great simplification compared to in vivo analysis. Here, we present a protocol for retinoic acid-induced neurogenesis in the P19 cell line.

Neurogénesis con células de carcinoma embrionario P19

The P19 cell line derived from a mouse embryo-derived teratocarcinoma has the ability to differentiate into the three germ layers. In the presence of ...

Real-time Bioluminescence Imaging of Notch Signaling Dynamics during Murine Neurogenesis

Notch signaling regulates the maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cells by cell-cell interactions. The components of Notch signaling exhibit dynamic expression. Notch signaling effector Hes1 and the Notch ligand Delta-like1 (Dll1) are expressed in an oscillatory manner in neural stem/progenitor cells. Because the period of the oscillatory expression of these genes is very short (2 h), it is difficult to monitor their cyclic expression. To examine such rapid changes in the gene expression or protein dynamics, fast response reporters are required. Because of its fast maturation kinetics and high sensitivity, the bioluminescence reporter luciferase is suitable to monitor rapid gene expression changes in living cells. We used a destabilized luciferase reporter for monitoring the promoter activity and a luciferase-fused reporter for visualization of protein dynamics at single cell resolution. These bioluminescence reporters show rapid turnover and generate very weak signals; therefore, we have developed a highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging system to detect such faint signals. These methods enable us to monitor various gene expression dynamics in living cells and tissues, which are important information to help understand the actual cellular states.

Neural stem/progenitor cells exhibit various expression dynamics of Notch signaling components that lead to different outcomes of cellular events. Such dynamic expression can be revealed by real-time monitoring, not by static analysis, using a highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging system that enables visualization of rapid changes in gene expressions.

Imágenes de bioluminiscencia en tiempo real de la dinámica de señalización de muesca durante la neurogénesis de la murino

Notch signaling regulates the maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cells by cell-cell interactions. The components of Notch signaling exhibit dynamic ...