Los autores desean dar las gracias a Benjamin J Weigler, D.V.M., pH.d. y Walt Mandeville, D.V.M. (recursos animales y Campus asistir a médico veterinario, Universidad de Nevada, Reno) por su excelente servicio de animal suministrado a los ratones, así como su asesoramiento en procedimientos quirúrgicos.

El siguiente protocolo ha sido aprobado por el institucional cuidado Animal y el Comité uso (IACUC) en la Universidad de Nevada Reno (UNR) los recursos y cumple con todas las éticas con respecto al uso de animales de investigación.
1. los animales.
<ol><li>Obtener ratones C57BL/6 de maduro (4-6 semanas de edad) entre 20-30 g. casa de la colonia de ratones de laboratorio en un centro de animales centralizado en UNR los recursos.</li>
</ol>2. parcial obstrucción cirugía
Nota: Las cirugías se realizan en una sala dedicada a procedimientos quirúrgicos. Todos los instrumentos quirúrgicos son autoclave antes de la cirugía. Guantes y batas quirúrgicas estériles deben llevarse por todo el personal en la sala quirúrgica en todo momento.
<ol><li>Preparación para el ratón quirúrgico<ol>
<li>Compruebe el sistema de anestesia para asegurar el suministro de oxígeno e isoflurano es adecuada para el procedimiento. Encienda el suministro de oxígeno. Encienda el medidor de caudal de gas y ajustar a 500-1000 mL/min lugar el animal en la sala de inducción y la parte superior del sello.</li>
		<li>Encienda el vaporizador de isoflurano al 5% y controlar al animal hasta que se convierte en decúbito. Cambiar el sistema de anestesia para el cono de nariz.</li>
		<li>Limpie la cámara de inducción de cualquier resto de gas con oxígeno, luego abra la línea de la cámara de inducción manteniendo la línea del cono de nariz.</li>
		<li>Retire el animal de la cámara y coloque cuidadosamente la pomada oftálmica en los ojos del animal.</li>
		<li>Coloque el cono de nariz en una almohadilla caliente precalentada cuando gas sigue fluyendo.</li>
		<li>Cambiar el flujo de oxígeno a 100-200 mL/min, con 2-3% de isoflurano. Si el animal empieza a moverse, gentlyrestrain el animal con el cono de nariz en hasta completamente anestesiados otra vez.</li>
		<li>Controlar la respiración y la respuesta a la estimulación durante el procedimiento y ajuste el porcentaje de isoflurano (2-5%) según sea necesario. Nivel de anestesia animal es supervisado por la falta de reflejo de pellizco del dedo del pie antes de realiza la cirugía.</li>
		<li>Inyecte analgésicos (buprenorfina, 1 μg/g de peso corporal) por vía intraperitoneal de la zona de la incisión.</li>
		<li>Aplicar loción de eliminación de pelo en el abdomen utilizando un hisopo de algodón limpio. Que la loción se siente durante 3-5 min en ratón, luego eliminar el vello utilizando hisopos de Gasa y algodón. Repita este paso hasta que se ha eliminado todo el pelo del abdomen del ratón.</li>
		<li>Limpiar la piel con etanol al 70% usando torundas de Gasa y algodón. Aplique solución swabsticks o povidona yodada para limpiar el abdomen.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Cirugía de la obstrucción parcial<ol>
<li>Cubra el sitio quirúrgico con papel estéril 25 x 50 cm con 2,5 x 2,5 cm en el centro para el área de cirugía. Asegure el cobertor al animal colocando tiras estériles en los límites de la apertura y la piel.</li>
		<li>Hacer una incisión abdominal de cm ~3.0 longitudinalmente con bisturí hoja nº 15, asegurando que sólo la piel es incidida y evitar el corte en la capa de musculoperitoneal en este momento.</li>
		<li>Utilizando pinzas y tijeras quirúrgicas, cuidadosamente separe la piel de la capa de musculoperitoneal sin causar ninguna incisión a la capa de musculoperitoneal. Después de que las capas se han separado lo suficiente (aproximadamente 1 cm x 4 cm), identificar la linea alba en la capa de musculoperitoneal y corte ~ 2 cm a lo largo de la linea alba para exponer la cavidad intraperitoneal utilizando micro-pinzas y tijeras.</li>
		<li>Cuidadosamente Localice e identifique el ciego. Despacio y con cuidado retire el ciego de la cavidad intraperitoneal con micro-pinzas, trayendo el colon proximal y el ileon con el ciego fuera sobre el cobertor esterilizado. Inmediatamente humedecer el tejido intestinal con una gasa empapada salina estéril 0,9% y mantener tejidos expuestos humedecido en todo momento mientras estén fuera de la cavidad abdominal.</li>
		<li>Localice e identifique el mesenterio entre el íleon y el colon proximal. Hacer una incisión (~ 1 cm) paralela a y justo debajo, el íleo, en el mesentery y evite cortar cualquier vasculatura.</li>
		<li>Toma un anillo de silicona autoclave (6 mm de longitud, 4 mm de diámetro exterior, diámetro interior de 3,5 mm). Cortar longitudinalmente para abrir el tubo y abrir el anillo con micro pinzas.</li>
		<li>Inserte un extremo del anillo abierto a través de la incisión en el tejido del mesenterio. Devolver el anillo a una forma de anillo terminado poniendo un extremo en contacto con otro, con el íleon rodeado por el anillo.</li>
		<li>Asegurar que el anillo de silicona rodea completamente el íleo y cerrar el anillo con la sutura cuidadosamente vuelva a colocar el intestino en la cavidad intraperitoneal.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Cierre de la cirugía<ol>
<li>Realizar una simple sutura continua en la capa de musculoperitoneal a lo largo de la linea alba para cerrar el musculoperitoneal la herida con una sutura absorbible. Una vez finalizada la sutura, limpiar cualquier sangrado con una gasa empapada salina estéril 0,9%.</li>
		<li>Para cerrar completamente la herida con una sutura de nylon separadas, realizar una sutura continua simple en la piel.</li>
		<li>Ambas suturas cuando hayan terminado, limpie la herida con nuevo swabstick o povidona yodada.</li>
		<li>Inyectar por vía intraperitoneal antibióticos (gentamicina, 150 μL por ratón basado en el peso corporal de 20-30 g).</li>
		<li>Después de la terminación del procedimiento, apagar el vaporizador de isoflurano y dejar que el animal respirar sólo fluye oxígeno hasta que empezar ganando consciencia.</li>
		<li>Una vez que el animal está despierto, colocar al animal en un área de recuperación separado con soporte térmico hasta que se recuperó completamente.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. posterior a la operación observación.
<ol><li>Después de la terminación de la cirugía, mueva los animales a una incubadora en una sala de recuperación donde se regulación la temperatura y la humedad. Monitorear los animales después de la operación cada 15 minutos durante la primera hora después cada 30 min para la segunda hora mientras los animales están en la incubadora.</li>
	<li>Tan pronto como la observación prescrita esté completa, mueva los animales a su jaula individual y controlarlos diariamente para indicaciones clínicas del dolor18y para asegurar que la herida está sanando correctamente sin signos de complicaciones ( dehiscencia) presente.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Millat, B., Guillon, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiopathology+and+principles+of+intensive+care+in+intestinal+obstructions.">Physiopathology and principles of intensive care in intestinal obstructions.</a> Rev Prat. 43, 667-672 (1993).</li><li>Tonelli, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+developments+in+Crohn's+disease:+solution+of+doctrinal+mysteries+and+reinstatement+as+a+surgically+treatable+disease.+1.+The+process+is+not+a+form+of+enteritis+but+lymphedema+contaminated+by+intestinal+contents.">New developments in Crohn's disease: solution of doctrinal mysteries and reinstatement as a surgically treatable disease. 1. The process is not a form of enteritis but lymphedema contaminated by intestinal contents.</a> Chir Ital. 52, 109-121 (2000).</li><li>Limsrivilai, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Meta-analytic+Bayesian+model+for+differentiating+intestinal+tuberculosis+from+Crohn's+disease.">Meta-analytic Bayesian model for differentiating intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease.</a> Am J Gastroenterol. 112, 415-427 (2017).</li><li>Dvorak, D., Adamova, Z., Bar, T., Slovacek, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Internal+hernia+as+a+cause+of+small+bowel+obstruction.">Internal hernia as a cause of small bowel obstruction.</a> Rozhl Chir. 96, 34-36 (2017).</li><li>Massani, M., Capovilla, G., Ruffolo, C., Bassi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastrointestinal+stromal+tumour+(GIST)+presenting+as+a+strangulated+inguinal+hernia+with+small+bowel+obstruction.">Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) presenting as a strangulated inguinal hernia with small bowel obstruction.</a> BMJ Case Rep. , (2007).</li><li>Chen, J., Chen, H., Sanders, M., Perrino, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+SRF/CArG-dependent+gene+transcription+during+chronic+partial+obstruction+of+murine+small+intestine.">Regulation of SRF/CArG-dependent gene transcription during chronic partial obstruction of murine small intestine.</a> Neurogastroenterol Motil. 20, 829-842 (2008).</li><li>Chang, I. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+interstitial+cells+of+Cajal+and+development+of+electrical+dysfunction+in+murine+small+bowel+obstruction.">Loss of interstitial cells of Cajal and development of electrical dysfunction in murine small bowel obstruction.</a> J Physiol. 536 (Pt 2), 555-568 (2001).</li><li>Liu, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voltage+dependent+potassium+channel+remodeling+in+murine+intestinal+smooth+muscle+hypertrophy+induced+by+partial+obstruction.">Voltage dependent potassium channel remodeling in murine intestinal smooth muscle hypertrophy induced by partial obstruction.</a> PLoS One. 9 (2), e86109 (2014).</li><li>Guo, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Down-regulation+of+hydrogen+sulfide+biosynthesis+accompanies+murine+interstitial+cells+of+Cajal+dysfunction+in+partial+ileal+obstruction.">Down-regulation of hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis accompanies murine interstitial cells of Cajal dysfunction in partial ileal obstruction.</a> PLoS One. 7, e48249 (2012).</li><li>Yang, J., Zhao, J., Chen, P., Nakaguchi, T., Grundy, D., Gregersen, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interdependency+between+mechanical+parameters+and+afferent+nerve+discharge+in+hypertrophic+intestine+of+rats.">Interdependency between mechanical parameters and afferent nerve discharge in hypertrophic intestine of rats.</a> Am J Physiol-Gastr L. 310, G376-G386 (2016).</li><li>Zhao, J., Liao, D., Yang, J., Gregersen, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+remodeling+of+obstructed+guinea+pig+jejunum.">Biomechanical remodeling of obstructed guinea pig jejunum.</a> J Biomech. 43, 1322-1329 (2010).</li><li>Bowen, E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duodenal+Brunner's+glade+adenoma+causing+chronic+small+intestinal+obstruction+in+a+dog.">Duodenal Brunner's glade adenoma causing chronic small intestinal obstruction in a dog.</a> J Small Anim Pract. 53, 136-139 (2012).</li><li>Bettini, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypertrophy+of+intestinal+smooth+muscle+in+cats.">Hypertrophy of intestinal smooth muscle in cats.</a> Res Vet Sci. 75, 43-53 (2003).</li><li>Macdonald, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smooth+muscle+phenotypic+plasticity+in+mechanical+obstruction+of+the+small+intestine.">Smooth muscle phenotypic plasticity in mechanical obstruction of the small intestine.</a> J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 20, 737-740 (2008).</li><li>Ha, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+analysis+of+PDGFR&#945;++Cells+identifies+T-types+Ca2++channel+CACNA1G+as+a+new+pathological+marker+for+PDGFR&#945;++cell+hyperplasia.">Transcriptome analysis of PDGFR&#945;+ Cells identifies T-types Ca2+ channel CACNA1G as a new pathological marker for PDGFR&#945;+ cell hyperplasia.</a> PLoS One. 12, e0182265 (2017).</li><li>Park, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+response+factor+is+essential+for+prenatal+gastrointestinal+smooth+muscle+development+and+maintenance+of+differentiated+phenotype.">Serum response factor is essential for prenatal gastrointestinal smooth muscle development and maintenance of differentiated phenotype.</a> J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 21, 589-602 (2015).</li><li>Spencer, N. J., Sanders, K. M., Smith, T. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Migrating+motor+complexes+do+not+require+electrical+slow+waves+in+the+mouse+small+intestine.">Migrating motor complexes do not require electrical slow waves in the mouse small intestine.</a> J Physiol. 553, 881-893 (2003).</li><li>Langford, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coding+of+facial+expressions+of+pain+in+the+laboratory+mouse.">Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse.</a> Nat Methods. 7, 447-449 (2010).</li><li>Terez, S. D., Notari, L., Sun, R., Zhao, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+smooth+muscle+responses+to+inflammation.">Mechanisms of smooth muscle responses to inflammation.</a> Neurogastroenterol Motil. 24, 802-811 (2012).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smooth+muscle+hyperplasia/hypertrophy+is+the+most+prominent+histological+change+in+Crohn's+fibrostenosing+bowel+strictures:+A+semiquantitative+analysis+by+using+a+novel+histological+grading+scheme.">Smooth muscle hyperplasia/hypertrophy is the most prominent histological change in Crohn's fibrostenosing bowel strictures: A semiquantitative analysis by using a novel histological grading scheme.</a> J Crohns Colitis. 11, 92-104 (2017).</li><li>Huizinga, J. D., Chen, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interstitial+Cells+of+Cajal:+Update+on+Basic+and+Clinical+Science.">Interstitial Cells of Cajal: Update on Basic and Clinical Science.</a> Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 16, 363 (2014).</li><li>Jirkof, P., Touvieille, A., Cinelli, P., Arras, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Buprenorphine+for+pain+relief+in+mice:+repeated+injections+vs+sustained-release+depot+formulation.">Buprenorphine for pain relief in mice: repeated injections vs sustained-release depot formulation.</a> Lab Animal. 49, 177-187 (2015).</li><li>Spencer, N. J., Dinning, P. J., Brookes, S. J., Costa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+into+the+mechanisms+underlying+colonic+motor+patterns.">Insights into the mechanisms underlying colonic motor patterns.</a> J Physiol. 594, 4099-4116 (2016).</li></ol>

Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Hemos demostrado que ratones recibiendo la cirugía PO intestinal consistente y reproducible desarrollan hipertrofia del músculo liso intestinal, que imita a la obstrucción intestinal humana. Cirugía de obstrucción intestinal ha sido desarrollado para diferentes animales, incluyendo ratones7,10de ratas, conejillos de Indias11, perro12 y gatos13. El modelo de ratón de la obstrucción intestinal tien...

Obstrucciones intestinales son una obstrucción parcial o completa en el intestino pequeño o grande que impide que alimentos digeridos, líquidos y gases en movimiento a través de los intestinos1. Debido a la obstrucción, la obstrucción induce las paredes intestinales para ser espesada, estrechamiento de la luz2. La obstrucción intestinal puede ocurrir como resultado de cirugías abdominales o pélvicas que causan formación de tejido de adherencias abdominales o de trastornos GI como enfermedades inflamatorias del intestino (enfermedad de Crohn), diverticulitis, hernia, vólvulo, estenosis, invaginación intestinal, estreñimiento, impactación fecal, seudo-obstrucción, tumores y cánceres de3,4,5. Obstrucciones intestinales en estos casos a menudo conducen a la hipertrofia de los muscularis de tunica de los intestino6.
PO de la luz induce distensión intestinal y aumenta el espesor de la capa de músculo liso alrededor de la obstrucción en respuesta a la necesidad de seguir peristaltismo funcional7,8,9,10, 11,12,13. Modelos animales de PO intestinal se han desarrollado para estudiar la hipertrofia del músculo liso en ratones7ratas10, conejillos de Indias11, perros12y gatos13 que constantemente desarrollan hipertrofia similar dentro de la capas del músculo intestinal.
Un modelo de ratón de PO intestinal es la manera más rentable para generar y estudiar obstrucciones intestinales en vivo. Obstrucciones de intestino delgado se llevan a cabo en ratones mediante el uso de un anillo de silicona que se coloca quirúrgicamente alrededor del íleo. El PO los ratones mostraron un incremento temprano en el número de células (hiperplasia) y un aumento en espesor de la capa del músculo (hipertrofia) después PO cirugía8,15. SMC son las principales células plásticas que están creciendo dentro de las capas musculares lisas en respuesta a las condiciones hipertrófica14, sino otras células como los ICC PDGFRα+ células y que están estrechamente asociados con SMC, también se repobló. Hemos divulgado previamente que los ratones PO desarrollan hipertrofia en el intestino delgado, en que SMC son dedifferentiated en células PDGFRα+ que son altamente proliferativas7,15,16. Por el contrario, ICC se degeneró y perdió dentro de las capas de músculo liso hipertrofiado durante el desarrollo de obsruction intestinal7. Otro beneficio importante del modelo PO es su capacidad para inducir cambios en el sistema nervioso entérico y propagación de patrones motores neurogénicos. La importante propagación de patrón motor neurogénica en el intestino de ratón es el migrar motor complejo (MMC), que es neurogénica y no requiere de ICC o de las ondas eléctricas lentas17. El modelo PO puede proporcionar penetraciones claras en cómo MMCs y los nervios entéricos son remodelados por obstrucción parcial.
Aquí, proponemos un protocolo murino para la cirugía PO intestinal usando un anillo de silicona. Ratones que recibieron cirugía PO confiablemente producen hipertrofia en las muscularis de tunica del intestino. Dentro de músculo hipertrófico, SMC, ICC, PDGFRα+y células neuronales son remodeladas dramáticamente.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical drape</td>
			<td>Medical and veterinary supplies</td>
			<td>SMS40</td>
			<td>40&#8221;X100 yards</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Underpad, econ, pro plus</td>
			<td>Medical and veterinary supplies</td>
			<td>MSC281224</td>
			<td>17x24&#8221;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissors</td>
			<td>Braintree scientific, Inc</td>
			<td>SC-i-130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissors</td>
			<td>Vantage</td>
			<td>V95-304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont electronic &#38; jeweler tweezers</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>98-180-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Braided absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Covidien polysorb</td>
			<td>SL-5687G</td>
			<td>5-0, polyglactin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon non-absorbable mono filament</td>
			<td>AD surgical</td>
			<td>S-N618R13</td>
			<td>6-0, nylon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical blade</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>No.15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder</td>
			<td>Jacobson microvascular</td>
			<td>36-1342TC</td>
			<td>8.5 inch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel handle</td>
			<td>Flinn scientific</td>
			<td>AB1049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsurgical scissor</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>503305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petrolatum ophthalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Puralube VET</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3.5 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluriso (isoflurane)</td>
			<td>Vetone</td>
			<td>V1 502017</td>
			<td>250 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steri-strip reinforced skin closure</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>R1547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical gloves</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>MSG2270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ear loop face mask</td>
			<td>The safety zone</td>
			<td>RS700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avant gauze non-woven sponges</td>
			<td>Caring</td>
			<td>PRM25444</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical cup</td>
			<td>Admiral&#160; craft OYC-2</td>
			<td>725-A42</td>
			<td>2.5 oz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Swabstick</td>
			<td>ChloraPrep</td>
			<td>260103</td>
			<td>2% w/v Chlorhexidine&#160; Gluconate (CHG) and 70% v/v Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton tipped applicator</td>
			<td>Puritan</td>
			<td>806-WC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Zoo pharm</td>
			<td>BZ8069317</td>
			<td>1 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin sulfate</td>
			<td>Vetone</td>
			<td>G-6336-04</td>
			<td>100 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast acting gel cream remover</td>
			<td>Veet</td>
			<td>8111002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>AHS</td>
			<td>AH01T2516</td>
			<td>1 ml with needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon ring</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>60985-720</td>
			<td>6 mm in length, 4 mm exterior diameter, 3.5 mm interior diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>4-6 weeks old</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a mouse model of intestinal partial obstruction

Obstrucciones intestinales, que impiden o bloquean el movimiento peristáltico, pueden ser causadas por adherencias abdominales y más gastrointestinales (GI) enfermedades incluyendo crecimientos tumorales. Sin embargo, el celular mecanismos de remodelación involucrado en, y causada por, obstrucciones intestinales son poco conocidas. Se han desarrollado varios modelos animales de obstrucciones intestinales, pero el modelo de ratón es más coste/tiempo eficaz. El modelo de ratón utiliza la implantación quirúrgica de una obstrucción intestinal parcial (PO) que tiene una alta tasa de mortalidad si no se realiza correctamente. Además, ratones recibiendo cirugía PO no desarrollan hipertrofia si un bloqueo apropiado se utiliza o no correctamente colocado. Aquí, describimos un protocolo detallado para la cirugía PO que produce obstrucciones intestinales fiables y reproducibles con una tasa de mortalidad muy baja. Este protocolo utiliza un anillo de silicona colocado quirúrgicamente que rodea el íleo que bloquea parcialmente la circulación digestiva en el intestino. La obstrucción parcial hace que el intestino se dilatan debido a la interrupción de circulación digestiva. La dilatación del intestino induce la hipertrofia del músculo liso en el lado oral del anillo que desarrolla progresivamente durante 2 semanas hasta que provoca la muerte. El modelo de ratón PO quirúrgico ofrece un modelo en vivo de hipertrófico tejido intestinal útil para el estudio de los cambios patológicos de las células intestinales incluyendo células del músculo liso (SMC), células intersticiales de Cajal (ICC), PDGFRα+, neuronales y células durante el desarrollo de la obstrucción intestinal.

Obstrucción parcial (PO) fue quirúrgicamente inducida en ratones de un mes de edad colocando un anillo de silicona alrededor del íleo cerca el esfínter ileocecal. Este anillo creado una obstrucción parcial en el íleo. Operaciones simuladas (tan) se realizaron sin un anillo de edad/sexo emparejado ratones y estos ratones no mostraron síntomas similares a los encontrados en ratones de PO. Ratones se recuperaron rápidamente de cirugía PO dentro de unas horas. No demostraron ninguna ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction at JoVE.com

A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

Obstrucciones intestinales son una obstrucción parcial o completa del intestino que puede causar dolor abdominal severo, náuseas, vómitos y evitando el paso de las heces. Este procedimiento para crear tiene obstrucciones parciales intestinal en ratones es confiable en el estudio de los mecanismos de crecimiento celular patológico y la muerte en el intestino.

Un modelo de ratón de la obstrucción Intestinal parcial

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including ...

a-mouse-model-of-intestinal-partial-obstruction

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

20.9K vistas.  University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine. Obstrucciones intestinales son una obstrucción parcial o completa del intestino que puede causar dolor abdominal severo, náuseas, vómitos y evitando el paso de las heces. Este procedimiento para crear tiene obstrucciones parciales intestinal en ratones es confiable en el estudio de los mecanismos de crecimiento celular patológico y la muerte en el intestino.

Video: A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

En vivo de imágenes y tratamientos terapéuticos en un modelo de ratón ortotópico de cáncer de ovario

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Investigación

Biología

Investigating Intestinal Inflammation in DSS-induced Model of IBD

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a range of intestinal pathologies, the most common of which are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). Both UC and CD, when present in the colon, generate a similar symptom profile which can include diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and weight loss.1 Although the pathogenesis of IBD remains unknown, it is described as a multifactorial disease that involves both genetic and environmental components.2
There are numerous and variable animal models of colonic inflammation that resemble several features of IBD. Animal models of colitis range from those arising spontaneously in susceptible strains of certain species to those requiring administration of specific concentrations of colitis-inducing chemicals, such as dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). Chemical-induced models of gut inflammation are the most commonly used and best described models of IBD. Administration of DSS in drinking water produces acute or chronic colitis depending on the administration protocol.3 Animals given DSS exhibit weight loss and signs of loose stool or diarrhea, sometimes with evidence of rectal bleeding.4,5 Here, we describe the methods by which colitis development and the resulting inflammatory response can be characterized following administration of DSS. These methods include histological analysis of hematoxylin/eosin stained colon sections, measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, which can be used as a surrogate marker of inflammation.6
The extent of the inflammatory response in disease state can be assessed by the presence of clinical symptoms or by alteration in histology in mucosal tissue. Colonic histological damage is assessed by using a scoring system that considers loss of crypt architecture, inflammatory cell infiltration, muscle thickening, goblet cell depletion, and crypt abscess.7 Quantitatively, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines with acute inflammatory properties, such as interleukin (IL)-1&beta;, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-&alpha;,can be determined using conventional ELISA methods. In addition, MPO activity can be measured using a colorimetric assay and used as an index of inflammation.8
In experimental colitis, disease severity is often correlated with an increase in MPO activity and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Colitis severity and inflammation-associated damage can be assessed by examining stool consistency and bleeding, in addition to assessing the histopathological state of the intestine using hematoxylin/eosin stained colonic tissue sections. Colonic tissue fragments can be used to determine MPO activity and cytokine production. Taken together, these measures can be used to evaluate the intestinal inflammatory response in animal models of experimental colitis.

Experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease have allowed us to examine the complex innate and adaptive immune responses associated with pathogenesis. Using histological scoring, quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines and myeloperoxidase activity, one can begin to assess these responses seen in inflammatory bowel disease.

La investigación de la inflamación intestinal inducida por DSS en el modelo de la EII

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a range of intestinal pathologies, the most common of which are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease ...

Real Time Analysis of Metabolic Profile in Ex Vivo Mouse Intestinal Crypt Organoid Cultures

The small intestinal mucosa exhibits a repetitive architecture organized into two fundamental structures: villi, projecting into the intestinal lumen and composed of mature enterocytes, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells; and crypts, residing proximal to the submucosa and the muscularis, harboring adult stem and progenitor cells and mature Paneth cells, as well as stromal and immune cells of the crypt microenvironment. Until the last few years, in vitro studies of small intestine was limited to cell lines derived from either benign or malignant tumors, and did not represent the physiology of normal intestinal epithelia and the influence of the microenvironment in which they reside. Here, we demonstrate a method adapted from Sato et al. (2009) for culturing primary mouse intestinal crypt organoids derived from C57BL/6 mice. In addition, we present the use of crypt organoid cultures to assay the crypt metabolic profile in real time by measurement of basal oxygen consumption, glycolytic rate, ATP production and respiratory capacity. Organoids maintain properties defined by their source and retain aspects of their metabolic adaptation reflected by oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates. Real time metabolic studies in this crypt organoid culture system are a powerful tool to study crypt organoid energy metabolism, and how it can be modulated by nutritional and pharmacological factors.

Real Time Analysis of Metabolic Profile in Ex Vivo Mouse Intestinal Crypt Organoid Cultures

Small intestinal crypt organoids cultured ex vivo provide a tissue culture system that recapitulates growth of crypts dependent on stem cells and their niche. We established a method to assay the metabolic profile in real time in primary mouse crypt organoids. We found organoids maintain physiological properties defined by their source.

Bienes Análisis Tiempo de perfil metabólico en<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Culturas ratón intestinal Cripta organoides

The small intestinal mucosa exhibits a repetitive architecture organized into two fundamental structures: villi, projecting into the intestinal lumen and ...

A Protocol for Lentiviral Transduction and Downstream Analysis of Intestinal Organoids

Intestinal crypt-villus structures termed organoids, can be kept in sustained culture three dimensionally when supplemented with the appropriate growth factors. Since organoids are highly similar to the original tissue in terms of homeostatic stem cell differentiation, cell polarity and presence of all terminally differentiated cell types known to the adult intestinal epithelium, they serve as an essential resource in experimental research on the epithelium. The possibility to express transgenes or interfering RNA using lentiviral or retroviral vectors in organoids has increased opportunities for functional analysis of the intestinal epithelium and intestinal stem cells, surpassing traditional mouse transgenics in speed and cost. In the current video protocol we show how to utilize transduction of small intestinal organoids with lentiviral vectors illustrated by use of doxycylin inducible transgenes, or IPTG inducible short hairpin RNA for overexpression or gene knockdown. Furthermore, considering organoid culture yields minute cell counts that may even be reduced by experimental treatment, we explain how to process organoids for downstream analysis aimed at quantitative RT-PCR, RNA-microarray and immunohistochemistry. Techniques that enable transgene expression and gene knock down in intestinal organoids contribute to the research potential that these intestinal epithelial structures hold, establishing organoid culture as a new standard in cell culture.

In this video protocol we give a step by step explanation of lentiviral transduction in organoids of primary intestinal epithelium and of processing and downstream analysis of these cultures by quantitative RT-PCR, RNA-microarray and immunohistochemistry.

Un protocolo para la de Lentiviral Transducción y Análisis de Aguas abajo de Intestinal organoides

Intestinal crypt-villus structures termed organoids, can be kept in sustained culture three dimensionally when supplemented with the appropriate growth ...

Partial Bile Duct Ligation in the Mouse: A Controlled Model of Localized Obstructive Cholestasis

In rodents, complete bile duct ligation (cBDL) of the common bile duct is an established surgical technique for studying obstructive cholestasis and bile duct proliferation. However, long-term experiments can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. In select mouse strains with underlying liver disease, meaningful comparisons can be made even with ligation of a single lobe of the liver, which can reduce animal losses and expenses. Here, we describe partial bile duct ligation (pBDL) in the mouse, in which only the left hepatic bile duct is ligated, causing biliary obstruction in the left lobe but not the remaining lobes. With careful microsurgical technique, pBDL experiments can be cost-effective, since the unligated lobe serves as an internal control to the ligated lobes, when subjected to the same conditions in the same animal. Unlike cBDL, a separate sham-operated control group is not necessary. pBDL is highly useful to directly compare localized versus systemic effects of cholestasis and other retained bile components. pBDL can also be repurposed as a novel method to investigate mechanisms related to medications and cell migration.

Here, we present partial bile duct ligation as a surgical model of liver injury and regeneration in rodents.

Ligadura del conducto biliar parcial en el ratón: un modelo controlado de la colestasis obstructiva localizada

In rodents, complete bile duct ligation (cBDL) of the common bile duct is an established surgical technique for studying obstructive cholestasis and bile ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

Trans-interno celular masiva inyección de células madre embrionarias conduce a mayores tasas de quimerismo

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer progression. How the chromosomal location and function of a centromere (i.e., centromere identity) are determined and participate in accurate chromosome segregation is a fundamental question. CENP-A is proposed to be the non-DNA indicator (epigenetic mark) of centromere identity, and CENP-A ubiquitylation is required for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability.
Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-CENP-A K124R mutant suggesting that ubiquitylation at a different lysine is induced because of the EYFP tagging in the CENP-A K124R mutant protein. Lysine 306 (K306) ubiquitylation in EYFP-CENP-A K124R was successfully identified, which corresponds to lysine 56 (K56) in CENP-A through mass spectrometry analysis. A caveat is discussed in the use of GFP/EYFP or the tagging of high molecular weight protein as a tool to analyze the function of a protein. Current technical limit is also discussed for the detection of ubiquitylated bands, identification of site-specific ubiquitylation(s), and visualization of ubiquitylation in living cells or a specific single cell during the whole cell cycle.
The method of mass spectrometry analysis presented here can be applied to human CENP-A protein with different tags and other centromere-kinetochore proteins. These combinatory methods consisting of several assays/analyses could be recommended for researchers who are interested in identifying functional roles of ubiquitylation.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A

CENP-A ubiquitylation is an important requirement for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability. Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A) protein.

Análisis de espectrometría de masas para identificar la ubiquitylación de CENP-A con etiqueta EYFP (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer ...

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding the pathological processes and evaluating new drugs. Here, we introduced a surgically induced lumbar spine instability (LSI) mouse model that develops IDD starting from 1 week post operation. In detail, the mouse under anesthesia was operated by low back skin incision, L3&#8211;L5 spinous processes exposure, detachment of paraspinous muscles, resection of processes and ligaments, and skin closure. L4&#8211;L5 IVDs were chosen for the observation. The LSI model develops lumbar IDD by porosity and hypertrophy in endplates at an early stage, decrease in intervertebral disc volume, shrinkage in nucleus pulposus at an intermediate stage, and bone loss in lumbar vertebrae (L5) at a later stage. The LSI mouse model has the advantages of strong operability, no requirement of special equipment, reproducibility, inexpensive, and relatively short period of IDD development. However, LSI operation is still a trauma that causes inflammation within the first week post operation. Thus, this animal model is suitable for study of lumbar IDD.

We developed a lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration mouse model by resection of L3&#8211;L5 spinous processes along with supra- and inter-spinous ligaments and detachment of paraspinous muscles.

Un modelo de ratón de inestabilidad lumbar de la columna vertebral

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding ...

Organoid-Derived Epithelial Monolayer: A Clinically Relevant In Vitro Model for Intestinal Barrier Function

In the past, intestinal epithelial model systems were limited to transformed cell lines and primary tissue. These model systems have inherent limitations as the former do not faithfully represent original tissue physiology, and the availability of the latter is limited. Hence, their application hampers fundamental and drug development research. Adult stem-cell-based organoids (henceforth referred to as organoids) are miniatures of normal or diseased epithelial tissue from which they are derived. They can be established very efficiently from different gastrointestinal (GI) tract regions, have long-term expandability, and simulate tissue- and patient-specific responses to treatments in vitro. Here, the establishment of intestinal organoid-derived epithelial monolayers has been demonstrated along with methods to measure epithelial barrier integrity, permeability and transport,&#160;antimicrobial protein secretion, as well as histology. Moreover, intestinal organoid-derived monolayers can be enriched with proliferating stem and transit-amplifying cells as well as with key differentiated epithelial cells. Therefore, they represent a model system that can be tailored to study the effects of compounds on target cells and their mode of action. Although organoid cultures are technically more demanding than cell lines, once established, they can reduce failures in the later stages of drug development as they truly represent in vivo epithelium complexity and interpatient heterogeneity.

Here, we describe the preparation of human organoid-derived intestinal epithelial monolayers for studying intestinal barrier function, permeability, and transport. As organoids represent original epithelial tissue response to external stimuli, these models combine the advantages of expandability of cell lines and the relevance and complexity of primary tissue.

Monocapa epitelial derivada de organoides: un modelo in vitro clínicamente relevante para la función de barrera intestinal

In the past, intestinal epithelial model systems were limited to transformed cell lines and primary tissue. These model systems have inherent limitations ...

Partial Hepatectomy in Adult Zebrafish

Liver failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and mortality from chronic liver disease is rising sharply in the United States. Healthy livers are capable of regenerating from toxic damage, but in advanced liver disease, the natural ability of the liver to regenerate is impaired. Zebrafish have emerged as a powerful experimental system for studying regeneration. They are an ideal model for studying liver regeneration from partial hepatectomy, a procedure with direct clinical relevance in which part of the liver is surgically removed, leaving the rest intact. There is no standard protocol for partial hepatectomy; previous studies using this model have used slightly different protocols and reported disparate results. Described here is an efficient, reproducible protocol for performing a partial hepatectomy in adult zebrafish. We use this technique to demonstrate that zebrafish are capable of epimorphic regeneration of the resected lobe. This protocol can be used to further interrogate the mechanisms required for liver regeneration in zebrafish.

This protocol describes the procedure for removing the ventral lobe of the liver in adult zebrafish to enable the study of liver regeneration.

Hepatectomía parcial en pez cebra adulto

Liver failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and mortality from chronic liver disease is rising sharply in the United States. Healthy ...