Name: the organoid reconstitution assay (ora) for the functional analysis of intestinal stem and niche cells
Uploaded: 2017-11-20T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Organoid Reconstitution Assay ORA for the Functional Analysis of Intestinal Stem and Niche Cells at JoVE.com

This study was made possible by funding from the Dutch Cancer Society (KWF; EMCR 2012-5473) and the World Cancer Research Funds International (WCRF; project no. 2014-1181)

All procedures were done according to local animal welfare laws and guidelines.
1. Preparation of Instruments, Culture Media, and Dishes
<ol>
	<li>Autoclave 1 set of intestinal scissors, normal scissors, and forceps in a sterile container.</li>
	<li>Place a 96-well (flat bottom) dish in an incubator at 37 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Prepare 10 mL of complete culture medium with the reagents listed in table of materials.</li>
	<li>Incubate the complete medium at 37 &#176;C in a water bath.</li>
	<li>T...

<ol>
	<li>Barker, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+stem+cells+in+small+intestine+and+colon+by+marker+gene+Lgr5.">Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5.</a> Nature. 449, 1003-1007 (2007).</li><li>Sato, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paneth+cells+constitute+the+niche+for+Lgr5+stem+cells+in+intestinal+crypts.">Paneth cells constitute the niche for Lgr5 stem cells in intestinal crypts.</a> Nature. 469, 415-418 (2011).</li><li>Sato, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+Lgr5+stem+cells+build+crypt-villus+structures+in+vitro+without+a+mesenchymal+niche.">Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche.</a> Nature. 459, 262-265 (2009).</li><li>Clevers, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Development+and+Disease+with+Organoids.">Modeling Development and Disease with Organoids.</a> Cell. 165, 1586-1597 (2016).</li><li>Cantrell, M. A., Kuo, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organoid+modeling+for+cancer+precision+medicine.">Organoid modeling for cancer precision medicine.</a> Genome Med. 7, 32 (2015).</li><li>Schewe, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secreted+Phospholipases+A2+Are+Intestinal+Stem+Cell+Niche+Factors+with+Distinct+Roles+in+Homeostasis,+Inflammation,+and+Cancer.">Secreted Phospholipases A2 Are Intestinal Stem Cell Niche Factors with Distinct Roles in Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Cancer.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 19, 38-51 (2016).</li><li>Roth, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paneth+cells+in+intestinal+homeostasis+and+tissue+injury.">Paneth cells in intestinal homeostasis and tissue injury.</a> PLoS One. 7, e38965 (2012).</li><li>Rodriguez-Colman, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interplay+between+metabolic+identities+in+the+intestinal+crypt+supports+stem+cell+function.">Interplay between metabolic identities in the intestinal crypt supports stem cell function.</a> Nature. 543, 424-427 (2017).</li><li>Dow, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apc+Restoration+Promotes+Cellular+Differentiation+and+Reestablishes+Crypt+Homeostasis+in+Colorectal+Cancer.">Apc Restoration Promotes Cellular Differentiation and Reestablishes Crypt Homeostasis in Colorectal Cancer.</a> Cell. 161, 1539-1552 (2015).</li><li>Yilmaz, O. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mTORC1+in+the+Paneth+cell+niche+couples+intestinal+stem-cell+function+to+calorie+intake.">mTORC1 in the Paneth cell niche couples intestinal stem-cell function to calorie intake.</a> Nature. 486, 490-495 (2012).</li><li>Igarashi, M., Guarente, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mTORC1+and+SIRT1+Cooperate+to+Foster+Expansion+of+Gut+Adult+Stem+Cells+during+Calorie+Restriction.">mTORC1 and SIRT1 Cooperate to Foster Expansion of Gut Adult Stem Cells during Calorie Restriction.</a> Cell. , 436-450 (2016).</li></ol>

The ORA allows the refined functional analysis of the two essential components of the intestinal stem cell niche, namely Lgr5+ and Paneth cells. This approach has been previously employed by us and others with slight modifications6,10,11. Here, we present the ORA procedure as a reproducible and standardized laboratory protocol. Also, we report on the effects of Apc downregulation in Lgr5<sup...

The intestinal epithelium is the most rapidly self-renewing tissue in the mammalian body and, as such, has been the object of a plethora of studies aimed at the identification and functional characterization of the adult stem cells residing at the bottom of the crypt of Lieberk&#252;hn, earmarked by expression of the Lgr5 gene and dependent on canonical Wnt signals1. Notably, Lgr5+ stem cells are flanked and supported by specialized niche cells, i.e. Paneth cells, which also depend on Wnt signaling for their maturation2. Together, these two cell types underlie self-renewal of the intestinal epithelial lining and preserve the daily homeostatic equilibrium: Lgr5+ stem cells rapidly divide and give rise to progenitor and more specialized intestinal epithelial cells; Paneth cells provide essential niche factors (e.g., Dll1, Wnt3, EGF) to Lgr5+ stem cells2. The capacity of intestinal crypts when plated ex vivo to form organized and self-renewing structures called organoids, or &#34;mini-guts&#34;, has been exploited as an experimental tool to provide insight into processes such as self-renewal and differentiation in normal and pathological conditions including cancer4. Organoid cultures have been established from several tissues, including the intestine, pancreas, liver, and kidney, from both mouse and human samples4. The extraction method and the growth factors employed to develop these organoid cultures are tissue-specific and designed to drive multi-lineage differentiation and mimic as closely as possible the original stem cell niche in vivo. Organoids may have potential applications including the treatment of genetic diseases, the assessment of therapeutic efficacy in cancer, the analysis of drug toxicity, or the study of organogenesis in vitro5.
Overall, the main limitation of organoid cultures when established from tissue samples is a lack of cell-specificity. For example, intestinal organoids established from whole intestinal crypts do not allow the analysis of individual cellular components encompassed within the tissue source (e.g., whole crypts contain Lgr5+, Paneth, and progenitor cells).
Here, we describe a novel method, referred to as ORA, that combines the advantages of intestinal organoid cultures with the functional analysis of its most fundamental components, namely stem (Lgr5+) and niche (Paneth) cells. This is achieved through the unique ability of Paneth and Lgr5+ cells to physically associate with each other when co-incubated and give rise to organoids2,6,10. We took advantage of this feature and pre-treated the two cell types individually before allowing them to reconstitute organoids. When doing so, each cell component can be exposed to any given drug, growth factor, biochemical inhibitor, genetic modification, or chemical treatment prior to reconstitution and organoid formation. Therefore, using the ORA assay will allow the determination of whether a specific drug treatment or genetic modification has a specific effect on the stem cells or their niche counterpart.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Advanced DMEM F12 *</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12634-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax *</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>Final concentration: 10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin *</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Final concentration: 1%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes *</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td>Final concentration: 10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant murine EGF *</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PMG8041</td>
			<td>Final concentration: 50 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant murine Noggin *</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>250-38</td>
			<td>Final concentration: 100 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>y27632 *</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Y0503</td>
			<td>Final concentration: 10 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jagged-1 *</td>
			<td>Anaspec Bio</td>
			<td>AS-61298</td>
			<td>Final concentration: 1 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant murine R-spondin *</td>
			<td>R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td>3474-RS-050</td>
			<td>Final concentration: 1 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flexitube Gene solution siRNA APC</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>GS11789</td>
			<td>Final concentration: 100 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11668019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD24 APC</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>101814</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>c-kit PE</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>105808</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BV 421 CD31</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>102424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BV 421 CD45</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>103134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BV421 TER119</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>116234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14180046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6.129P2-Lgr5tm1(cre/ERT2)Cle/J</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>008875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low binding tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Z666548-250EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>* The combination of these reagents constitutes the complete culture medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the organoid reconstitution assay (ora) for the functional analysis of intestinal stem and niche cells

The intestinal epithelium is characterized by an extremely rapid turnover rate. In mammals, the entire epithelial lining is renewed within 4 - 5 days. Adult intestinal stem cells reside at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberk&#252;hn, are earmarked by expression of the Lgr5 gene, and preserve homeostasis through their characteristic high proliferative rate1. Throughout the small intestine, Lgr5+ stem cells are intermingled with specialized secretory cells called Paneth cells. Paneth cells secrete antibacterial compounds (i.e., lysozyme and cryptdins/defensins) and exert a controlling role on the intestinal flora. More recently, a novel function has been discovered for Paneth cells, namely their capacity to provide niche support to Lgr5+ stem cells through several key ligands as Wnt3, EGF, and Dll12.
When isolated ex vivo and cultured in the presence of specific growth factors and extracellular matrix components, whole intestinal crypts give rise to long-lived and self-renewing 3D structures called organoids that highly resemble the crypt-villus epithelial architecture of the adult small intestine3. Organoid cultures, when established from whole crypts, allow the study of self-renewal and differentiation of the intestinal stem cell niche, though without addressing the contribution of its individual components, namely the Lgr5+ and Paneth cells.
Here, we describe a novel approach to the organoid assay that takes advantage of the ability of Paneth and Lgr5+ cells to associate and form organoids when co-cultured. This approach, here referred to as &#34;organoid reconstitution assay&#34; (ORA), allows the genetic and biochemical modification of Paneth or Lgr5+ stem cells, followed by reconstitution into organoids. As such, it allows the functional analysis of the two main components of the intestinal stem cell niche.

The organoid reconstitution assay allows the separate functional analysis of the essential niche and stem cell components of the intestinal epithelium, here demonstrated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) of the Apc gene.
To achieve this aim, we first utilized fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) to separate 8000 Lgr5+ cells and 6000 Paneth cells from inbred C57BL6/J mice. In ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Organoid Reconstitution Assay ORA for the Functional Analysis of Intestinal Stem and Niche Cells at JoVE.com

The Organoid Reconstitution Assay ORA for the Functional Analysis of Intestinal Stem and Niche Cells

Intestinal organoid cultures are established from whole crypts and do not allow the analysis of self-renewal and differentiation in a cell-specific fashion. This protocol describes reconstitution of sorted stem (Lgr5+) and niche (Paneth) cells, which give rise to organoids while enabling their prior biochemical and genetic modification and functional analysis.

The Organoid Reconstitution Assay (ORA) for the Functional Analysis of Intestinal Stem and Niche Cells

The intestinal epithelium is characterized by an extremely rapid turnover rate. In mammals, the entire epithelial lining is renewed within 4 - 5 days. ...

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Bioengineering

Unit 1

Stem Cell Biology And Renewal in Epithelial Tissue

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Use of Human Perivascular Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration

Human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) can be isolated in sufficient numbers from multiple tissues for purposes of skeletal tissue engineering1-3. PSCs are ...

Alginate Microcapsule as a 3D Platform for Propagation and Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC) to Different Lineages

Alginate Microcapsule as a 3D Platform for Propagation and Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells hESC to Different Lineages

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are emerging as an attractive alternative source for cell replacement therapy since they can be expanded in culture ...

Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Mesoangioblast-like Myogenic Progenitors in Mouse Models of Muscle Regeneration

Patient-derived iPSCs could be an invaluable source of cells for future autologous cell therapy protocols. iPSC-derived myogenic stem/progenitor cells ...

A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this ...

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is ...

Optimizing Attachment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Electrospun Yarns

Optimizing Attachment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on PolyÃƒÅ½Ã‚Âµ-caprolactone Electrospun Yarns

Research into biomaterials and tissue engineering often includes cell-based in vitro investigations, which require initial knowledge of the starting cell ...

Protocol for MicroRNA Transfer into Adult Bone Marrow-derived Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Enable Cell Engineering Combined with Magnetic Targeting

While CD133+ hematopoietic stem cells (SCs) have been proven to provide high potential in the field of regenerative medicine, their low retention rates ...

A Quantitative Fluorescence Microscopy-based Single Liposome Assay for Detecting the Compositional Inhomogeneity Between Individual Liposomes

Most research employing liposomes as membrane model systems or drug delivery carriers relies on bulk read-out techniques and thus intrinsically assumes ...

Bioparticle Microarrays for Chemotactic and Molecular Analysis of Human Neutrophil Swarming in vitro

Neutrophil swarming is a cooperative process by which neutrophils seal off a site of infection and promote tissue reorganization. Swarming has classically ...

Isolation, Expansion, and Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Infrapatellar Fat Pad of the Goat Stifle Joint

The IFP, present in the knee joint, serves as a promising source of MSCs. The IFP is an easily accessible tissue as it is routinely resected and discarded ...