Os autores gostaria de agradecer Benjamin J Weigler, DVM, pH.d. e Walt Mandeville, D.V.M. (recursos animais & Campus frequentando veterinário, Universidade de Nevada, Reno) para seus serviços excelentes animais fornecidos para os ratos, bem como seus conselhos sobre procedimentos cirúrgicos.

O seguinte protocolo foi aprovado pelo cuidado institucional do Animal e usar Comité (IACUC) na Universidade de Nevada-Reno (UNR) Animal recursos e cumpre com todas as orientações éticas institucionais relativas à utilização de animais de pesquisa.
1. os animais.
<ol><li>Obter camundongos C57BL/6 de maduro (4-6 semanas de idade) pesando entre 20-30 g casa da colônia de ratos de laboratório em uma instalação centralizada animal em urn Animal Resources.</li>
</ol>2. parcial obstrução cirurgia
Nota: Cirurgias são realizadas em uma sala dedicada para procedimentos cirúrgicos. Todos os instrumentos cirúrgicos são autoclavados antes da cirurgia. Luvas e batas cirúrgicas estéreis devem ser usadas por todo o pessoal na sala cirúrgica em todos os momentos.
<ol><li>Preparação para o mouse cirúrgica<ol>
<li>Verificar o sistema de entrega anestésico para garantir o fornecimento de oxigênio e isoflurano é adequado para o procedimento. Ligue o fornecimento de oxigênio. Ligar o medidor de vazão de gás e ajustá-lo a 500-1000 mL/min. lugar do animal na câmara de indução e selar o topo.</li>
		<li>Ligue o vaporizador de isoflurano para 5% e, em seguida, monitorar o animal até que se torne reclinada. Mude o sistema de entrega de anestésico para o cone de nariz.</li>
		<li>Lave a câmara de indução de qualquer gás residual com oxigênio e, em seguida, desligue a linha de câmara de indução, mantendo a linha do cone de nariz aberto.</li>
		<li>Remover o animal da câmara e cuidadosamente coloque pomada oftálmica nos olhos do animal.</li>
		<li>Coloque o cone de nariz em uma almofada quente pré-aquecido quando gás continua a fluir.</li>
		<li>Altere o fluxo de oxigênio de 100-200 mL/min, com 2-3% de isoflurano. Se o animal começa a se mover, gentlyrestrain o animal com o cone de nariz em até totalmente anestesiados novamente.</li>
		<li>Monitorar a respiração e a resposta à estimulação durante o procedimento e ajustar a porcentagem de isoflurano (2-5%) conforme necessário. Nível de anesthetization animal é monitorado pela falta de reflexo de pitada de dedo do pé antes que a cirurgia é realizada.</li>
		<li>Injete remédios contra a dor (buprenorfina, 1 µ g/g de peso corporal) intraperitonealmente longe do local da incisão.</li>
		<li>Aplique loção de remoção de cabelo sobre o abdome, usando um cotonete limpo. Deixe-o sentar-se loção para 3-5 min no mouse, em seguida retire os cabelos com compressas de gaze e algodão. Repita este passo até que todo o cabelo foi removido do abdômen do mouse.</li>
		<li>Limpe a pele com álcool 70%, usando cotonetes de algodão e gaze. Aplica uma solução swabsticks ou povidone-iodo para limpar o abdômen.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Cirurgia de obstrução parcial<ol>
<li>Cubra o local cirúrgico usando papel estéril de 25 x 50 cm com um 2.5 x 2.5 cm de abertura no meio para a área de cirurgia. Prenda a cortina para o animal colocando tiras estéril nos limites da abertura e da pele.</li>
		<li>Faça uma incisão abdominal de ~3.0 cm longitudinalmente usando um bisturi de lâmina n º 15, garantindo que apenas a pele é incisada e evitando o corte da camada de musculoperitoneal neste momento.</li>
		<li>Usando pinças e tesouras cirúrgicas, separe com cuidado a pele da camada de musculoperitoneal sem causar qualquer incisão para a camada de musculoperitoneal. Depois que as camadas foram suficientemente separadas (aproximadamente 1 cm x 4 cm), identificar o linea alba na camada musculoperitoneal e corte ~ 2 cm ao longo da linea alba para expor a cavidade intraperitoneal usando microfórceps e a tesoura.</li>
		<li>Cuidadosamente, localizar e identificar o ceco. Lenta e suavemente remova o ceco da cavidade intraperitoneal com microfórceps, trazendo o cólon proximal e íleo com o ceco lá fora para a cortina estéril. Imediatamente, umedeça o tecido intestinal com gaze embebido salina estéril 0,9% e manter o tecido exposto umedecido em todos os momentos, enquanto eles estão fora da cavidade abdominal.</li>
		<li>Localizar e identificar o mesentério entre o íleo e o cólon proximal. Fazer uma incisão (~ 1 cm) paralelo a e logo abaixo, o íleo, no mesentério e evitar cortar qualquer vasculatura.</li>
		<li>Pegue um anel de silicone autoclavado (6 mm de comprimento, diâmetro exterior de 4 mm, diâmetro interior de 3,5 mm). Corte longitudinalmente para abrir o tubo e abra o anel com microfórceps.</li>
		<li>Insira uma extremidade do anel aberto através da incisão no tecido mesentério. Devolver o anel que forma um anel completo, trazendo uma extremidade em contato com o outro, com o íleo, rodeado pelo anel.</li>
		<li>Certifique-se de que o anel de silicone rodeia completamente o íleo, feche o anel com sutura e coloque cuidadosamente o intestino volta na cavidade intraperitoneal.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Encerramento de cirurgia<ol>
<li>Realizar uma simples sutura contínua sobre a camada de musculoperitoneal ao longo da linea alba para fechar o musculoperitoneal ferida com uma sutura absorvível. Após a sutura é completa, limpa qualquer sangramento com solução salina 0,9% embebido gaze.</li>
		<li>Para fechar completamente a ferida, com uma sutura de nylon separados, realize uma sutura contínua simples na pele.</li>
		<li>Depois ambas as suturas foram concluídas, limpe a ferida com novo swabstick ou iodo-povidona.</li>
		<li>Intraperitonealmente injete antibióticos (gentamicina, 150 μL por rato com base em 20-30 g de massa corporal).</li>
		<li>Após a conclusão do procedimento, desligue o vaporizador de isoflurano e permitir que o animal de respirar só flui oxigênio até começar ganhando consciência.</li>
		<li>Uma vez que o animal está acordado, coloca o animal em uma área de recuperação separada com apoio térmico até totalmente recuperado.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. pós-operação observação.
<ol><li>Após a conclusão da cirurgia, mova os animais para uma incubadora em uma sala de recuperação onde a temperatura e umidade são regulamentadas. Monitore os animais no pós-operatório a cada 15 minutos para a primeira hora depois a cada 30 min para a segunda hora, enquanto os animais estão na incubadora.</li>
	<li>Tão logo a observação prescrita for concluída, mova os animais para sua própria gaiola individual e monitorá-los diariamente para indicações clínicas de dor18e para garantir que a ferida cirúrgica está curando corretamente sem quaisquer sinais de complicações ( deiscência) presente.</li>
</ol>

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Os autores não têm nada para divulgar.

Temos demonstrado que ratos recebendo a cirurgia intestinal do PO consistentemente e reproducibly desenvolveram hipertrofia intestinal de músculo liso, que imita a obstrução intestinal humana. Cirurgias de obstrução intestinal foram desenvolvidas para animais diferentes, incluindo ratos7ratos10, cobaias,11,13, de12 e gatos cachorro. O modelo do rato de obstrução intestinal tem tempo, custo, taman...

Obstruções intestinais são um bloqueio parcial ou total no intestino pequeno ou grande que impede o alimento digerido, fluidos e gases movendo-se através do intestino1. Devido a obstrução, a obstrução induz as paredes intestinais para tornar-se espessada, estreitamento do lúmen2. Obstrução intestinal pode ocorrer como resultado de cirurgias abdominais ou pélvicas que causam a formação de tecido de aderência abdominal ou de distúrbios GI, tais como doenças inflamatórias intestinais (doença de Crohn), diverticulite, hérnias, Volvo, estenose, intussuscepção, constipação, fecaloma, pseudo-obstrução, cancros e tumores de4,3,5. Obstruções intestinais, nestes casos, muitas vezes, levam para a hipertrofia da túnica muscular do intestino6.
PO do lúmen induz a distensão intestinal e aumenta a espessura da camada de músculo liso ao redor da obstrução em resposta à necessidade de continuar o peristaltismo funcional7,8,9,10, 11,12,13. Modelos animais de PO intestinal foram desenvolvidos para estudar a hipertrofia do músculo liso em ratos7ratos10, cobaias11, cães12e gatos13 que consistentemente desenvolver hipertrofia similar dentro o camadas de músculo intestinal.
Um modelo do rato do PO intestinal é a maneira mais custo-eficaz de gerar e estudar obstruções intestinais na vivo. Obstruções de intestino delgado são realizadas em camundongos, usando um anel de silicone cirurgicamente colocado em torno do íleo. Os ratos PO mostraram um aumento inicial do número de células (hiperplasia) e um aumento na espessura da camada muscular (hipertrofia) após PO cirurgia8,15. SMC são o principais plástico as células que estão crescendo dentro de camadas de músculo liso em resposta a condições hipertrófica14, mas outras células tais como ICC e PDGFRα+ células que estão intimamente associados com o SMC, são também repovoada. Informamos anteriormente que os ratos PO desenvolveram hipertrofia no intestino delgado, no qual SMC são condrossarcoma em células PDGFRα+ que são altamente proliferativas7,15,16. Por outro lado, ICC são degenerou e perdeu dentro das camadas hipertrofiado músculo liso durante o desenvolvimento do obsruction intestinal7. Outro grande benefício do modelo PO é sua capacidade de induzir alterações no sistema nervoso entérico e propagando padrões motor neurogênicos. A grande propagação padrão motor neurogênica no intestino do rato é o migração motor complexo (MMC), que é neurogênica e não requer ICC ou ondas lentas elétrica17. O modelo de PO pode fornecer insights claras sobre como MMCs e nervos entéricos são remodelados pela obstrução parcial.
Aqui, propomos um protocolo murino para intestinal cirurgia de PO, usando um anel de silicone. Ratos recebendo cirurgia PO confiantemente produzem hipertrofia na túnica muscular do intestino delgado. Dentro hipertrófica muscular, SMC, ICC, PDGFRα+e células neuronais são drasticamente remodeladas.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical drape</td>
			<td>Medical and veterinary supplies</td>
			<td>SMS40</td>
			<td>40&#8221;X100 yards</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Underpad, econ, pro plus</td>
			<td>Medical and veterinary supplies</td>
			<td>MSC281224</td>
			<td>17x24&#8221;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissors</td>
			<td>Braintree scientific, Inc</td>
			<td>SC-i-130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissors</td>
			<td>Vantage</td>
			<td>V95-304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont electronic &#38; jeweler tweezers</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>98-180-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Braided absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Covidien polysorb</td>
			<td>SL-5687G</td>
			<td>5-0, polyglactin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon non-absorbable mono filament</td>
			<td>AD surgical</td>
			<td>S-N618R13</td>
			<td>6-0, nylon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical blade</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>No.15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder</td>
			<td>Jacobson microvascular</td>
			<td>36-1342TC</td>
			<td>8.5 inch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel handle</td>
			<td>Flinn scientific</td>
			<td>AB1049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsurgical scissor</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>503305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petrolatum ophthalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Puralube VET</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3.5 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluriso (isoflurane)</td>
			<td>Vetone</td>
			<td>V1 502017</td>
			<td>250 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steri-strip reinforced skin closure</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>R1547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical gloves</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>MSG2270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ear loop face mask</td>
			<td>The safety zone</td>
			<td>RS700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avant gauze non-woven sponges</td>
			<td>Caring</td>
			<td>PRM25444</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical cup</td>
			<td>Admiral&#160; craft OYC-2</td>
			<td>725-A42</td>
			<td>2.5 oz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Swabstick</td>
			<td>ChloraPrep</td>
			<td>260103</td>
			<td>2% w/v Chlorhexidine&#160; Gluconate (CHG) and 70% v/v Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton tipped applicator</td>
			<td>Puritan</td>
			<td>806-WC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Zoo pharm</td>
			<td>BZ8069317</td>
			<td>1 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin sulfate</td>
			<td>Vetone</td>
			<td>G-6336-04</td>
			<td>100 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast acting gel cream remover</td>
			<td>Veet</td>
			<td>8111002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>AHS</td>
			<td>AH01T2516</td>
			<td>1 ml with needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon ring</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>60985-720</td>
			<td>6 mm in length, 4 mm exterior diameter, 3.5 mm interior diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>4-6 weeks old</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a mouse model of intestinal partial obstruction

Obstruções intestinais, que impedem ou bloqueiam o movimento peristáltico, podem ser causadas por aderências abdominais e mais gastrointestinais (GI) doenças incluindo tumorosa crescimentos. No entanto, o celular que remodela os mecanismos envolvidos na e obstrução intestinal causada por, é mal compreendidas. Foram desenvolvidos vários modelos animais de obstruções intestinais, mas o modelo do mouse é o custo/tempo mais eficaz. Usa o modelo de rato da implantação cirúrgica de uma obstrução intestinal parcial (PO) que tem uma alta taxa de mortalidade, se não é realizada corretamente. Além disso, ratos recebendo cirurgia PO não conseguem desenvolver hipertrofia se um bloqueio adequado não é usado ou não está devidamente colocado. Aqui, descrevemos um protocolo detalhado para cirurgia de PO que produz confiáveis e reprodutíveis obstruções intestinais, com uma taxa de mortalidade muito baixa. Este protocolo utiliza um anel de silicone colocado cirurgicamente que rodeia o íleo que bloqueia parcialmente o movimento digestivo no intestino delgado. O bloqueio parcial faz o intestino se tornam dilatadas devido a parada do movimento digestivo. A dilatação do intestino induz a hipertrofia do músculo liso no lado oral do anel que desenvolve progressivamente mais de 2 semanas até que causa morte. O modelo de mouse PO cirúrgico oferece um modelo in vivo de tecido intestinal hipertrófica útil para estudar as alterações patológicas das células intestinais, incluindo células musculares lisas (SMC), células intersticiais de Cajal (ICC), PDGFRα+e neuronal células durante o desenvolvimento de obstrução intestinal.

Obstrução parcial (PO) foi cirurgicamente induzida em ratos um mês de idade, colocando um anel de silicone ao redor do íleo perto do esfíncter ileocecal. Este anel criado um bloqueio parcial no íleo. Operações Sham (então) também foram realizadas sem um anel na idade/sexo correspondem ratos e estes ratos não apresentaram qualquer sintomas semelhantes aos encontrados em camundongos PO. Os ratos rapidamente recuperaram da cirurgia PO dentro de algumas horas. Eles não mostraram m...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction at JoVE.com

A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

Obstruções intestinais são um bloqueio parcial ou total do intestino que pode causar dor abdominal, náuseas, vômitos e impedindo a passagem das fezes. Este procedimento para criar obsructions parcial intestinal em camundongos é confiável em estudar os mecanismos subjacentes do crescimento celular patológica e morte no intestino.

Um modelo do rato de obstrução Intestinal parcial

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including ...

a-mouse-model-of-intestinal-partial-obstruction

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

20.9K visualizações.  University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine. Obstruções intestinais são um bloqueio parcial ou total do intestino que pode causar dor abdominal, náuseas, vômitos e impedindo a passagem das fezes. Este procedimento para criar obsructions parcial intestinal em camundongos é confiável em estudar os mecanismos subjacentes do crescimento celular patológica e morte no intestino.

Vídeo: A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

In vivo de imagens e tratamentos terapêuticos em um modelo de camundongo ortotópico de câncer de ovário

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Biologia

Investigating Intestinal Inflammation in DSS-induced Model of IBD

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a range of intestinal pathologies, the most common of which are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). Both UC and CD, when present in the colon, generate a similar symptom profile which can include diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and weight loss.1 Although the pathogenesis of IBD remains unknown, it is described as a multifactorial disease that involves both genetic and environmental components.2
There are numerous and variable animal models of colonic inflammation that resemble several features of IBD. Animal models of colitis range from those arising spontaneously in susceptible strains of certain species to those requiring administration of specific concentrations of colitis-inducing chemicals, such as dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). Chemical-induced models of gut inflammation are the most commonly used and best described models of IBD. Administration of DSS in drinking water produces acute or chronic colitis depending on the administration protocol.3 Animals given DSS exhibit weight loss and signs of loose stool or diarrhea, sometimes with evidence of rectal bleeding.4,5 Here, we describe the methods by which colitis development and the resulting inflammatory response can be characterized following administration of DSS. These methods include histological analysis of hematoxylin/eosin stained colon sections, measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, which can be used as a surrogate marker of inflammation.6
The extent of the inflammatory response in disease state can be assessed by the presence of clinical symptoms or by alteration in histology in mucosal tissue. Colonic histological damage is assessed by using a scoring system that considers loss of crypt architecture, inflammatory cell infiltration, muscle thickening, goblet cell depletion, and crypt abscess.7 Quantitatively, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines with acute inflammatory properties, such as interleukin (IL)-1&beta;, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-&alpha;,can be determined using conventional ELISA methods. In addition, MPO activity can be measured using a colorimetric assay and used as an index of inflammation.8
In experimental colitis, disease severity is often correlated with an increase in MPO activity and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Colitis severity and inflammation-associated damage can be assessed by examining stool consistency and bleeding, in addition to assessing the histopathological state of the intestine using hematoxylin/eosin stained colonic tissue sections. Colonic tissue fragments can be used to determine MPO activity and cytokine production. Taken together, these measures can be used to evaluate the intestinal inflammatory response in animal models of experimental colitis.

Experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease have allowed us to examine the complex innate and adaptive immune responses associated with pathogenesis. Using histological scoring, quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines and myeloperoxidase activity, one can begin to assess these responses seen in inflammatory bowel disease.

Investigando inflamação intestinal em DSS-induzida Modelo de IBD

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a range of intestinal pathologies, the most common of which are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease ...

Real Time Analysis of Metabolic Profile in Ex Vivo Mouse Intestinal Crypt Organoid Cultures

The small intestinal mucosa exhibits a repetitive architecture organized into two fundamental structures: villi, projecting into the intestinal lumen and composed of mature enterocytes, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells; and crypts, residing proximal to the submucosa and the muscularis, harboring adult stem and progenitor cells and mature Paneth cells, as well as stromal and immune cells of the crypt microenvironment. Until the last few years, in vitro studies of small intestine was limited to cell lines derived from either benign or malignant tumors, and did not represent the physiology of normal intestinal epithelia and the influence of the microenvironment in which they reside. Here, we demonstrate a method adapted from Sato et al. (2009) for culturing primary mouse intestinal crypt organoids derived from C57BL/6 mice. In addition, we present the use of crypt organoid cultures to assay the crypt metabolic profile in real time by measurement of basal oxygen consumption, glycolytic rate, ATP production and respiratory capacity. Organoids maintain properties defined by their source and retain aspects of their metabolic adaptation reflected by oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates. Real time metabolic studies in this crypt organoid culture system are a powerful tool to study crypt organoid energy metabolism, and how it can be modulated by nutritional and pharmacological factors.

Real Time Analysis of Metabolic Profile in Ex Vivo Mouse Intestinal Crypt Organoid Cultures

Small intestinal crypt organoids cultured ex vivo provide a tissue culture system that recapitulates growth of crypts dependent on stem cells and their niche. We established a method to assay the metabolic profile in real time in primary mouse crypt organoids. We found organoids maintain physiological properties defined by their source.

Tempo real Análise do Perfil metabólico em<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Culturas mouse Intestinal Crypt organóide

The small intestinal mucosa exhibits a repetitive architecture organized into two fundamental structures: villi, projecting into the intestinal lumen and ...

A Protocol for Lentiviral Transduction and Downstream Analysis of Intestinal Organoids

Intestinal crypt-villus structures termed organoids, can be kept in sustained culture three dimensionally when supplemented with the appropriate growth factors. Since organoids are highly similar to the original tissue in terms of homeostatic stem cell differentiation, cell polarity and presence of all terminally differentiated cell types known to the adult intestinal epithelium, they serve as an essential resource in experimental research on the epithelium. The possibility to express transgenes or interfering RNA using lentiviral or retroviral vectors in organoids has increased opportunities for functional analysis of the intestinal epithelium and intestinal stem cells, surpassing traditional mouse transgenics in speed and cost. In the current video protocol we show how to utilize transduction of small intestinal organoids with lentiviral vectors illustrated by use of doxycylin inducible transgenes, or IPTG inducible short hairpin RNA for overexpression or gene knockdown. Furthermore, considering organoid culture yields minute cell counts that may even be reduced by experimental treatment, we explain how to process organoids for downstream analysis aimed at quantitative RT-PCR, RNA-microarray and immunohistochemistry. Techniques that enable transgene expression and gene knock down in intestinal organoids contribute to the research potential that these intestinal epithelial structures hold, establishing organoid culture as a new standard in cell culture.

In this video protocol we give a step by step explanation of lentiviral transduction in organoids of primary intestinal epithelium and of processing and downstream analysis of these cultures by quantitative RT-PCR, RNA-microarray and immunohistochemistry.

Um Protocolo de Transdução Lentivirus e Análise de Downstream da Intestinal Organóides

Intestinal crypt-villus structures termed organoids, can be kept in sustained culture three dimensionally when supplemented with the appropriate growth ...

Partial Bile Duct Ligation in the Mouse: A Controlled Model of Localized Obstructive Cholestasis

In rodents, complete bile duct ligation (cBDL) of the common bile duct is an established surgical technique for studying obstructive cholestasis and bile duct proliferation. However, long-term experiments can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. In select mouse strains with underlying liver disease, meaningful comparisons can be made even with ligation of a single lobe of the liver, which can reduce animal losses and expenses. Here, we describe partial bile duct ligation (pBDL) in the mouse, in which only the left hepatic bile duct is ligated, causing biliary obstruction in the left lobe but not the remaining lobes. With careful microsurgical technique, pBDL experiments can be cost-effective, since the unligated lobe serves as an internal control to the ligated lobes, when subjected to the same conditions in the same animal. Unlike cBDL, a separate sham-operated control group is not necessary. pBDL is highly useful to directly compare localized versus systemic effects of cholestasis and other retained bile components. pBDL can also be repurposed as a novel method to investigate mechanisms related to medications and cell migration.

Here, we present partial bile duct ligation as a surgical model of liver injury and regeneration in rodents.

Ligadura do colédoco parcial no Mouse: um modelo controlado da colestase obstrutiva localizada

In rodents, complete bile duct ligation (cBDL) of the common bile duct is an established surgical technique for studying obstructive cholestasis and bile ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

Trans-interno pilha injeção maciça de células-tronco embrionárias leva a taxas mais elevadas de quimerismo

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer progression. How the chromosomal location and function of a centromere (i.e., centromere identity) are determined and participate in accurate chromosome segregation is a fundamental question. CENP-A is proposed to be the non-DNA indicator (epigenetic mark) of centromere identity, and CENP-A ubiquitylation is required for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability.
Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-CENP-A K124R mutant suggesting that ubiquitylation at a different lysine is induced because of the EYFP tagging in the CENP-A K124R mutant protein. Lysine 306 (K306) ubiquitylation in EYFP-CENP-A K124R was successfully identified, which corresponds to lysine 56 (K56) in CENP-A through mass spectrometry analysis. A caveat is discussed in the use of GFP/EYFP or the tagging of high molecular weight protein as a tool to analyze the function of a protein. Current technical limit is also discussed for the detection of ubiquitylated bands, identification of site-specific ubiquitylation(s), and visualization of ubiquitylation in living cells or a specific single cell during the whole cell cycle.
The method of mass spectrometry analysis presented here can be applied to human CENP-A protein with different tags and other centromere-kinetochore proteins. These combinatory methods consisting of several assays/analyses could be recommended for researchers who are interested in identifying functional roles of ubiquitylation.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A

CENP-A ubiquitylation is an important requirement for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability. Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A) protein.

Análise de espectrometria de massa para identificar a ubiquização do CENP-A marcado pelo EYFP (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer ...

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding the pathological processes and evaluating new drugs. Here, we introduced a surgically induced lumbar spine instability (LSI) mouse model that develops IDD starting from 1 week post operation. In detail, the mouse under anesthesia was operated by low back skin incision, L3&#8211;L5 spinous processes exposure, detachment of paraspinous muscles, resection of processes and ligaments, and skin closure. L4&#8211;L5 IVDs were chosen for the observation. The LSI model develops lumbar IDD by porosity and hypertrophy in endplates at an early stage, decrease in intervertebral disc volume, shrinkage in nucleus pulposus at an intermediate stage, and bone loss in lumbar vertebrae (L5) at a later stage. The LSI mouse model has the advantages of strong operability, no requirement of special equipment, reproducibility, inexpensive, and relatively short period of IDD development. However, LSI operation is still a trauma that causes inflammation within the first week post operation. Thus, this animal model is suitable for study of lumbar IDD.

We developed a lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration mouse model by resection of L3&#8211;L5 spinous processes along with supra- and inter-spinous ligaments and detachment of paraspinous muscles.

Um modelo de mouse de instabilidade lombar

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding ...

Organoid-Derived Epithelial Monolayer: A Clinically Relevant In Vitro Model for Intestinal Barrier Function

In the past, intestinal epithelial model systems were limited to transformed cell lines and primary tissue. These model systems have inherent limitations as the former do not faithfully represent original tissue physiology, and the availability of the latter is limited. Hence, their application hampers fundamental and drug development research. Adult stem-cell-based organoids (henceforth referred to as organoids) are miniatures of normal or diseased epithelial tissue from which they are derived. They can be established very efficiently from different gastrointestinal (GI) tract regions, have long-term expandability, and simulate tissue- and patient-specific responses to treatments in vitro. Here, the establishment of intestinal organoid-derived epithelial monolayers has been demonstrated along with methods to measure epithelial barrier integrity, permeability and transport,&#160;antimicrobial protein secretion, as well as histology. Moreover, intestinal organoid-derived monolayers can be enriched with proliferating stem and transit-amplifying cells as well as with key differentiated epithelial cells. Therefore, they represent a model system that can be tailored to study the effects of compounds on target cells and their mode of action. Although organoid cultures are technically more demanding than cell lines, once established, they can reduce failures in the later stages of drug development as they truly represent in vivo epithelium complexity and interpatient heterogeneity.

Here, we describe the preparation of human organoid-derived intestinal epithelial monolayers for studying intestinal barrier function, permeability, and transport. As organoids represent original epithelial tissue response to external stimuli, these models combine the advantages of expandability of cell lines and the relevance and complexity of primary tissue.

Monocameira epitelial derivada organoide: um modelo in vitro clinicamente relevante para a função da barreira intestinal

In the past, intestinal epithelial model systems were limited to transformed cell lines and primary tissue. These model systems have inherent limitations ...

Partial Hepatectomy in Adult Zebrafish

Liver failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and mortality from chronic liver disease is rising sharply in the United States. Healthy livers are capable of regenerating from toxic damage, but in advanced liver disease, the natural ability of the liver to regenerate is impaired. Zebrafish have emerged as a powerful experimental system for studying regeneration. They are an ideal model for studying liver regeneration from partial hepatectomy, a procedure with direct clinical relevance in which part of the liver is surgically removed, leaving the rest intact. There is no standard protocol for partial hepatectomy; previous studies using this model have used slightly different protocols and reported disparate results. Described here is an efficient, reproducible protocol for performing a partial hepatectomy in adult zebrafish. We use this technique to demonstrate that zebrafish are capable of epimorphic regeneration of the resected lobe. This protocol can be used to further interrogate the mechanisms required for liver regeneration in zebrafish.

This protocol describes the procedure for removing the ventral lobe of the liver in adult zebrafish to enable the study of liver regeneration.

Hepatectomia Parcial em Zebrafish Adulto

Liver failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and mortality from chronic liver disease is rising sharply in the United States. Healthy ...