Name: informatic analysis of sequence data from batch yeast 2-hybrid screens
Uploaded: 2018-06-28T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Informatic Analysis of Sequence Data from Batch Yeast 2-Hybrid Screens at JoVE.com

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health: NIH R21 EB021870-01A1 and by NSF Research Project Grant: 1517110.

1. Mapping Fastq Files
NOTE: DEEPN software as well as many bioinformatics programs use DNA sequence data wherein each sequence read has been mapped for its position in reference DNA. A variety of mapping programs can be used for this including the MAPster interface here that uses the HISTAT2 program to produce .sam files used in subsequent steps.
<ol>
	<li>Map the sequence data to the correct version of the genome. For Y2H libraries of mouse origin, use the UCSC mm10 genome; for those using...

<ol>
	<li>Fields, S., Song, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+genetic+system+to+detect+protein-protein+interactions.">A novel genetic system to detect protein-protein interactions.</a> Nature. 340 (6230), 245-246 (1989).</li><li>Rajagopala, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+Protein-Protein+Interactome+Networks+Using+Yeast+Two-Hybrid+Screens.">Mapping the Protein-Protein Interactome Networks Using Yeast Two-Hybrid Screens.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 883, 187-214 (2015).</li><li>Weimann, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Y2H-seq+approach+defines+the+human+protein+methyltransferase+interactome.">A Y2H-seq approach defines the human protein methyltransferase interactome.</a> Nature Methods. 10 (4), 339-342 (2013).</li><li>Yachie, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pooled-matrix+protein+interaction+screens+using+Barcode+Fusion+Genetics.">Pooled-matrix protein interaction screens using Barcode Fusion Genetics.</a> Molecular Systems Biology. 12 (4), 863 (2016).</li><li>Trigg, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CrY2H-seq:+a+massively+multiplexed+assay+for+deep-coverage+interactome+mapping.">CrY2H-seq: a massively multiplexed assay for deep-coverage interactome mapping.</a> Nature Methods. , (2017).</li><li>Pashkova, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DEEPN+as+an+Approach+for+Batch+Processing+of+Yeast+2-Hybrid+Interactions.">DEEPN as an Approach for Batch Processing of Yeast 2-Hybrid Interactions.</a> Cell Reports. 17 (1), 303-315 (2016).</li><li>Kim, D., Langmead, B., Salzberg, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HISAT:+a+fast+spliced+aligner+with+low+memory+requirements.">HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements.</a> Nature Methods. 12 (4), 357-360 (2015).</li><li>Reinert, K., Langmead, B., Weese, D., Evers, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alignment+of+Next-Generation+Sequencing+Reads.">Alignment of Next-Generation Sequencing Reads.</a> Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 16, 133-151 (2015).</li><li>Pertea, M., Kim, D., Pertea, G. M., Leek, J. T., Salzberg, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcript-level+expression+analysis+of+RNA-seq+experiments+with+HISAT,+StringTie+and+Ballgown.">Transcript-level expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with HISAT, StringTie and Ballgown.</a> Nature Protocols. 11 (9), 1650-1667 (2016).</li><li>Conesa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+survey+of+best+practices+for+RNA-seq+data+analysis.">A survey of best practices for RNA-seq data analysis.</a> Genome Biology. 17, 13 (2016).</li></ol>

The software suite described here allows one to completely process and analyze high throughput DNA sequencing data from a DEEPN experiment. The first program used is MAPster, which takes the DNA sequence reads in standard fastq files and maps their position onto a reference DNA for downstream processing by a whole host of informatics programs including the DEEPN software. The utility of the MAPster interface and its ability to queue multiple jobs, combine input files, coveniently name output files, coupled with the speed...

One approach to discover protein interactions is the yeast 2-hybrid (Y2H) assay, which exploits engineered yeast cells that grow only when a protein of interest binds to a fragment of an interacting partner1. Detection of multiple Y2H interactions can now be done with the help of massive parallel high-throughput sequencing. Several formats have been described2,3,4,5 including one that we developed where populations are grown in batch under conditions that select for yeast containing plasmids that produce a positive Y2H interaction6. The workflow we developed, termed DEEPN (Dynamic Enrichment for Evaluation of Protein Networks), identifies differential interactomes from the same prey libraries to identify proteins that interact with one protein (or domain) vs. another protein or a conformationally distinct mutant domain. One of the major steps in this workflow is proper processing and analysis of the DNA sequencing data. Some information can be gleaned by just counting the number of reads for each gene both before and after selection of Y2H interactions in a fashion analogous to an RNA-seq experiment. However, much more in-depth information can be extracted from these datasets including information on the subdomain of a given protein that is capable of producing a Y2H interaction. In addition, whereas the DEEPN approach is valuable, analyzing many sample replicates can be cumbersome and expensive. This problem is alleviated by using a statistical model that was developed specifically for DEEPN datasets where the number of replicates is limited6. To make processing and analysis of DNA sequencing datasets reliable, complete, robust, and accessible for investigators without bioinformatics expertise, we developed a suite of software programs that cover all steps of analysis.
This suite of stand alone software programs that run on desktop computers includes MAPster, DEEPN, and Stat_Maker. MAPster is a graphic user interface that allows each fastq file queued for mapping to the genome using the HISAT2 program7, producing a standard .sam file for use in downstream applications. DEEPN has several modules. It assigns and counts reads corresponding to particular gene similar to an RNA-seq type quantification using the module &#39;Gene Count&#39;. It also extracts the sequences corresponding to the junction between the Gal4 transcriptional domain and the prey sequence and collates the position of those junctions to allow their inspection by comparative tables and graphs (using the module &#39;Junction_Make&#39;) The module &#39;Blast_Query&#39; allows easy inspection, quantitation, and comparison of the junction Gal4 junction sequences. Stat_Maker evaluates the reads per gene enrichment data statistically as a way of prioritizing likely Y2H hits. Here, we describe how to use these software programs and to fully analyze the DNA sequence data from a DEEPN Y2H experiment. Versions of DEEPN are available to run on PC, Mac, and Linux systems. Other programs, such as the mapping program MAPster and the DEEPN statistics module Stat_Maker rely on subroutines that run under Unix and are available only on Mac and linux systems.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Mapster</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://github.com/emptyewer/MAPster/releases</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DEEPN software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://github.com/emptyewer/DEEPN/releases</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Statmaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://github.com/emptyewer/DEEPN/releases</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum computer system</td>
			<td>Apple</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mac Intel Core i5 or better</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>4 Gb RAM or better</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>500 Gb Disk spce or better</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OS 10.10 or higher</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Intel i5-7400 or better</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>4 Gb RAM or better</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>500 Gb Disk spce or better</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Windows 7 or higher</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

informatic analysis of sequence data from batch yeast 2-hybrid screens

We have adapted the yeast 2-hybrid assay to simultaneously uncover dozens of transient and static protein interactions within a single screen utilizing high-throughput short-read DNA sequencing. The resulting sequence datasets can not only track what genes in a population that are enriched during selection for positive yeast 2-hybrid interactions, but also give detailed information about the relevant subdomains of proteins sufficient for interaction. Here, we describe a full suite of stand-alone software programs that allow non-experts to perform all the bioinformatics and statistical steps to process and analyze DNA sequence fastq files from a batch yeast 2-hybrid assay. The processing steps covered by these software include: 1) mapping and counting sequence reads corresponding to each candidate protein encoded within a yeast 2-hybrid prey library; 2) a statistical analysis program that evaluates the enrichment profiles; and 3) tools to examine the translational frame and position within the coding region of each enriched plasmid that encodes the interacting proteins of interest.

Mapping fastq data: the first step 
In practically all NGS applications including DEEPN the initial output is a file of short sequence reads that must be mapped by alignment to genomic, transcriptomic, or other reference DNA8. Recently, the HISAT2 alignment program was developed that uses state-of-the-art indexing algorithms to dramatically increase the mapping speed7,9. HISAT2 runs ef...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Informatic Analysis of Sequence Data from Batch Yeast 2-Hybrid Screens at JoVE.com

Informatic Analysis of Sequence Data from Batch Yeast 2-Hybrid Screens

Deep sequencing of yeast populations selected for positive yeast 2-hybrid interactions potentially yields a wealth of information about interacting partner proteins. Here, we describe the operation of specific bioinformatics tools and customized updated software to analyze sequence data from such screens.

We have adapted the yeast 2-hybrid assay to simultaneously uncover dozens of transient and static protein interactions within a single screen utilizing ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Conjugative Mating Assays for Sequence-specific Analysis of Transfer Proteins Involved in Bacterial Conjugation

The transfer of genetic material by bacterial conjugation is a process that takes place via complexes formed by specific transfer proteins. In Escherichia ...

Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project

Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project

Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized the nature of biological investigation. Of these, RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) has emerged ...

Bidirectional Retroviral Integration Site PCR Methodology and Quantitative Data Analysis Workflow

Integration Site (IS) assays are a critical component of the study of retroviral integration sites and their biological significance. In recent retroviral ...

Sample Preparation and Analysis of RNASeq-based Gene Expression Data from Zebrafish

The analysis of global gene expression changes is a valuable tool for identifying novel pathways underlying observed phenotypes. The zebrafish is an ...

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (smFISH) Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization smFISH Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful technique to study gene expression in single cells due to its ability to detect ...

Mating-based Overexpression Library Screening in Yeast

Budding yeast has been widely used as a model in studying proteins associated with human diseases. Genome-wide genetic screening is a powerful tool ...

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Subtractive genomics can be used in any research where the goal is to identify the sequence of a gene, protein, or general region that is embedded in a ...

Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences

Identifying the sets of transcription factors (TFs) that regulate each human gene is a daunting task that requires integrating numerous experimental and ...

Exploring Sequence Space to Identify Binding Sites for Regulatory RNA-Binding Proteins

Gene regulation plays an important role in all cells. Transcriptional, post-transcriptional (or RNA processing), translational, and post-translational ...

Pooled CRISPR-Based Genetic Screens in Mammalian Cells

Genome editing using the CRISPR-Cas system has vastly advanced the ability to precisely edit the genomes of various organisms. In the context of mammalian ...