Name: organotypic slice cultures for studies of postnatal neurogenesis
Uploaded: 2015-03-04T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 52 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Organotypic Slice Cultures for Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a research grant MOP 119271 to JMW by the Canadian Institute of Health Research. The authors would like to thank Ms. Yao Fang Tan for her outstanding technical assistance.

NOTA: Todos os procedimentos com animais conformados com as orientações de saúde e bem-estar animal do Departamento de Medicina Comparativa da Universidade de Toronto. 1. Preparação de fatias do hipocampo <ol><li> Esterilizar os seguintes instrumentos usando o autoclave seco a 125 ° C: cabo de bisturi (# 3) (2), fórceps padrão standard, grande (1), Small dissector tesoura (dobrado para o outro) (1), Micro colher (colher e plana extremidades espátula) (1), Micro-espátulas (arredondados e extremidades arredondadas cônicos) (2), pincel fino (1), Fogo polido Pasteur pipeta (2), praças de gaze, 2 x 2 polegadas (5). </li><li> Quando estéril, colocar os instrumentos em um recipiente estéril e manter coberto até o uso. Imediatamente antes da dissecação, mergulhe os instrumentos em uma solução de etanol a 70%. </li><li> Prepara-se uma placa de cultura de 6 poços com inserção de cultura antes de iniciar o procedimento de dissecção por adição de 1 ml de meio de cultura / poço e armazenando a placa na incubadora a 35 ° C, umand 5% de CO 2. </li></ol> 2. Organizar instrumentos de dissecação em estéril de fluxo laminar <ol><li> Pulveriza-se a câmara de fluxo laminar com etanol a 70% e remover instrumentos esterilizados dissecção a partir de álcool. Permitir que os instrumentos para secar enquanto descansa em uma placa de Petri esterilizada para evitar o contato entre o álcool e o tecido do cérebro dissecado. </li><li> Depósito 5-7 ml de solução de dissecação gelada esterilizados em 2 grandes placas de Petri estéreis. Um prato vai relaxar e limpar a cabeça (sujo), o outro para o resfriamento e enxaguar a esvaziado cérebro (limpo). Coloque um papel de filtro esterilizado numa das tampas de placas de Petri para dissecar o cérebro. </li><li> Colocar uma pequena quantidade de papel de filtro, esterilizado em uma pequena tampa da caixa de Petri para dissecar o hipocampo. Depósito 3-5 ml de solução esterilizada dissecação gelada em 2 pequenos, placas de Petri estéreis. Um prato vai realizar o hipocampo escavado para fora, ninguém vai segurar seções durante a separação das secções do hipocampodissecção sob microscópio. </li><li> Prepare o cortador de tecidos gravando um pedaço de papel de filtro esterilizado para a fase de corte e a montagem de uma lâmina de barbear estéril. Molhar o papel de filtro com solução de dissecação esterilizado. </li><li> Spray de um bio-saco limpo com álcool e coloque-o em fluxo laminar bancada limpa. </li></ol> 3. Hippocampal Dissection <ol><li> Pulverizar o filhote de rato P7 Sprague Dawley com etanol 70% fora do fluxo laminar bancada limpa e rapidamente decapitar o animal usando grandes tesouras cirúrgicas estéreis dentro do banco de fluxo laminar. Deixe a cabeça cair na solução de dissecação gelada em uma das placas de Petri. </li><li> Na placa de Petri, enxaguar o sangue e rapidamente transferir a cabeça para papel de filtro esterilizado, lado ventral para baixo. </li><li> Usando o bisturi, cortar ao longo da superfície dorsal no plano sagital para expor o crânio subjacente. Cortar através da pele, mas não o osso subjacente, que é macio e facilmente penetrável em ratos de tsua idade. Separe este bisturi &quot;sujo&quot; e não usar em tecido cerebral. </li><li> Usando as pequenas tesouras de dissecção (anguladas para o outro) e uma pinça, cortado o crânio ao longo da sutura sagital do crânio para bregma, o ponto na anatomia do crânio onde a sutura coronal é entrecortada perpendicularmente pela sutura sagital. Use uma pinça para puxar abas crânio para cima e longe da linha média do crânio. </li><li> Coloque a colher micro no lado inferior do cérebro, por baixo do tronco cerebral, para levantar suavemente para fora do cérebro do crânio. Levante o cérebro para expor os nervos ópticos e bulbo olfatório na superfície basal do cérebro. Corte essas estruturas com uma tesoura pequena para separar totalmente o cérebro de crânio. Remover e transferir o cérebro intacto para o outro prato de Petri contendo solução grande dissecação gelada. </li><li> Usando o micro colher, transferir o cérebro a uma tampa pequena placa de Petri contendo papel de filtro estéril. Com uma pipeta de Pasteur estéril, lavar o cérebro com algumas gotas de dissecting solução para manter o tecido úmido. </li><li> Usando uma lâmina de bisturi &quot;clean&quot; cortar os dois hemisférios separados. Transfira o hemisfério esquerdo volta a grande placa de Petri com micro colher e coloque o lado pia hemisfério baixo na solução de dissecação gelada para posterior utilização. </li><li> Ver a face medial do hemisfério direito e identificar o fornix borda, uma banda de destaque da matéria branca ao longo da borda medial do hipocampo. Usando um bisturi estéril, faça um corte sagital através do fundo de saco, mas tome cuidado, pois apenas 0,5 cm da ponta do bisturi vai ser suficiente para cortar o fundo de saco. </li><li> Usando 2 micro-espátulas, remova o primeiro hipocampo do hemisfério direito, colocando a mão-espátula direita no tronco cerebral e levantando o córtex sobreposta com a espátula esquerdo. Suavemente levantar o córtex para revelar o ventrículo lateral e medial da superfície do hipocampo. A linha curva branca, a fímbria, agora deve estar visível. </li><li> Alinhe a curvatura da espátula com a curvatura da fímbria e pressione suavemente a espátula sob a fímbria. Deslize a espátula esquerda e passeio ao longo do eixo rostral-caudal e levante espátula na direção dorsal para remover hipocampo. </li><li> Transferir o hipocampo de uma 2ª pequena placa de Petri com solução de dissecção gelado. Repita o mesmo procedimento no hemisfério esquerdo para remover o hipocampo esquerdo. </li><li> Usando uma espátula micro, transferir cuidadosamente o hipocampo para o palco cortador de tecidos. Dispor-los adjacentes e paralelos um ao outro e perpendiculares ao eixo da lâmina de helicóptero. Utilização de um pincel para posicionar o tecido e adição de algumas gotas de solução de dissecção no topo do hipocampos. </li><li> Corte o tecido em 400 mm fatias sem parar para remover fatias individuais (geralmente eles não vão aderir à lâmina). Depois de todo o hipocampo foi cortado, use o pincel para transferir delicadamente as seções para a 2ª pequena placa de Petri com solução de dissecção. </li><li> De acordo com anúncioissecting microscópio, separe cuidadosamente as fatias flutuante usando amicro-espátula e pincel. </li><li> Remova a placa de cultura de pré-preparados com inserção de cultura do incubador e lugar numa câmara de fluxo laminar. </li><li> Usando uma pipeta de Pasteur polida ao fogo, desenhar 4-5 fatias para a pipeta de transferência e fatias à superfície apical de membrana inserção de cultura. Em seguida, ajuste o posicionamento com um pincel e deixe espaço entre as seções individuais e da fronteira da inserção da cultura. </li><li> Usando uma pipeta de Pasteur estéril, remover o excesso de solução de dissecação da superfície apical de membrana. NOTA: Ao remover solução evitar desenhar cortes de tecido para a pipeta. Como alternativa, use uma pipeta regular (P200 ou P1000) com pontas de pipetas esterilizadas para remover lentamente solução. </li><li> Colocar a placa de cultura com meio de cultura contendo soro e as fatias de hipocampo de volta na incubadora a 35 ° C e 5% de CO 2. NOTA: Se as chamadas experiênciapara a geração de culturas de vários animais, limpar completamente o fluxo laminar banco limpo entre dissecções. Retorno instrumentos para solução de álcool e substituir todas as placas de Petri, papéis de filtro e lâminas de barbear estéril, antes da segunda dissecção. </li></ol> 4. alimentação e manutenção de Organotípicas Slices <ol><li> Culturas para alimentação animal em um fluxo laminar estéril bancada limpa. </li><li> Realize a primeira alimentação das seções de cultura dois dias pós-dissecção. Aspirar meio de cultura de idade que usa a pipeta de vidro esterilizado. </li><li> Use estéreis 5 ml pipeta serológica para adicionar 1 ml de, meio contendo soro fresco, estéril aos poços. </li><li> Gentilmente substituir a inserção da cultura e tomar cuidado para remover as bolhas de ar que podem ter se formado debaixo da superfície da membrana. </li><li> Após a primeira alimentação, mudar meio todos os outros dias. </li></ol> 5. Incubar fatias de tecido com timidina Analogues para Label Newborn Neurônios <ol><li> A fim de estudara maturação e integração de células granulares do denteado do hipocampo, incubar as fatias organotípicas com um análogo da timidina, tal como bromodesoxiuridina (BrdU) ou Chlorodeoxyuridine (CldU). Aqui, nós utilizamos CldU devido à sua maior solubilidade em solução salina. </li><li> Após 3DIV, adicionar 1 ml de / ml de solução concentrada CldU 10 mg em solução salina a 1 ml de meio de cultura para uma concentração final de 10 ug / ml. Se BrdU é usado, corrigir a concentração para as diferenças de peso molecular. Adicionar meio com CldU para poços de cultura e incuba-se o tecido com CldU contendo meio durante 2 horas a 35 ° C. </li><li> Após 2 h de incubação a 35 ° C, remover o meio contendo CldU e substitua com meio de alimentação regular para retomar a programação de alimentação normal (descrito acima). </li></ol> 6. Os tecidos Fixation e Armazenamento <ol><li> Estabeleça um cronograma para a aplicação de tratamentos e fixação de amostras de tecido antes de iniciar experimentos de cultura (Figura 2B). </li> &lt;li&gt; A um dia predeterminado pós-dissecação, preparar o seguinte numa hotte de laboratório: uma proveta de 10-50 ml contendo 4% de paraformaldeído (PFA) em tampão fosfato salino (PBS); um copo vazio para o meio de cultura descartados; pequeno fórceps; e uma pipeta de 1000 ml com pontas descartáveis. </li><li> Remova a placa de cultura (s) a partir de câmara de incubação e transferência para uma coifa. Inclinação das inserções individuais de placas bem com fórceps. Em seguida, utilizar uma pipeta para remover o meio de cultura e transferência para uma proveta de eliminação. Inclinar a placa de cultura a um ângulo para ajudar a garantir que todo o meio de cultura é removido. </li><li> Concluir a remoção por meio de uma placa de cultura de cada vez. Ao meio foi removido, adicionar 1 ml de PFA 4% para cada poço de cultura e sele bem placa com parafilm. Repita o procedimento para o maior número de placas de cultura como placas necessárias e transferir para geladeira a 4 ° C, durante 24 horas. </li><li> Após 24 horas, prepare o seguinte em um exaustor: 10-50 taça ml contendo 0,1% de azida de sódio em PBS; um vazioTaça por PFA descartado (siga as precauções de segurança ao descartar substâncias tóxicas); pequeno fórceps; e 1.000 ml pipeta com pontas descartáveis. </li><li> Siga o procedimento descrito no ponto 6.4 para a adição de PFA, mas adicionar 1 ml de PBS com azida de sódio em vez disso. Uma vez terminada a transmissão, placas de poços de vedação para uso futuro por envolvimento bordas em parafilm e armazenar na geladeira a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 7. O corte do tecido por imuno-histoquímica <ol><li> Realizar tecido corte usando um vibratome. A seguinte série de passos ajudar a maximizar o rendimento de secções de tecido utilizáveis ​​a partir de culturas organotípicas. NOTA: Imediatamente após dissecação do hipocampo e plaqueamento das fatias, o tecido tem uma espessura de aproximadamente 400 um. No entanto, depois de 2-3 semanas na câmara de incubação, fatias de tecido começará a achatar, resultando numa espessura de secção final de 150-300 | im. </li><li> Prepare os seguintes itens para a seção de tecido cultivado: a # 11 bisturi blade e manusear, um prato de vidro Petri contendo PBS gelado, um micro-dissecação fórceps, e uma fase de corte vibratome limpa para montar tecido. </li><li> Usar um bisturi para cuidadosamente cortada ao longo do perímetro da membrana inserção circular de modo que ele pode ser separado da carcaça inserção de plástico. Deixar um amplo espaço entre a fatia culta e o bisturi. </li><li> Transferir a membrana inserção individual para uma placa de Petri contendo PBS. Após lavagem em PBS, utilize uma pinça para transferir a membrana para a fase de montagem vibratome. </li><li> Em seguida, usar o bisturi para eliminar o excesso de membrana que envolve fatias cultivadas e cortar o excesso de material para criar bordas limpas. Este passo irá garantir a membrana é plana e pode aderir facilmente à superfície de corte. </li><li> Colocar 1-2 gotas de adesivo sobre a fase de corte vibratome e espalhar em camada uniforme utilizando uma agulha 22 G. Espalhe adesiva em uma forma retangular com a borda longa paralela à lâmina de corte do vibratome. Execute esta etaparapidamente, para evitar que o adesivo de secagem. </li><li> Use uma pinça para transferir a membrana aparadas contendo fatias do hipocampo para o estágio de corte e gentilmente posicionar a membrana na cola e garantir que não haja bolhas de ar. </li><li> Como o superglue seca, transferir o palco vibratome com a membrana colada de volta para a PBS contendo placa de Petri. Prepare a lâmina vibratome e uma azida de sódio contendo 48 poços para armazenar seções do tecido. </li><li> Use vibratome para gerar 30 mm secções do tecido fatia organotípicas e transferência para uma placa de 48 poços contendo azida de sódio para armazenamento e subsequente coloração imuno-histoquímica. </li><li> Consulte os protocolos de imuno-histoquímica 26,29 coloração pré-existentes. </li></ol>

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P., Laskowski, A., Gray, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examination+of+granule+layer+cell+count,+cell+density,+and+single-pulse+BrdU+incorporation+in+rat+organotypic+hippocampal+slice+cultures+with+respect+to+culture+medium,+septotemporal+position,+and+time+in+vitro.">Examination of granule layer cell count, cell density, and single-pulse BrdU incorporation in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures with respect to culture medium, septotemporal position, and time in vitro.</a> The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 497 (3), 397-415 (2006).</li><li>Mielke, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoskeletal,+synaptic,+and+nuclear+protein+changes+associated+with+rat+interface+organotypic+hippocampal+slice+culture+development.">Cytoskeletal, synaptic, and nuclear protein changes associated with rat interface organotypic hippocampal slice culture development.</a> Developmental Brain Research. 160 (2), 275-286 (2005).</li><li>Fabian-Fine, R., Volknandt, W., Fine, A., Stewart, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-dependent+pre-+and+postsynaptic+distribution+of+AMPA+receptors+at+synapses+in+CA3+stratum+radiatum+of+hippocampal+slice+cultures+compared+with+intact+brain.">Age-dependent pre- and postsynaptic distribution of AMPA receptors at synapses in CA3 stratum radiatum of hippocampal slice cultures compared with intact brain.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 12 (10), 3687-3700 (2000).</li><li>Laplagne, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+convergence+of+neurons+generated+in+the+developing+and+adult+hippocampus.">Functional convergence of neurons generated in the developing and adult hippocampus.</a> PLoS Biology. 4 (12), e409 (2006).</li><li>McDonald, H. Y., Wojtowicz, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+neurogenesis+in+the+dentate+gyrus+of+adult+rats.">Dynamics of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult rats.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 385 (1), 70-75 (2005).</li><li>Stone, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+convergence+of+developmentally+and+adult-generated+granule+cells+in+dentate+gyrus+circuits+supporting+hippocampus-dependent+memory.">Functional convergence of developmentally and adult-generated granule cells in dentate gyrus circuits supporting hippocampus-dependent memory.</a> Hippocampus. 21 (12), 1348-1362 (2011).</li><li>Wang, S., Scott, B. W., Wojtowicz, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogenous+properties+of+dentate+granule+neurons+in+the+adult+rat.">Heterogenous properties of dentate granule neurons in the adult rat.</a> Journal of Neurobiology. 42 (2), 248-257 (2000).</li><li>Wojtowicz, J. M., Kee, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BrdU+assay+for+neurogenesis+in+rodents.">BrdU assay for neurogenesis in rodents.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (3), 1399-1405 (2006).</li><li>Fritsch, R. S. E. R., Weibel, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereological+Methods,+Vol.+1:+Practical+Methods+for+Biological+Morphometry.">Stereological Methods, Vol. 1: Practical Methods for Biological Morphometry.</a> Zeitschrift f&#252;r Allgemeine Mikrobiologie. 21 (8), 630-630 (1981).</li><li>Bunk, E. C., Konig, H. G., Bonner, H. P., Kirby, B. P., Prehn, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMDA-induced+injury+of+mouse+organotypic+hippocampal+slice+cultures+triggers+delayed+neuroblast+proliferation+in+the+dentate+gyrus:+an+in+vitro+model+for+the+study+of+neural+precursor+cell+proliferation.">NMDA-induced injury of mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures triggers delayed neuroblast proliferation in the dentate gyrus: an in vitro model for the study of neural precursor cell proliferation.</a> Brain Research. 1359, 22-32 (2010).</li><li>Kolb, B., Pedersen, B., Ballermann, M., Gibb, R., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+and+postnatal+injections+of+bromodeoxyuridine+produce+age-dependent+morphological+and+behavioral+abnormalities.">Embryonic and postnatal injections of bromodeoxyuridine produce age-dependent morphological and behavioral abnormalities.</a> The Journal Of Neuroscience : The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience. 19 (6), 2337-2346 (1999).</li><li>Morris, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genetic+toxicology+of+5-bromodeoxyuridine+in+mammalian+cells.">The genetic toxicology of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in mammalian cells.</a> Mutation Research. 258 (2), 161-188 (1991).</li><li>Bannigan, J., Langman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cellular+effect+of+5-bromodeoxyuridine+on+the+mammalian+embryo.">The cellular effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on the mammalian embryo.</a> Journal Of Embryology And Experimental Morphology. 50, 123-135 (1979).</li><li>Breunig, J. J., Arellano, J. I., Macklis, J. D., Rakic, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Everything+that+glitters+isn't+gold:+a+critical+review+of+postnatal+neural+precursor+analyses.">Everything that glitters isn't gold: a critical review of postnatal neural precursor analyses.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 1 (6), 612-627 (2007).</li><li>Duque, A., Rakic, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+effects+of+bromodeoxyuridine+and+[3H]thymidine+incorporation+into+DNA+on+cell+proliferation,+position,+and+fate.">Different effects of bromodeoxyuridine and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA on cell proliferation, position, and fate.</a> The Journal Of Neuroscience : The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience. 31 (42), 15205-15217 (2011).</li><li>Namba, T., Mochizuki, H., Onodera, M., Namiki, H., Seki, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postnatal+neurogenesis+in+hippocampal+slice+cultures:+early+in+vitro+labeling+of+neural+precursor+cells+leads+to+efficient+neuronal+production.">Postnatal neurogenesis in hippocampal slice cultures: early in vitro labeling of neural precursor cells leads to efficient neuronal production.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Research. 85 (8), 1704-1712 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Seguindo CldU (ou BrdU) a administração, o calendário de aplicação de agentes farmacológicos podem ser escolhidas como alvo para PED-nascidos durante janelas específicas do desenvolvimento. Por exemplo, um agente hipotético pode ser aplicada durante a segunda semana pós-injecção CldU, o que é proposto para coincidir com a idade de neurónios imaturos que se encontram numa fase de desenvolvimento em que o GABA é despolarizantes. Estudos futuros utilizando este protocolo poderá adaptar o agente farmacológic...

Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian hippocampus represents a remarkable example of the brain&#8217;s innate capacity for adaptability and plasticity. Dentate granule cells (DGCs) are generated from a renewable pool of neural progenitor cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, which is one of the two presently well-characterized neurogenic regions in the mammalian brain, and is thought to be particularly important for learning and memory. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system and has a deep location within the mammalian brain, which makes it a difficult target for precise pharmacological manipulation. Additionally, aberrant neurogenesis has been implicated in conditions, such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease, which has prompted interest in understanding the influence of various pharmacological agents during the maturation and survival of newborn neurons. The distinction between postnatal and adult neurogenesis is blurred and previous studies have shown that many features of in vivo neuronal development in the early postnatal period and adulthood are similar25. Here we emphasize postnatal neurogenesis and suggest possible applications to adult neurogenesis.
Organotypic slice cultures provide an efficient in vitro method for studying various physiological properties of the mammalian hippocampus. The value of slice cultures prepared from rodent brains can be summarized in three main qualities: 1) the protocol is straightforward and requires readily available materials; 2) slice cultures allow for pharmacological studies that eliminate complex variables such as the deep anatomic location of the hippocampus and circumvents the blood brain barrier1; and 3) the well characterized structure of the hippocampus and tri-synaptic circuit is preserved2. Previous investigators have used the organotypic hippocampal culture to study synaptic development and physiology3,4, gliogenesis5-7, ischemic brain damage8,9, neuroprotection and neurorepair10-12 as well as epilepsy13-15.The slice cultures could also provide a useful model system allowing for the monitoring of cell development in conjunction with labeling of cells with green fluorescent protein (GFP) or other vital markers.
Slice cultures have also been previously employed to study postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis16-19, but one important factor in the majority of these studies is the well-characterized degeneration that results from explanting tissue from adult animals after approximately 2 weeks in vitro20,21. For this reason, slice cultures are typically prepared from early post-natal (P5-P10) mice or rat pups, which utilizes the improved viability of early postnatal brain tissue for culturing22. While previous studies have shown that the early postnatal and adult hippocampus differ with regards to synaptic physiology and the expression of specific neuronal subtypes23,24, there is substantial conservation of the choreographed developmental program that newborn dentate granule cells proceed through during maturation25. Additionally, recent studies have suggested that the physiological characteristics of newborn DGCs in culture are very similar to immature neurons in the acute hippocampal slice preparation16.

<table><tbody><tr><td>5-chloro-2&#039;-deoxyuridine (CldU)</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>105478</td><td>Hazardous, Carcinogenic</td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture inserts, 30 mm diameter, 0.4 &amp;micro;m pore size</td><td>Thermo scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>140660</td><td>Nuclon delta coating on these inserts provides better tissue adhesion and improves slice quality.</td></tr><tr><td>Conical Centrifuge tubes (sterile)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14-432-22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissector scissors (angled to side)</td><td>Fine Science Tools&amp;nbsp;</td><td>14082-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Minimum essential medium (MEM)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11095; liquid</td><td>Store at 4 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Eclipse Ni-U fluorescent microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glue for tissue</td><td>Krazy Glue</td><td>KG585</td><td>Use minimum amount of glue to achieve adhesion as any tissue exposed to glue will be unusable for IHC.</td></tr><tr><td>Hank&amp;rsquo;s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) (500 ml)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>14025-092</td><td>Store at 4 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Horse Serum Heat Inactivated (500 ml)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>16050-122</td><td>Make 50 ml aliquots and store at -20 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Kimwipes</td><td>Kimberly-Clarke</td><td>TW 31KYPBX</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Modified glass pipettes (bottom of Pasteur pipette removed and edge smoothed with Bunsen flame)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri Dish (100 mm x 15 mm) and (60 mm x 15 mm)</td><td>Fisher Brand</td><td>FB0875712 and FB0875713A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel blades #11</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10011-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel handle #3</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10003-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Serological Pipettes</td><td>Sorfa Medical Plastic Co.</td><td>P8050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard Pattern forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11000-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile vacuum filter</td><td>Thermo-Scientific</td><td>565-0020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14054-13</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe driven filter unit</td><td>Millipore-Millex</td><td>SLGP033RS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue chopper with moveable stage</td><td>Stoelting&amp;nbsp;</td><td>51425</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine tip paintbrush</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

organotypic slice cultures for studies of postnatal neurogenesis

Aqui nós descrevemos uma técnica para estudar a neurogênese pós-natal do hipocampo no cérebro de roedores utilizando a técnica de cultura fatia organotípica. Este método mantém a morfologia topográfica característica do hipocampo, enquanto que permite a aplicação directa de agentes farmacológicos para o desenvolvimento do giro dentado do hipocampo. Adicionalmente, culturas de fatias pode ser mantido durante até 4 semanas, e assim, permitir uma para estudar o processo de maturação de neurónios granulares-nascidos. Culturas de fatias para permitir a manipulação farmacológica eficaz de fatias de hipocampo, enquanto excluindo variáveis ​​complexas, tais como as incertezas relativas à localização anatómica profunda do hipocampo, bem como a barreira de sangue do cérebro. Por estas razões, buscou-se otimizar culturas fatia organotypic especificamente para pesquisa neurogênese pós-natal.

Determinar se as culturas organotypic seria adequado para a investigação a neurogênese adulta necessário que preencham dois critérios principais: 1) que fatias manter características morfológicas características de fatias do hipocampo após 10-21 dias in vitro (DIV), e 2) que PED-nascidos pode ser quantificada utilizando técnicas de imuno-histoquímica padrão comumente empregados na pesquisa neurogênese adulta. Relativamente ao primeiro critério, a Figura 1A e 1B de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Organotypic Slice Cultures for Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis at JoVE.com

Organotypic Slice Cultures for Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis

Aqui nós descrevemos uma técnica para estudar a neurogênese pós-natal do hipocampo utilizando a técnica de cultura fatia organotípica. Este método permite a manipulação in vitro da neurogénese adulto e permite a aplicação directa de agentes farmacológicos para o hipocampo cultivadas.

Cultures Organotípicas fatia de Estudos de Pós-natal Neurogênese

Here we describe a technique for studying hippocampal postnatal neurogenesis in the rodent brain using the organotypic slice culture technique. This ...

organotypic-slice-cultures-for-studies-of-postnatal-neurogenesis

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

12.2K visualizações.  University of Toronto.  Aqui nós descrevemos uma técnica para estudar a neurogênese pós-natal do hipocampo utilizando a técnica de cultura fatia organotípica. Este método permite a manipulação in vitro da neurogénese adulto e permite a aplicação directa de agentes farmacológicos para o hipocampo cultivadas. 

Vídeo: Organotypic Slice Cultures for Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis

Organotypic Slice Culture of E18 Rat Brains

Organotypic slice cultures from embryonic rodent brains are widely used to study brain development. While there are often advantages to an in-vivo system, organotypic slice cultures allow one to perform a number of manipulations that are not presently feasible in-vivo. To date, organtotypic embryonic brain slice cultures have been used to follow individual cells using time-lapse microscopy, manipulate the expression of genes in the ganglionic emanances (a region that is hard to target by in-utero electroporation), as well as for pharmacological studies. In this video protocol we demonstrate how to make organotypic slice cultures from rat embryonic day 18 embryos. The protocol involves dissecting the embryos, embedding them on ice in low melt agarose, slicing the embedded brains on the vibratome, and finally plating the slices onto filters in culture dishes. This protocol is also applicable in its present form to making organotypic slice cultures from different embryonic ages for both rats and mice. 

Cultura Slice organotípicas de E18 cérebros de ratos

Organotypic slice cultures from embryonic rodent brains are widely used to study brain development. While there are often advantages to an in-vivo system, ...

Biologia

Organotypic Slice Culture of GFP-expressing Mouse Embryos for Real-time Imaging of Peripheral Nerve Outgrowth

For many purposes, the cultivation of mouse embryos ex vivo as organotypic slices is desirable. For example, we employ a transgenic mouse line (tauGFP) in which the enhanced version of the green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is exclusively expressed in all neurons of the developing central and peripheral nervous system1, allowing the possibility to both film the innervation of the forelimb and to manipulate this process with pharmacological and genetic techniques2. The most critical parameter in the successful cultivation of such slice cultures is the method by which the slices are prepared. After extensive testing of a variety of methods, we have found that a vibratome is the best possible device to slice the embryos such that they routinely result in a culture that demonstrates viability over a period of several days, and most importantly, develops in an age-specific manner. For mid-gestation embryos, this includes the normal outgrowth of spinal nerves from the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia to their targets in the periphery and the proper determination of skeletal and muscle tissue. 
In this work, we present a method for processing whole embryos of embryonic day (E) E10 to E12 into 300 - 400 micrometer slices for cultivation in a standard tissue culture incubator, which can be studied for up to two days after slice preparation. Critical for the success of this approach is the use of a vibratome to slice each agarose-embedded embryo. This is followed by the cultivation of the slices upon Millicell culture membrane inserts placed upon a small volume of medium, resulting in an interface culture technique. One litter with an average of 7 embryos routinely produces at least 14 slices (2-3 slices of the forelimb region per embryo), which varies slightly due to the age of the embryos as well as to the thickness of the slices. About 80% of the cultured slices show nerve outgrowth, which can be measured througout the culturing period2. Representative results using the tauGFP mouse line are demonstrated.

We present a method to prepare organotypic slices of mid-gestation mouse embryos for the cultivation and time-lapse imaging of peripheral nerve outgrowth.

Cultura Slice organotípicas de GFP-expressando embriões de camundongos para imagens em tempo real de crescimento dos nervos periféricos

For many purposes, the cultivation of mouse embryos ex vivo as organotypic slices is desirable. For example, we employ a transgenic mouse line (tauGFP) in ...

Neurociência

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the strength of their connections after brief periods of strong activation. This phenomenon, known as long-term potentiation (LTP) can last for hours or days and has become the best candidate mechanism for learning and memory 2. In addition, the well defined anatomy and connectivity of the hippocampus 3 has made it a classical model system to study synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity4.
As our understanding of the physiology of hippocampal synapses grew and molecular players became identified, a need to manipulate synaptic proteins became imperative. Organotypic hippocampal cultures offer the possibility for easy gene manipulation and precise pharmacological intervention but maintain synaptic organization that is critical to understanding synapse function in a more naturalistic context than routine culture dissociated neurons methods.
Here we present a method to prepare and culture hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. This method allows easy access to the slices for genetic manipulation using different approaches like viral infection 5,6 or biolistics 7. In addition, slices can be easily recovered for biochemical assays 8, or transferred to microscopes for imaging 9 or electrophysiological experiments 10.

We describe a method to prepare organotypic hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. Brain slices are laid on porous membranes and culture media is allowed to form an interface. This method preserves the gross architecture of the hippocampus for up to 2 weeks in culture.

Organotípicas Hippocampal Culturas Slice

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

An Organotypic Slice Assay for High-Resolution Time-Lapse Imaging of Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Brain

Neurogenesis in the postnatal brain depends on maintenance of three biological events: proliferation of progenitor cells, migration of neuroblasts, as well as differentiation and integration of new neurons into existing neural circuits. For postnatal neurogenesis in the olfactory bulbs, these events are segregated within three anatomically distinct domains: proliferation largely occurs in the subependymal zone (SEZ) of the lateral ventricles, migrating neuroblasts traverse through the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and new neurons differentiate and integrate within the olfactory bulbs (OB). The three domains serve as ideal platforms to study the cellular, molecular, and physiological mechanisms that regulate each of the biological events distinctly. This paper describes an organotypic slice assay optimized for postnatal brain tissue, in which the extracellular conditions closely mimic the in vivo environment for migrating neuroblasts. We show that our assay provides for uniform, oriented, and speedy movement of neuroblasts within the RMS. This assay will be highly suitable for the study of cell autonomous and non-autonomous regulation of neuronal migration by utilizing cross-transplantation approaches from mice on different genetic backgrounds.

This protocol describes an organotypic slice assay optimized for the postnatal brain and high-resolution time-lapse imaging of neuroblast migration in the rostral migratory stream.

Um Ensaio Slice organotípicas para High-Resolution Imaging Time Lapse de migração neuronal no cérebro pós-natal

Neurogenesis in the postnatal brain depends on maintenance of three biological events: proliferation of progenitor cells, migration of neuroblasts, as ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the developing mouse brain is not suitable for easy manipulation and imaging in vivo since the mouse embryo is inaccessible and opaque. Organotypic slice cultures of embryonic brains are therefore widely used to study murine brain development in vitro. Ex-vivo manipulation or the use of transgenic mice allows the modification of gene expression so that subpopulations of neuronal or glial cells can be labeled with fluorescent proteins. The behavior of labeled cells can then be observed using time-lapse imaging. Time-lapse imaging has been particularly successful for studying cell behaviors that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex at late embryonic stages 1-2. Embryonic organotypic slice culture systems in brain regions outside of the forebrain are less well established. Therefore, the wealth of time-lapse imaging data describing neuronal cell migration is restricted to the forebrain 3,4. It is still not known, whether the principles discovered for the dorsal brain hold true for ventral brain areas. In the ventral brain, neurons are organized in neuronal clusters rather than layers and they often have to undergo complicated migratory trajectories to reach their final position. The ventral midbrain is not only a good model system for ventral brain development, but also contains neuronal populations such as dopaminergic neurons that are relevant in disease processes. While the function and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been investigated in great detail in the adult and ageing brain, little is known about the behavior of these neurons during their differentiation and migration phase 5. We describe here the generation of slice cultures from the embryonic day (E) 12.5 mouse ventral midbrain. These slice cultures are potentially suitable for monitoring dopaminergic neuron development over several days in vitro. We highlight the critical steps in generating brain slices at these early stages of embryonic development and discuss the conditions necessary for maintaining normal development of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We also present results from time lapse imaging experiments. In these experiments, ventral midbrain precursors (including dopaminergic precursors) and their descendants were labeled in a mosaic manner using a Cre/loxP based inducible fate mapping system 6.

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

A method to generate organotypic slices from the E12.5 murine embryonic midbrain is described. The organotypic slice cultures can be used to observe the behavior of dopaminergic neurons or other ventral midbrain neurons.

Organotípicas culturas de mesencéfalo ventral Slice Embrionárias: Um Sistema para o Estudo de Desenvolvimento Neuronal dopaminérgicos In vitro</em

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

Methods for Study of Neuronal Morphogenesis: Ex vivo RNAi Electroporation in Embryonic Murine Cerebral Cortex

The cerebral cortex directs higher cognitive functions. This six layered structure is generated in an inside-first, outside-last manner, in which the first born neurons remain closer to the ventricle while the last born neurons migrate past the first born neurons towards the surface of the brain1. In addition to neuronal migration2, a key process for normal cortical function is the regulation of neuronal morphogenesis3. While neuronal morphogenesis can be studied in vitro in primary cultures, there is much to be learned from how these processes are regulated in tissue environments.
We describe techniques to analyze neuronal migration and/or morphogenesis in organotypic slices of the cerebral cortex4,6. A pSilencer modified vector is used which contains both a U6 promoter that drives the double stranded hairpin RNA and a separate expression cassette that encodes GFP protein driven by a CMV promoter7-9. Our approach allows for the rapid assessment of defects in neurite outgrowth upon specific knockdown of candidate genes and has been successfully used in a screen for regulators of neurite outgrowth8. Because only a subset of cells will express the RNAi constructs, the organotypic slices allow for a mosaic analysis of the potential phenotypes. Moreover, because this analysis is done in a near approximation of the in vivo environment, it provides a low cost and rapid alternative to the generation of transgenic or knockout animals for genes of unknown cortical function. Finally, in comparison with in vivo electroporation technology, the success of ex vivo electroporation experiments is not dependant upon proficient surgery skill development and can be performed with a shorter training time and skill.

Methods for Study of Neuronal Morphogenesis: Ex vivo RNAi Electroporation in Embryonic Murine Cerebral Cortex

To conduct a rapid assessment of the function of genes in the development of cerebral cortex, we describe methods involving the ex vivo electroporation of plasmids co-expressing inhibitory RNA (RNAi) and GFP in murine embryonic cortex. This protocol is amenable to the study of various aspects of neurodevelopment such as neurogenesis, neuronal migration and neuronal morphogenesis including dendrite and axon outgrowth.

Métodos de Estudo da morfogênese neuronal:<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Eletroporação RNAi no Cortex Cerebral Murina embrionárias

The cerebral cortex directs higher cognitive functions. This six layered structure is generated in an inside-first, outside-last manner, in which the ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During embryonic and postnatal development they actively proliferate and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. These cells have commonly been studied in primary dissociated cultures, neuron cocultures, and in fixed tissue. Using newly available transgenic mouse lines slice culture systems can be used to investigate proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in both gray and white matter regions of the forebrain and cerebellum. Slice cultures are prepared from early postnatal mice and are kept in culture for up to 1 month. These slices can be imaged multiple times over the culture period to investigate cellular behavior and interactions. This method allows visualization of NG2 cell division and the steps leading to oligodendrocyte differentiation while enabling detailed analysis of region-dependent NG2 cell and oligodendrocyte functional heterogeneity. This is a powerful technique that can be used to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic signals influencing these cells over time in a cellular environment that closely resembles that found in vivo.

A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

Culturas Organotípicas fatia para Estudar Oligodendrocyte Dynamics e Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. This model is suitable for addressing different research questions that involve studies on neuroprotection, electrophysiological experiments on neurons, neuronal networks or tumor invasion. The hippocampal architecture and neuronal activity in multisynaptic circuits are well conserved in OHSC, even though the slicing procedure itself initially lesions and leads to formation of a glial scar. The scar formation alters presumably the mechanical properties and diffusive behavior of small molecules, etc. Slices allow the monitoring of time dependent processes after brain injury without animal surgery, and studies on interactions between various brain-derived cell types, namely astrocytes, microglia and neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions. An ambivalent aspect of this model is the absence of blood flow and immune blood cells. During the progression of the neuronal injury, migrating immune cells from the blood play an important role. As those cells are missing in slices, the intrinsic processes in the culture may be observed without external interference. Moreover, in OHSC the composition of the medium-external environment is precisely controlled. A further advantage of this method is the lower number of sacrificed animals compared to standard preparations. Several OHSC can be obtained from one animal making simultaneous studies with multiple treatments in one animal possible. For these reasons, OHSC are well suited to analyze the effects of new protective therapeutics after tissue damage or during tumor invasion. 
The protocol presented here describes a preparation method of OHSC that allows generating highly reproducible, well preserved slices that can be used for a variety of experimental research, like neuroprotection or tumor invasion studies.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) represent an in vitro model that simulates the in vivo situation very well. Here we describe a vibratome-based improved slicing protocol to obtain high quality slices for use in assessing the neuroprotective potential of novel substances or the biological behavior of tumor cells.

Organotypic fatias Hippocampal culturas como um modelo para estudo neuroproteção e invasão de células tumorais

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...

Ex Vivo Oculomotor Slice Culture from Embryonic GFP-Expressing Mice for Time-Lapse Imaging of Oculomotor Nerve Outgrowth

Accurate eye movements are crucial for vision, but the development of the ocular motor system, especially the molecular pathways controlling axon guidance, has not been fully elucidated. This is partly due to technical limitations of traditional axon guidance assays. To identify additional axon guidance cues influencing the oculomotor nerve, an ex vivo slice assay to image the oculomotor nerve in real-time as it grows towards the eye was developed. E10.5 IslMN-GFP embryos are used to generate ex vivo slices by embedding them in agarose, slicing on a vibratome, then growing them in a microscope stage-top incubator with time-lapse photomicroscopy for 24-72 h. Control slices recapitulate the in vivo timing of outgrowth of axons from the nucleus to the orbit. Small molecule inhibitors or recombinant proteins can be added to the culture media to assess the role of different axon guidance pathways. This method has the advantages of maintaining more of the local microenvironment through which axons traverse, not axotomizing the growing axons, and assessing the axons at multiple points along their trajectory. It can also identify effects on specific subsets of axons. For example, inhibition of CXCR4 causes axons still within the midbrain to grow dorsally rather than ventrally, but axons that have already exited ventrally are not affected.

An ex vivo slice assay allows oculomotor nerve outgrowth to be imaged in real time. Slices are generated by embedding E10.5 IslMN:GFP embryos in agarose, slicing on a vibratome, and growing in a stage-top incubator. The role of axon guidance pathways is assessed by adding inhibitors to the culture media.

Cultura ex vivo oculomotor Slice de camundongos que expressam GFP embrionário para a imagem de lapso temporal do crescimento do nervo oculomotor

Accurate eye movements are crucial for vision, but the development of the ocular motor system, especially the molecular pathways controlling axon ...

Purkinje Cell Survival in Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures

Organotypic slice culture is a powerful in vitro model that mimicks in vivo conditions more closely than dissociated primary cell cultures. In early postnatal development, cerebellar Purkinje cells are known to go through a vulnerable period, during which they undergo programmed cell death. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to perform mouse organotypic cerebellar slice culture during this critical time. The slices are further labeled to assess Purkinje cell survival and the efficacy of neuroprotective treatments. This method can be extremely valuable to screen for new neuroactive molecules.

Organotypic slice cultures are a powerful tool to study neurodevelopmental or degenerative/regenerative processes. Here, we describe a protocol that models the neurodevelopmental death of Purkinje cells in mouse cerebellar slice cultures. This method may benefit research in neuroprotective drug discovery.

Purkinje Sobrevivência celular em culturas organotípicas cerebelares fatia

Organotypic slice culture is a powerful in vitro model that mimicks in vivo conditions more closely than dissociated primary cell cultures. In early ...

Cultures Organotípicas fatia de Estudos de Pós-natal Neurogênese

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