Name: veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a mouse
Uploaded: 2018-10-24T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Mouse at JoVE.com

This project was supported by KFO 311 Grant from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

Experiments were performed on male C57BL/6 mice, aged 12 weeks. This study was conducted in compliance with guidelines of the German Animal Law under Protocol TSA 16/2250.
1. Materials Preparation
NOTE: All steps are performed under clean, non-sterile conditions.&#160;Sterile conditions would be required if animal is to be survived postoperatively.
<ol>
	<li>Introduce 3 fenestrations into a 2-Fr polyurethane tube using a surgical blade under a microscope with 16X ...

<ol>
	<li>Hill, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+Extracorporeal+Oxygenation+for+Acute+Post-Traumatic+Respiratory+Failure+(Shock-Lung+Syndrome).">Prolonged Extracorporeal Oxygenation for Acute Post-Traumatic Respiratory Failure (Shock-Lung Syndrome).</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 286 (12), 629-634 (1972).</li><li>Noah, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Referral+to+an+Extracorporeal+Membrane+Oxygenation+Center+and+Mortality+Among+Patients+With+Severe+2009+Influenza+A(H1N1).">Referral to an Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Center and Mortality Among Patients With Severe 2009 Influenza A(H1N1).</a> Journal of the American Medical Association. 306 (15), 1659 (2011).</li><li>Maslach-Hubbard, A., Bratton, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracorporeal+membrane+oxygenation+for+pediatric+respiratory+failure:+History,+development+and+current+status.">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric respiratory failure: History, development and current status.</a> World Journal of Critical. Care Medicine. 2 (4), 29-39 (2013).</li><li>Langer, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term="Awake"+extracorporeal+membrane+oxygenation+(ECMO):+pathophysiology,+technical+considerations,+and+clinical+pioneering.">"Awake" extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): pathophysiology, technical considerations, and clinical pioneering.</a> Critical Care. 20 (1), 150 (2016).</li><li>Esper, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracorporeal+Membrane+Oxygenation.">Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.</a> Advances in Anesthesia. 35 (1), 119-143 (2017).</li><li>Millar, J. E., Fanning, J. P., McDonald, C. I., McAuley, D. F., Fraser, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+inflammatory+response+to+extracorporeal+membrane+oxygenation+(ECMO):+a+review+of+the+pathophysiology.">The inflammatory response to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): a review of the pathophysiology.</a> Critical Care. 20 (1), 387 (2016).</li><li>Lubnow, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technical+complications+during+veno-venous+extracorporeal+membrane+oxygenation+and+their+relevance+predicting+a+system-exchange--retrospective+analysis+of+265+cases.">Technical complications during veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and their relevance predicting a system-exchange--retrospective analysis of 265 cases.</a> Public Library of Science One. 9 (12), e112316 (2014).</li><li>Passmore, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation+and+lung+injury+in+an+ovine+model+of+extracorporeal+membrane+oxygenation+support.">Inflammation and lung injury in an ovine model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support.</a> American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 311 (6), L1202-L1212 (2016).</li><li>Vaquer, S., de Haro, C., Peruga, P., Oliva, J. C., Artigas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+complications+and+mortality+of+veno-venous+extracorporeal+membrane+oxygenation+for+refractory+acute+respiratory+distress+syndrome.">Systematic review and meta-analysis of complications and mortality of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome.</a> Annals of Intensive Care. 7 (1), 51 (2017).</li><li>Houser, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+Models+of+Heart+Failure+A+Scientific+Statement+From+the+American+Heart+Association.">Animal Models of Heart Failure A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation Research. 111 (1), 131-150 (2012).</li><li>Russell, J. C., Proctor, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+animal+models+of+cardiovascular+disease:+tools+for+the+study+of+the+roles+of+metabolic+syndrome,+dyslipidemia,+and+atherosclerosis.">Small animal models of cardiovascular disease: tools for the study of the roles of metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis.</a> Cardiovascular Pathology. 15 (6), 318-330 (2006).</li><li>Madrahimov, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+mouse+model+of+cardiopulmonary+bypass.">Novel mouse model of cardiopulmonary bypass.</a> European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 53 (1), 186-193 (2017).</li><li>Madrahimov, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiopulmonary+Bypass+in+a+Mouse+Model:+A+Novel+Approach.">Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Mouse Model: A Novel Approach.</a> J. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (127), (2017).</li></ol>

Previously, we described a successful model of CPB in a mouse12,13. To implement such a model for acute or end-stage lung disorders we developed an easy-to-use veno-venous ECMO circuit for mice. Different to the CPB model, veno-venous ECMO does not require complicated surgical procedures such as sternotomy and clamping of the aorta, thus reducing the risk of wound bleeding in a fully heparinized animal. To avoid embolization of the oxygenator with blood clots, 2....

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a temporary life support system that takes over functions of the lungs and heart to allow adequate gas exchange and perfusion. Hill et al1 described the first use of ECMO in patients in 1972; however, it only became widely used after its successful application during the H1N1 influenza pandemic in 20092. Today, ECMO is routinely used as a lifesaving procedure in end-stage heart and lung diseases3. Veno-venous ECMO is increasingly employed as an alternative to invasive mechanical ventilation in awake, non-intubated, spontaneously breathing patients with refractory respiratory failure4.
Despite its widespread adoption, diverse complications have been reported for ECMO5,6,7. Complications that can be experienced by patients on ECMO include bleeding, thrombosis, sepsis, thrombocytopenia, device-related malfunctions, and air embolism. Moreover, a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) resulting in multi-organ damage is well-described both clinically and in experimental studies8,9. Neurological complications such as brain infarction are also frequently reported in patients undergoing long-term ECMO therapy. To confuse matters, it is often difficult to distinguish whether complications are caused by ECMO itself or arise from the underlying disorders accompanying acute and end-stage diseases.
To specifically study the effects of ECMO on a healthy organism, a reliable experimental animal model must be established. There are very few reports on performance of ECMO on small animals and are all limited to rats. To date, no mouse model of ECMO has been described in the literature. Due to the availability of a large number of genetically modified mouse strains, establishment of a mouse ECMO model would allow further investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in ECMO-related complications10,11.
Based on our previously described murine model of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)12, we have developed a stable method of veno-venous ECMO in non-intubated, spontaneously breathing mice. The ECMO circuit (Figure 1), containing outflow and inflow cannulas, a peristaltic pump, oxygenator, and air-trapping reservoir, is similar to our previously described model of murine CPB12 with the exception of having a smaller priming volume (0.5 mL). This protocol demonstrates the detailed techniques, physiological monitoring, and blood gas analysis involved in a successful ECMO procedure.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterofundin</td>
			<td>B.Braun Petzold GmbH</td>
			<td>PZN:8609189</td>
			<td>in 1:1 with Tetraspan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetraspan 6% Solution</td>
			<td>B. Braun Melsungen AG</td>
			<td>PZN: 05565416</td>
			<td>in 1:1 with Sterofundin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin Natrium 25.000</td>
			<td>Ratiopharm GmbH</td>
			<td>PZN: 3029843</td>
			<td>2,5 IU per ml of priming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3 8,4% Solution</td>
			<td>B. Braun Melsungen AG</td>
			<td>PZN: 1579775</td>
			<td>3% in priming solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen</td>
			<td>Zoetis Inc., USA</td>
			<td>PZN:00289615</td>
			<td>5mg/kg/BW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 Fr PU Catheter</td>
			<td>Instechlabs INC., USA</td>
			<td>C10PU-MCA1301</td>
			<td>carotide artery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 Fr PU Catheter</td>
			<td>Instechlabs INC., USA</td>
			<td>C20PU-MJV1302</td>
			<td>jugular vein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-0 Silk suture braided</td>
			<td>Ashaway Line &#38; Twine Co., USA</td>
			<td>75290</td>
			<td>ligature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Piramal Critical Care GmbH</td>
			<td>PZN:9714675</td>
			<td>narcosis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring Scissors - 6mm Blades</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools GmbH</td>
			<td>15020-15</td>
			<td>instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring Scissors - 2mm Blades</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools GmbH</td>
			<td>15000-03</td>
			<td>instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halsted-Mosquito Hemostat</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools GmbH</td>
			<td>13009-12</td>
			<td>instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #55 Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools GmbH</td>
			<td>11295-51</td>
			<td>instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Castroviejo Micro Needle Holder - 9cm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools GmbH</td>
			<td>12060-02</td>
			<td>instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Serrefines</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools GmbH</td>
			<td>18555-01</td>
			<td>instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bulldog Serrefine</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools GmbH</td>
			<td>18050-28</td>
			<td>instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane Vaporizer Drager 19.1</td>
			<td>Dr&#228;gerwerk AG &#38; Co. KGaA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>anesthesia 1,3 -2,5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel Data Aquisition Device with ISOHEART Software</td>
			<td>Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>invasive pressure, ECG, t &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>i-STAT portable device</td>
			<td>Abbott Laboratories, Lake Bluff, Illinois, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>blood gas analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>i-STAT CG4+ and CG8+ cartridges</td>
			<td>Abbott Laboratories, Lake Bluff, Illinois, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>blood gas analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57Bl/6 mice, male, 30 g, 14 weeks old</td>
			<td>Charles River Laboratories</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>housed 1 week before</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a mouse

The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has increased substantially in recent years. ECMO has become a reliable and effective therapy for acute as well as end-stage lung diseases. With the increase in clinical demand and prolonged use of ECMO, procedural optimization and prevention of multi-organ damage are of critical importance. The aim of this protocol is to present a detailed technique of veno-venous ECMO in a non-intubated, spontaneously breathing mouse. This protocol demonstrates the technical design of the ECMO and surgical steps. This murine ECMO model will facilitate the study of pathophysiology related to ECMO (e.g., inflammation,bleeding and thromboembolic events). Due to the abundance of genetically modified mice, the molecular mechanisms involved in ECMO-related complications can also be dissected.

This protocol describes the method of veno-venous ECMO in a mouse. This model is reliable and reproducible, and compared to our previously described model of CPB with respiratory and circulatory arrest12,13, it is less technically demanding to establish.
ECMO flow in the venous system was maintained between 1.5 and 5 mL/min. The mean arterial pressure was kept between 70...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Mouse at JoVE.com

Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Mouse

Here we present a protocol describing the technique of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in a non-intubated, spontaneously breathing mouse. This murine model of ECMO can be effectively implemented in experimental studies of acute and end-stage lung diseases.

The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has increased substantially in recent years. ECMO has become a reliable and effective therapy for ...

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