Name: assessing lysosomal alkalinization in the intestine of live caenorhabditis elegans
Uploaded: 2018-04-13T14:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 18 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.com

Nos gustaría agradecer a centro Caenorhabditis genética de las cepas, las ciencias naturales y Consejo de investigación Ingeniería (NSERC) y la Fundación de Canadá para la innovación (CFI) para la financiación. Nos gustaría agradecer a Dr. Lizhen Chen (Departamento de sistemas celular y anatomía, UT salud San Antonio) para permitir el uso irrestricto de sus instalaciones de laboratorio para todos los experimentos de C. elegans , así como el Dr. Exing Wang (Director asociado, centro de la proyección de imagen óptica UT salud San Antonio) para obtener ayuda con microscopía confocal. También nos gustaría agradecer a Dr. Myron Ignatius para proporcionar apoyo y aliento para facilitar la sesión de video.

1. Mancha y lisosomas intestinales de la imagen
<ol><li>Medios de cultivo nematodos de semilla (NGM) placas con OP50
	<ol>
<li>Preparar platos para NGM según el protocolo recomendado19 y permita que las placas cerradas secar por 2 días a temperatura ambiente.</li>
		<li>Inocular las bacterias OP50 en caldo estéril caldo de Luria (LB) y crecen en un baño incubador o agitación a 37 ° C durante 36 h o hasta que el OD es entre 0.2 y 0.4. Evitar el uso de un cultivo bacteriano con OD > 1 o OD < 0,2.</li>
		<li>Una vez seco planchas NGM, coloque una gota (30 μL) del inóculo OP50 en el centro de la placa y luego la gota en un parche más o menos que es de 2 cm x 2 cm de tamaño. Nota: Cualquier inóculo OP50 restantes puede almacenarse a 4 ° C por hasta un mes.</li>
		<li>Invertir las placas OP50 una vez que el inóculo ha secado (aproximadamente 10 o 15 min) y luego incubar las placas a 37 ° C durante 36 horas.</li>
		<li>Después de 36 h, quitar las placas de la incubadora y almacenar a 4 ° C hasta su uso posterior. Nota: Las placas deben ser buenas para un máximo de 1 mes a 4 ° C.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>CDCFDA que suple a OP50
	<ol>
<li>Para complementar cDCFDA sobre placas OP50, preparar una acción de trabajo de cDCFDA de 10 mM en dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO). Mantener la solución de cDCFDA protegida de la luz y almacenar a-20 ° C para su uso posterior.</li>
		<li>Suavemente coloque 100 μl de solución de cDCFDA de 10 mM sobre la superficie del parche OP50 2 cm x 2 cm, tal que la totalidad del parche está uniformemente cubierto con cDCFDA. Nota: Es muy importante que la totalidad del parche de OP50 está cubierto con cDCFDA. Si es necesario, utilizar hasta 150 μL de cDCFDA para cada placa. También es imprescindible que la solución de cDCFDA no se extiende más allá de las fronteras del parche OP50, puesto que cualquier cDCFDA que sale el parche OP50 no será incorporado a los alimentos y se traducirá en menor intensidad de la tinción.</li>
		<li>Coloque las placas OP50 en una caja oscura en la mesa hasta que todos los de la solución cDCFDA es absorbido en el parche bacteriano (generalmente alrededor de 25 a 30 minutos).</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Tinción de gusanos usando cDCFDA
	<ol>
<li>Una vez que el cDCFDA ha permeado totalmente el parche OP50, colocar no más de 20 gusanos por placa e incubar las placas invertidas a 20 ° C durante un mínimo de 14 h. Nota: Se recomienda colocar las placas de cDCFDA en una caja opaca para minimizar la exposición a la luz.</li>
		<li>Controlar por las diferencias de consumo entre experimentos y normalizar las señales cDCFDA, (recomiendan) Mancha Co con () 3-{2-[(1H,1'H-2,2'-bipyrrol-5-yl-kappaN(1))methylidene]-2H-pyrrol-5-yl-kappaN}-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]propanamidato) Difluoro) boro (2,5 μl de una solución recién hecho de 1 mM), un colorante de acidotropic amina débil cuya fluorescencia es en gran parte no variante sobre el espectro de pH ácido (véase Tabla de materiales para los nombres comunes de reactivos). Nota: No mancha gusanos de menos de 14 h, ya que esto puede proporcionar la intensidad de la tinción inadecuada cDCFDA y dar una falsa interpretación del pH lisosomal.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Preparación de portaobjetos para microscopía
	<ol>
<li>Coloque dos tiras paralelas de etiquetado cinta unas 3 pulgadas aparte en una superficie plana lisa, como un espejo (figura 1).</li>
		<li>Capa de la superficie del espejo con spray repelente al agua y limpie el exceso de líquido.</li>
		<li>Derretir la agarosa al 2% (disuelto en agua destilada H2O) en el microondas hasta que totalmente licuado, luego coloque una gota 50 de μl de agarosa entre las dos tiras de cinta adhesiva y cubrir rápidamente la gota con un portaobjetos de microscopio, que es perpendicular a las tiras de la diapositiva cinta. Después de la agarosa ha solidificado, formando una almohadilla circular debajo de la diapositiva, voltee la diapositiva y agregar 10-15 μl de azida de sodio 5mM (NaN3) en la almohadilla de agarosa. Nota: NaN3 es un inhibidor del citocromo C que cuando se utiliza en bajas concentraciones, anestesia reversible gusanos para que no se mueva durante la proyección de imagen.</li>
		<li>Recoger gusanos de la placa OP50 complementado con cDCFDA y transferirlas a una placa limpia de NGM sin cualquier OP50. Que los gusanos a mover durante unos segundos permitir que la mayoría de los OP50 a eliminarse de la superficie de los gusanos y luego se transfieren los gusanos a la almohadilla de agarosa que contiene azida de sodio 5 mM.</li>
		<li>Cubra inmediatamente la almohadilla de agarosa con un cubreobjetos. Asegúrese de colocar suavemente el cubreobjetos sin aplicar demasiada presión, ya que esto puede resultar en explosión de gusanos. Nota: Bacterias OP50 complementadas con cDCFDA fluorescencia cuando es visualizado por microscopía, por lo tanto es importante limpiar los gusanos lo mejor posible antes de colocar sobre la almohadilla de agarosa que contiene azida de sodio. Si preparando más de 6 cepas de C. elegans (incluyendo N2, control de tipo salvaje), es recomendable preparar las muestras en lotes de 6, con el fin de asegurar que los gusanos no seque sobre la almohadilla de agarosa. En algunas cepas, la vulva comienza a romperse después de largos períodos de tiempo debido a la presión de la hoja de cubierta, por lo que es importante planificar en consecuencia.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Microscopía confocal Nota: Algunos microscopios tienen una función incorporada que automáticamente aumenta la intensidad de fluorescencia para compensar niveles variables de fluorescencia. Estos microscopios pueden no funcionar bien para gusanos teñidas con cDCFDA, puesto que intrínsecamente aumentan la intensidad de fluorescencia de las muestras de la proyección de imagen.<ol>
<li>Realizar la proyección de imagen en un microscopio confocal estándar con longitudes de onda de excitación/emisión a 488/530 nm para cDCFDA. Solo plano imágenes (no Z-stacks) de lisosomas intestinales y utilizar sólo los lisosomas que se encuentran en foco (intensidad máxima) para la cuantificación de la intensidad. Nota: Tal vez debido a diferencias en la disponibilidad de tinte, lisosomas de las células intestinales directamente posteriores a la faringe mantienen cDCFDA tinción intensidad independientemente del genotipo o edad, por lo tanto debe tenerse cuidado para evitar imágenes de lisosomas de estas células.</li>
		<li>Imagen de la diapositiva que contiene 2 viejo tipo wild que N2 gusanos primero. Al hacerlo, ajustar los parámetros de proyección de imagen confocales como energía del laser, agujero de alfiler y apertura para garantizar que la cDCFDA intensidad de tinción no es sobresaturado. Nota: Una vez que estos ajustes se establecen, no cambiar para toda la duración de la proyección de imagen para ese día.</li>
		<li>Capturar imágenes de 1024 x 1024 píxeles de un solo plano del intestino (3 o 4 imágenes por gusano) usando un 60 X lente de aumento. Nota: El espectro de emisión de cDCFDA en gusanos producirá un solo pico prominente en 520 nm coincidiendo con su divulgado fluorescencia espectro20, proporcionando una lectura de la señal específica que es distinta de Autofluorescencia intestinal (figura 3).</li>
		<li>Exportar imagen confocal (ficheros .lsm) como archivos .tiff para cada canal.</li>
		<li>A continuación, abra ImageJ y haga clic en archivo | Abrir abrir el archivo de imagen para ser cuantificada. Una vez que se carga la imagen, utilice la herramienta de selección de forma ovalada en ImageJ para seleccionar una región de interés (ROI).</li>
		<li>Después de eso, haga clic en analizar | Medida para cuantificar la intensidad de la fluorescencia para ese retorno de la inversión. Seleccione 4 – 5 diferentes foco lisosomas por imagen y calcular la intensidad de fluorescencia relativa promedio de cada región de interés (ROI).</li>
		<li>Para cada imagen, medir la intensidad de la fluorescencia de fondo en una región del intestino entre lisosomas. Restar los valores de intensidad de fluorescencia de fondo de los valores de intensidad de fluorescencia lysosomal.</li>
		<li>En total, recogen alrededor de 30 a 50 valores normalizados individuales de intensidad cDCFDA (animales de 6 a 10) para cada cepa ensayada. Use estos valores para trazar un diagrama de caja y bigotes utilizando cualquier software estadístico apropiado. Nota: La coloración puede variar considerablemente dependiendo de factores como temperatura, tiempo de incubación y la salud general, edad de los animales que sólo son relevantes en proceso de muestras en el mismo experimento tinción comparaciones de intensidad de fluorescencia. Por lo tanto, es importante procesar controles en cada experimento de tinción. Calcular diferencias estadísticas (t-pruebas) utilizando cualquier software estadístico apropiado.</li>
		<li>Imagen todos las cepas del mismo experimento (teñido en el mismo día) en secuencia, teniendo cuidado de no para cambiar a cualquiera de los parámetros de la proyección de imagen.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>

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Los autores no declaran conflicto de intereses.

Una variedad de eventos celulares y moleculares que contribuyen al envejecimiento, influenciado por características de historia de vida y factores genéticos. Nuestro reciente estudio22 sugiere que el ciclo reproductivo juega un papel importante en el control de la aptitud del soma a través de la regulación de la dinámica de pH lisosomal. Hemos mostrado que proteolisis lisosomal mediada es promovido mientras que animales se reproducen activamente upregulation de la transcripción de la v-ATPas...

La aparición de agregados proteicos es ampliamente aceptada que un sello de envejecimiento en las células eucariotas1,2,3y la formación de los cuales se cree que entre los conductores de principio de senescencia celular4 , 5 , 6 , 7. Existe creciente evidencia que como células edad, catabolismo proteico se deteriora, provocando un aumento en la agregación de la proteína. El colapso de la proteólisis en el envejecimiento de las células conlleva una debilitación de la autofagia8 , así como de la degradación de proteínas mediada por proteasoma9. Finalmente, oxidación irreversible de la proteína aumenta en las células viejas, deteriorando aún más proteína catabolismo10.
Autofagia fue pensada inicialmente para ser un proceso no selectivo para la degradación de la mayor parte de proteínas dañadas, pero estudios recientes han indicado que la autofagia es altamente selectiva para el catabolismo de los agregados de proteínas y organelos disfuncionales que no son susceptibles a la degradación a través de otras proteínas separación mecanismos11. Durante el proceso de autofagia, proteínas dañadas y agregadas son secuestradas en una vesícula de membrana doble llamada el autophagosome. Este autophagosome entonces se funde con los ácidos organelos llamados lisosomas, que conduce a la degradación de la carga de autophagosome12. Lisosomas representan el punto final de la vía de la autofagia y participan en diversos procesos celulares tales como reparación de membrana, control transcripcional y detección de nutrientes; destacando su papel centralizado en la homeostasis celular (revisada en Ref. 13). Varios estudios han demostrado una asociación entre una disminución dependiente de la edad en la función lisosomal y de trastornos neurodegenerativos diversos13. Constantemente, restaurar la función lysosomal en células mayores puede retrasar la aparición de fenotipos relacionados con el envejecimiento14,15. Estudios de la composición del medio intralumen sugieren que el colapso de la función lysosomal en células mayores no es debido a una reducción en la producción de proteasas lisosomales16. Por otra parte, se ha propuesto que la pérdida de acidez produce, un requisito fundamental de su actividad enzimática, puede ser la base la disminución de la proteólisis mediada por el lisosoma17. Para poder explorar esta hipótesis, es esencial desarrollar los reactivos y protocolos para cambios dinámicos en pH lisosomal en células vivas de una manera coherente y replicable.
El intestino de C. elegans es el tejido metabólico importante en gusanos y es un regulador crítico de la homeostasis sistémica y la vida útil. Desarrollamos análisis para evaluar los cambios en la acidez del lumen intestinales lisosomas de gusanos para determinar cómo lisosoma-mediada de la proteólisis contribuye al envejecimiento. Aunque fluoróforos sensibles al pH han sido utilizados previamente en C. elegans para marcar lisosomas intestinales, sin embargo no ha habido un esfuerzo por establecer un protocolo exitoso que puede detectar pequeños incrementos en el pH lisosomal en vivo18. Presentamos un protocolo que puede utilizarse para detectar pérdida de acidez lisosomal de las células intestinales de C. elegans mediante un protocolo de alimentación sencillo y cómodo que incorpora un fluoróforo sensible al pH (cDCFDA) OP50 alimentos.

<table><tbody><tr><td>OP50 (&lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt;)</td><td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center</td><td></td><td>Order online at https://cgc.umn.edu/strain/OP50</td></tr><tr><td>5(6)-carboxy-2&amp;rsquo;,7&amp;rsquo;-dichlorofluorescein diacetate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>C369</td><td>Commonly known as cDCFDA</td></tr><tr><td>9-diethylamino-5H-benzo(a)phenoxazine-5-one and (3-{2-[(1H,1&#039;H-2,2&#039;-bipyrrol-5-yl-kappaN(1))methylidene]-2H-pyrrol-5-yl-kappaN}-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]propanamidato)(difluoro)boron</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>L7528</td><td>Commonly known as Lysotracker Red</td></tr><tr><td>Confocal microscope (e.g. Zeiss LSM 510)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ</td><td></td><td></td><td>Download for free from https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/download.html</td></tr><tr><td>LB Broth powder</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>22700041</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bacto Agar</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A5306-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S9888</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bacto Peptone</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S71604</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cholesterol powder</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C3045&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl2</td><td>Sigma</td><td>449709</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO4</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M7506</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>K3PO4</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P5629</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Azide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S2002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMSO</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D8418</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope Slides</td><td>VWR</td><td>48311-703</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cover Slips</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>3406</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A6013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Incubator</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror or other smooth flat surface</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

assessing lysosomal alkalinization in the intestine of live caenorhabditis elegans

El nematodo Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) es un modelo que es ampliamente utilizado para el estudio de longevidad y las vías de desarrollo. Tales estudios son facilitados por la transparencia de los animales, la capacidad de marcha adelante y atrás ensayos genéticos, la relativa facilidad de generar proteínas fluorescencia de etiquetado y el uso de tintes fluorescentes que tampoco puede ser microinyectados en el temprano embrión o incorporado en su alimento (e. coli cepa OP50) etiquetar organelos celulares (e.g. 9-dietilamino-5 H-benzo (a) fenoxazina-5-one y (3-{2-[(1H,1'H-2,2'-bipyrrol-5-yl-kappaN(1)) methylidene]-2 H-pyrrol-5-yl-kappaN} - N - [2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]propanamidato)(difluoro)boron). Aquí, presentamos el uso de un fluorescente tinte pH-sensible que tiñe lisosomas intestinales, proporcionando una lectura visual de los cambios dinámicas, fisiológicas en acidez lysosomal en gusanos vivos. Este protocolo no mide pH lisosomal, sino más bien tiene por objeto establecer un método confiable de evaluación fisiológicas variaciones relevantes en acidez lysosomal. cDCFDA es un compuesto celular florescente que es convertido a fluorescente fluoróforo 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (cDCF) al producirse la hidrólisis por esterasas intracelulares. Protonación dentro de lisosomas trampas cDCF en estos orgánulos, donde se acumula. Debido a su bajo pKa de 4.8, este colorante se ha utilizado como un sensor de pH en la levadura. Aquí describimos el uso de cDCFDA como suplemento del alimento para determinar la acidez de lisosomas intestinales en C. elegans. Esta técnica permite la detección de alcalinizantes lisosomas en animales vivos, y tiene una amplia gama de aplicaciones experimentales, incluyendo estudios sobre envejecimiento, autofagia y biogénesis lisosomal.

cDCFDA lisosomas tiñe de manera dependiente del pH y su pKa bajo y lista absorción en lisosomas es un sensor de pH ideal21. cDCFDA coloración de intensidad es inversamente proporcional al pH lisosomal (es decir, tinción intensidad los aumentos como disminuciones de pH)18,22. las señales cDCFDA son siempre débiles en los lisosomas de los animales tratados con 20 mM de la cloroquina, un inhibid...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.com

Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans

Una guía paso a paso para la pérdida de acidez lysosomal en el intestino de C. elegans con el colorante vital sensible a pH 6 - carboxi - 2', 7'-Diclorofluoresceína diacetato (cDCFDA)

Evaluación de alcalinización Lysosomal en el intestino de vivir Caenorhabditis elegans

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a model system that is widely used to study longevity and developmental pathways. Such studies are ...

assessing-lysosomal-alkalinization-intestine-live-caenorhabditis

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans

5.9K vistas.  University of Saskatchewan. Una guía paso a paso para la pérdida de acidez lysosomal en el intestino de C. elegans con el colorante vital sensible a pH 6 - carboxi - 2', 7'-Diclorofluoresceína diacetato (cDCFDA)

Video: Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans

Small-Scale Colorimetric Assays of Intracellular Lactate and Pyruvate in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Lactate and pyruvate are key intermediates of intracellular energy metabolic pathways. Monitoring the lactate/pyruvate ratio in cells helps to determine whether there is an imbalance in age-related energy metabolism between mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic glycolysis. Here, we show the utilization of commercial colorimetric assay kits for lactate and pyruvate in the model organism C. elegans. Recently, the sensitivity and accuracy of the colorimetric/fluorimetric assay kits have been improved greatly by the research and development conducted by reagent manufacturers. The improved reagents have enabled the use of small-scale assays with a 96-well plate in C. elegans. In general, a fluorimetric assay is superior in sensitivity to a colorimetric assay; however, the colorimetric approach is more suitable for the use in common laboratories. Another important issue in these assays for quantitative determination is protein precipitation of homogenized C. elegans samples. In our protein precipitation method, common precipitants (e.g., trichloroacetic acid, perchloric acid and metaphosphoric acid) are used for sample preparation. A protein-free assay sample is prepared by directly adding cold precipitant (final concentration of 5%) during homogenization.

Small-Scale Colorimetric Assays of Intracellular Lactate and Pyruvate in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

We describe a modified small-scale extraction and colorimetric assays of lactate and pyruvate in the nematode C. elegans. When utilizing commercial assay kits, the technical development of their sensitivity and accuracy is important. Protein precipitation in extraction is the most critical step for the quantitative determination of intracellular metabolites.

Análisis colorimétrico de lactato intracelular en pequeña escala y del piruvato en el nematodo Caenorhabditis elegans

Lactate and pyruvate are key intermediates of intracellular energy metabolic pathways. Monitoring the lactate/pyruvate ratio in cells helps to determine ...

Investigación

Bioquímica

The C. elegans Intestine As a Model for Intercellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis at the Single-cell Level: Labeling by Antibody Staining, RNAi Loss-of-function Analysis and Imaging

Multicellular tubes, fundamental units of all internal organs, are composed of polarized epithelial or endothelial cells, with apical membranes lining the lumen and basolateral membranes contacting each other and/or the extracellular matrix. How this distinctive membrane asymmetry is established and maintained during organ morphogenesis is still an unresolved question of cell biology. This protocol describes the C. elegans intestine as a&#160;model for the analysis of polarized membrane biogenesis during tube morphogenesis, with emphasis on apical membrane and lumen biogenesis. The C. elegans twenty-cell single-layered intestinal epithelium is arranged into a simple bilaterally symmetrical tube, permitting analysis on a single-cell level. Membrane polarization occurs concomitantly with polarized cell division and migration during early embryogenesis, but de novo polarized membrane biogenesis continues throughout larval growth, when cells no longer proliferate and move. The latter setting allows one to separate subcellular changes that simultaneously mediate these different polarizing processes, difficult to distinguish in most polarity models. Apical-, basolateral membrane-, junctional-, cytoskeletal- and endomembrane components can be labeled and tracked throughout development by GFP fusion proteins, or assessed by in situ antibody staining. Together with the organism&#39;s genetic versatility, the C. elegans intestine thus provides a unique in vivo model for the visual, developmental, and molecular genetic analysis of polarized membrane and tube biogenesis. The specific methods (all standard) described here include how to: label intestinal subcellular components by antibody staining; analyze genes involved in polarized membrane biogenesis by loss-of-function studies adapted to the typically essential tubulogenesis genes; assess polarity defects during different developmental stages; interpret phenotypes by epifluorescence, differential interference contrast (DIC) and confocal microscopy; quantify visual defects. This protocol can be adapted to analyze any of the often highly conserved molecules involved in epithelial polarity, membrane biogenesis, tube and lumen morphogenesis.

The C. elegans Intestine As a Model for Intercellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis at the Single-cell Level: Labeling by Antibody Staining, RNAi Loss-of-function Analy

The transparent C. elegans intestine can serve as an "in vivo tissue chamber" for studying apicobasal membrane and lumen biogenesis at the single-cell and subcellular level during multicellular tubulogenesis. This protocol describes how to combine standard labeling, loss-of-function genetic/RNAi and microscopic approaches to dissect these processes on a molecular level.

El intestino C. elegans como modelo una morfogénesis Lumen intercelular y En Vivo biogénesis de la membrana polarizada a nivel unicelular: etiquetado de anticuerpos, ARNi pérdida-de-función análisis y proyección de imagen de

Multicellular tubes, fundamental units of all internal organs, are composed of polarized epithelial or endothelial cells, with apical membranes lining the ...

Biología del Desarrollo

Biochemical and High Throughput Microscopic Assessment of Fat Mass in Caenorhabditis Elegans

The nematode C. elegans has emerged as an important model for the study of conserved genetic pathways regulating fat metabolism as it relates to human obesity and its associated pathologies. Several previous methodologies developed for the visualization of C. elegans triglyceride-rich fat stores have proven to be erroneous, highlighting cellular compartments other than lipid droplets. Other methods require specialized equipment, are time-consuming, or yield inconsistent results. We introduce a rapid, reproducible, fixative-based Nile red staining method for the accurate and rapid detection of neutral lipid droplets in C. elegans. A short fixation step in 40% isopropanol makes animals completely permeable to Nile red, which is then used to stain animals. Spectral properties of this lipophilic dye allow it to strongly and selectively fluoresce in the yellow-green spectrum only when in a lipid-rich environment, but not in more polar environments. Thus, lipid droplets can be visualized on a fluorescent microscope equipped with simple GFP imaging capability after only a brief Nile red staining step in isopropanol. The speed, affordability, and reproducibility of this protocol make it ideally suited for high throughput screens. We also demonstrate a paired method for the biochemical determination of triglycerides and phospholipids using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. This more rigorous protocol should be used as confirmation of results obtained from the Nile red microscopic lipid determination. We anticipate that these techniques will become new standards in the field of C. elegans metabolic research.

Biochemical and High Throughput Microscopic Assessment of Fat Mass in Caenorhabditis Elegans

We present robust biochemical and microscopic methods for studying Caenorhabditis elegans lipid stores. A rapid, simple, fixing-staining procedure for fluorescent lipid droplet imaging leverages the spectral properties of the lipophilic dye Nile red. We then present biochemical measurement of triglycerides and phospholipids using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Bioquímica y de Evaluación de Rendimiento microscópica de masa grasa en<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

The nematode C. elegans has emerged as an important  model for the study of conserved genetic pathways regulating fat metabolism as  it relates to human ...

Biología

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria and Chemicals on the Intestinal Permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans

In living organisms, intestinal hyperpermeability is a serious symptom that leads to many inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Caenorhabditis elegans is a nonmammalian animal model that is widely used as an assay system due to its short lifespan, transparency, cost-effectiveness, and lack of animal ethics issues. In this study, a method was developed to investigate the effects of different bacteria and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) on the intestinal permeability of C. elegans with a high-throughput image analysis system. The worms were infected with different gut bacteria or cotreated with DIM for 48 h and fed with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran overnight. Then, the intestinal permeability was examined by comparing the fluorescence images and the fluorescence intensity inside the worm bodies. This method may also have the potential to identify probiotic and pathogenic intestinal bacteria that affect intestinal permeability in the animal model and is effective for examining the effects of harmful or health-promoting chemicals on intestinal permeability and intestinal health. However, this protocol also has some considerable limitations at the genetic level, especially for determining which genes are altered to control illness, because this method is mostly used for phenotypic determination. In addition, this method is limited to determining exactly which pathogenic substrates cause inflammation or increase the permeability of the worms' intestines during infection. Therefore, further in-depth studies, including investigation of the molecular genetic mechanism using mutant bacteria and nematodes as well as chemical component analysis of bacteria, are required to fully evaluate the function of bacteria and chemicals in determining intestinal permeability.

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria and Chemicals on the Intestinal Permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans

This protocol describes how to measure intestinal permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans. This method is helpful for basic biological research on intestinal health related to the interaction between intestinal bacteria and their host and for screening to identify probiotic and chemical agents to cure leaky gut syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Medición de los efectos de las bacterias y los productos químicos en la permeabilidad intestinal de los ceganes

In living organisms, intestinal hyperpermeability is a serious symptom that leads to many inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Caenorhabditis elegans is a ...

Medicina

In vivo Assessment of Microtubule Dynamics and Orientation in Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons

In neurons, microtubule orientation has been a key assessor to identify axons that have plus-end out microtubules and dendrites that generally have mixed orientation. Here we describe methods to label, image, and analyze the microtubule dynamics and growth during the development and regeneration of touch neurons in C. elegans. Using genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of microtubule tips, we imaged the axonal microtubules. The local changes in microtubule behavior that initiates axon regeneration following axotomy can be quantified using this protocol. This assay is adaptable to other neurons and genetic backgrounds to investigate the regulation of microtubule dynamics in various cellular processes.

In vivo Assessment of Microtubule Dynamics and Orientation in Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons

A protocol for imaging the dynamic microtubules in vivo using fluorescently labeled End binding protein has been presented. We described the methods to label, image, and analyze the dynamic microtubules in the Posterior lateral microtubule (PLM) neuron of C. elegans.

In vivo Evaluación de la dinámica y orientación de los microtúbulos en las neuronas caenorhabditis elegans

In neurons, microtubule orientation has been a key assessor to identify axons that have plus-end out microtubules and dendrites that generally have mixed ...

Neurociencias

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age are significant public health burdens. We currently understand little about the genetic regulation of muscle health with disease or age. The nematode C. elegans is an established model for understanding the genomic regulation of biological processes of interest. This worm&#8217;s body wall muscles display a large degree of homology with the muscles of higher metazoan species. Since C. elegans is a transparent organism, the localization of GFP to mitochondria and sarcomeres allows visualization of these structures in vivo. Similarly, feeding animals cationic dyes, which accumulate based on the existence of a mitochondrial membrane potential, allows the assessment of mitochondrial function in vivo. These methods, as well as assessment of muscle protein homeostasis, are combined with assessment of whole animal muscle function, in the form of movement assays, to allow correlation of sub-cellular defects with functional measures of muscle performance. Thus, C. elegans provides a powerful platform with which to assess the impact of mutations, gene knockdown, and/or chemical compounds upon muscle structure and function. Lastly, as GFP, cationic dyes, and movement assays are assessed non-invasively, prospective studies of muscle structure and function can be conducted across the whole life course and this at present cannot be easily investigated in vivo in any other organism.

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Skeletal muscle is essential for locomotion and is the bodies&#8217; main protein store. Muscle health measurements within C. elegans are described. Prospective changes to muscle structure and function are assessed using localized GFP and cationic dyes.

Métodos para evaluar subcelulares compartimentos de músculo en<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age ...

Quantification of Lipid Abundance and Evaluation of Lipid Distribution in Caenorhabditis elegans by Nile Red and Oil Red O Staining

Caenorhabditis elegans is an exceptional model organism in which to study lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Many of its lipid genes are conserved in humans and are associated with metabolic syndrome or other diseases. Examination of lipid accumulation in this organism can be carried out by fixative dyes or label-free methods. Fixative stains like Nile red and oil red O are inexpensive, reliable ways to quantitatively measure lipid levels and to qualitatively observe lipid distribution across tissues, respectively. Moreover, these stains allow for high-throughput screening of various lipid metabolism genes and pathways. Additionally, their hydrophobic nature facilitates lipid solubility, reduces interaction with surrounding tissues, and prevents dissociation into the solvent. Though these methods are effective at examining general lipid content, they do not provide detailed information about the chemical composition and diversity of lipid deposits. For these purposes, label-free methods such as GC-MS and CARS microscopy are better suited, their costs notwithstanding.

Quantification of Lipid Abundance and Evaluation of Lipid Distribution in Caenorhabditis elegans by Nile Red and Oil Red O Staining

Nile red staining of fixed Caenorhabditis elegans is a method for quantitative measurement of neutral lipid deposits, while oil red O staining facilitates qualitative assessment of lipid distribution among tissues.

Cuantificación de lípidos abundancia y evaluación de la distribución de lípidos en Caenorhabditis elegans por Nilo rojo y aceite rojo O manchas

Caenorhabditis elegans is an exceptional model organism in which to study lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Many of its lipid genes are conserved ...

Label-Free Imaging of Lipid Storage Dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans using Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy

Lipid metabolism is a fundamental physiological process necessary for cellular and organism health. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism often elicits obesity and many associated diseases including cardiovascular disorders, type II diabetes, and cancer. To advance the current understanding of lipid metabolic regulation, quantitative methods to precisely measure in vivo lipid storage levels in time and space have become increasingly important and useful. Traditional approaches to analyze lipid storage are semi-quantitative for microscopic assessment or lacking spatio-temporal information for biochemical measurement. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a label-free chemical imaging technology that enables rapid and quantitative detection of lipids in live cells with a subcellular resolution. As the contrast is exploited from intrinsic molecular vibrations, SRS microscopy also permits four-dimensional tracking of lipids in live animals. In the last decade, SRS microscopy has been widely used for small molecule imaging in biomedical research and overcome the major limitations of conventional fluorescent staining and lipid extraction methods. In the laboratory, we have combined SRS microscopy with the genetic and biochemical tools available to the powerful model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, to investigate the distribution and heterogeneity of lipid droplets across different cells and tissues and ultimately to discover novel conserved signaling pathways that modulate lipid metabolism. Here, we present the working principles and the detailed setup of the SRS microscope and provide methods for its use in quantifying lipid storage at distinct developmental timepoints of wild-type and insulin signaling deficient mutant C. elegans.

Label-Free Imaging of Lipid Storage Dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans using Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy allows selective, label-free imaging of specific chemical moieties and it has been effectively employed to image lipid molecules in vivo. Here, we provide a brief introduction to the principle of SRS microscopy and describe methods for its use in imaging lipid storage in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Imágenes Libres De Etiquetas De La Dinámica De Almacenamiento De Lípidos En Caenorhabditis elegans Usando Microscopía De Dispersión Raman Estimulada

Lipid metabolism is a fundamental physiological process necessary for cellular and organism health. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism often elicits ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Evaluación del metabolismo y el patrón de envejecimiento en Caenorhabditis elegans

Using Low-Cost Dyes to Visualize Glycogen Accumulation and Gut Integrity in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a transparent, non-parasitic nematode with a simple biology, which makes it a great tool for biological sciences teaching through the staining of the cells or their molecular content. Lugol dye (iodine-potassium iodide solution) has been widely used in biochemistry to stain glycogen stores. In this context, it is possible to observe differences between fed and starved animals, besides the effects of different conditions, such as different diets and oxygen levels. Erioglaucine is a blue dye that indicates the loss of the intestinal barrier. When the intestinal barrier is intact, the blue dye stains inside the lumen; however, when this integrity is disrupted, the dye leaks into the body cavity. Using a stereomicroscope or a microscope, teachers can demonstrate physiological and biochemical alterations, or they can instigate students to ask a scientific question and hypothesize and test their hypothesis using these assays. The present protocol describes two staining techniques in C. elegans that can be easily carried out by students.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor destacado: Explorando los procesos metabólicos y de envejecimiento en C. elegans utilizando ensayos de bajo costo y alto impacto

Teaching biological sciences can be made more stimulating for students through the use of experimentation. This manuscript presents two different yet complementary protocols that can be utilized in the classroom to encourage students to formulate and test hypotheses related to high-calorie diets, starvation, and aging.

Uso de tintes de bajo costo para visualizar la acumulación de glucógeno y la integridad intestinal en Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a transparent, non-parasitic nematode with a simple biology, which makes it a great tool for biological sciences ...

Evaluación de alcalinización Lysosomal en el intestino de vivir Caenorhabditis elegans

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