This work was supported by internal funds of the Department of Neurosurgery, Brown University to N.T.

The protocols for collection, isolation, and propagation of patient-derived human glioma cells were approved by the IRB committee of Rhode Island Hospital. All animals were maintained according to the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. All animal use protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Rhode Island Hospital.
1. Media and buffer preparations
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 50 mL of Neurosphere Media: 1x Neuronal basal medium w/o vitamin A, 1x ser...

<ol>
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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+radio-+and+chemotherapy+in+glioblastoma.">The role of radio- and chemotherapy in glioblastoma.</a> Onkologie. 28 (6-7), 315-317 (2005).</li><li>Wick, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathway+inhibition:+emerging+molecular+targets+for+treating+glioblastoma.">Pathway inhibition: emerging molecular targets for treating glioblastoma.</a> Neuro-Oncology. 13 (6), 566-579 (2011).</li><li>Friedl, P., Wolf, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour-cell+invasion+and+migration:+diversity+and+escape+mechanisms.">Tumour-cell invasion and migration: diversity and escape mechanisms.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 3 (5), 362-374 (2003).</li><li>Lee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+stem+cells+derived+from+glioblastomas+cultured+in+bFGF+and+EGF+more+closely+mirror+the+phenotype+and+genotype+of+primary+tumors+than+do+serum-cultured+cell+lines.">Tumor stem cells derived from glioblastomas cultured in bFGF and EGF more closely mirror the phenotype and genotype of primary tumors than do serum-cultured cell lines.</a> Cancer Cell. 9 (5), 391-403 (2006).</li><li>Visvader, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cells+of+origin+in+cancer.">Cells of origin in cancer.</a> Nature. 469 (7330), 314-322 (2011).</li><li>Morshead, C. M., van der Kooy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disguising+adult+neural+stem+cells.">Disguising adult neural stem cells.</a> Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 14 (1), 125-131 (2004).</li><li>Sanai, N., Alvarez-Buylla, A., Berger, M. 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S., Lannutti, J. J., Viapiano, M. S., Sarkar, A., Winter, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+3D+biomimetic+models+to+understand+the+behavior+of+glioblastoma+multiforme+cells.">Toward 3D biomimetic models to understand the behavior of glioblastoma multiforme cells.</a> Tissue Engineering Part B Reviews. 20 (4), 314-327 (2014).</li><li>Windebank, A. J., Wood, P., Bunge, R. P., Dyck, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelination+determines+the+caliber+of+dorsal+root+ganglion+neurons+in+culture.">Myelination determines the caliber of dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 5 (6), 1563-1569 (1985).</li><li>Wood, P. 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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NGF+controls+axonal+receptivity+to+myelination+by+Schwann+cells+or+oligodendrocytes.">NGF controls axonal receptivity to myelination by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes.</a> Neuron. 43 (2), 183-191 (2004).</li><li>Dugas, J. C., Tai, Y. C., Speed, T. P., Ngai, J., Barres, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+genomic+analysis+of+oligodendrocyte+differentiation.">Functional genomic analysis of oligodendrocyte differentiation.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (43), 10967-10983 (2006).</li><li>Ruffini, F., Arbour, N., Blain, M., Olivier, A., Antel, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinctive+properties+of+human+adult+brain-derived+myelin+progenitor+cells.">Distinctive properties of human adult brain-derived myelin progenitor cells.</a> American Journal of Pathology. 165 (6), 2167-2175 (2004).</li><li>Zepecki, J. P., Snyder, K. M., Moreno, M. M., Fajardo, E., Fiser, A., Ness, J., Sarkar, A., Toms, S. A., Tapinos, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+human+glioma+cell+migration,+tumor+growth,+and+stemness+gene+expression+using+a+Lck+targeted+inhibitor.">Regulation of human glioma cell migration, tumor growth, and stemness gene expression using a Lck targeted inhibitor.</a> Oncogene. 38, 1734-1750 (2018).</li><li>Chen, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Boyden+chamber+assay.">Boyden chamber assay.</a> Methods in Molecular Bioliogy. 294, 15-22 (2005).</li><li>Merz, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organotypic+slice+cultures+of+human+glioblastoma+reveal+different+susceptibilities+to+treatments.">Organotypic slice cultures of human glioblastoma reveal different susceptibilities to treatments.</a> Neuro-Oncology. 15 (6), 670-681 (2013).</li><li>Singh, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+human+brain+tumour+initiating+cells.">Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells.</a> Nature. 432 (7015), 396-401 (2004).</li><li>Aubert, M., Badoual, M., Christov, C., Grammaticos, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+for+glioma+cell+migration+on+collagen+and+astrocytes.">A model for glioma cell migration on collagen and astrocytes.</a> Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 5 (18), 75-83 (2008).</li><li>Jia, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+three-dimensional+collagen+scaffolds+on+the+expression+profiles+and+biological+functions+of+glioma+cells.">Effects of three-dimensional collagen scaffolds on the expression profiles and biological functions of glioma cells.</a> International Journal of Oncology. 52 (6), 1787-1800 (2018).</li><li>Kaphle, P., Li, Y., Yao, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanical+and+pharmacological+regulation+of+glioblastoma+cell+migration+in+3D+matrices.">The mechanical and pharmacological regulation of glioblastoma cell migration in 3D matrices.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. 234 (4), 3948-3960 (2019).</li><li>Gritsenko, P., Leenders, W., Friedl, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recapitulating+in+vivo-like+plasticity+of+glioma+cell+invasion+along+blood+vessels+and+in+astrocyte-rich+stroma.">Recapitulating in vivo-like plasticity of glioma cell invasion along blood vessels and in astrocyte-rich stroma.</a> Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 148 (4), 395-406 (2017).</li><li>Gritsenko, P. G., Friedl, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+adhesion+systems+mediate+glioma+cell+invasion+in+complex+environments.">Adaptive adhesion systems mediate glioma cell invasion in complex environments.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 131 (15), (2018).</li><li>Kaur, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cadherin-11,+a+marker+of+the+mesenchymal+phenotype,+regulates+glioblastoma+cell+migration+and+survival+in+vivo.">Cadherin-11, a marker of the mesenchymal phenotype, regulates glioblastoma cell migration and survival in vivo.</a> Molecular Cancer Research. 10 (3), 293-304 (2012).</li><li>Rao, S. 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Migration studies for hGCs may be performed by using Boyden chamber systems or scratch assays. However, while these experiments fail to give any information regarding the interactions of tumor cells with other surrounding tissues, the present system can recapitulate GC interactions with myelinated and non-myelinated fibers. Furthermore, to study tumor formation and end-point migration, organotypic slice cultures of the rodent brain or in vivo implantation of glioma cells into the rodent brain or flank have previously bee...

Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive and lethal tumors of the human brain. The current standard of care includes surgical resection of the tumor followed by radiation1 plus concomitant and adjuvant administration of temozolomide2. Even with this multi-therapeutic approach, tumor recurrence is inevitable3. This is partly due to the extensive migratory nature of the tumor cells, which invade the brain parenchyma creating multiple finger-like projections within the brain4 that make complete resection unlikely.
In recent years, it has become evident that the aggressiveness of glioblastoma is due, in part, to the presence of a population of cancer stem cells within the tumor mass5,6, which exhibit high migratory potential7,8, resistance to chemotherapy and radiation9,10 and the ability to form secondary tumors11. GSCs are capable of recapitulating original polyclonal tumors when xenografted to nude mice5.
Despite the wealth of knowledge regarding the genetic background of glioblastomas, studies on glioma cell (GC) migration are currently hindered by a lack of efficient in vitro or in vivo migration models. Notably, while glioma cell-axonal interactions modulated by cellular and environmental factors are a core component of glioma invasion, to our knowledge there is currently no experimental system with the ability to model these interactions12,13,14. To address this deficiency, we developed an ex vivo culture system of primary hGCs co-cultured with purified DRG axon-oligodendrocytes that results in elevated expression of differentiated tumor markers as well as extensive migration and interaction of hGCs with myelinated and non-myelinated fibers. This ex vivo platform, due to its compartmentalized layout, is suitable for testing the effects of novel therapeutics on hGC migration patterns.,

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm Suspension Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430591</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5S NGF</td>
			<td>ENVIGO</td>
			<td>B.5025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm Suspension Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430589</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACK Lysing Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A1049201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium Hydroxide Solution</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A669-500</td>
			<td>Concentrated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal-Free Recombinant Human EGF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-100-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal-Free Recombinant Human FGF-basic (154 a.a.)</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-100-18B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-A2B5 MicroBeads, human, mouse, rat</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-093-392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15240062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AutoMACS Rinsing Solution (PBS, pH 7.2)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 Supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 Supplement, minus vitamin A</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>12587001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacteriological Plate</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B4639</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Campenot Chamber</td>
			<td>Tyler Research</td>
			<td>CAMP-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430165</td>
			<td>35mm X 10mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td>70 uM, Nylon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td>30 uM, Nylon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase/Dispase</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11097113001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cultrex Rat Collagen I</td>
			<td>Trevigen</td>
			<td>3440-100-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G5146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>10313021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D7291</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dow Corning High-Vacuum Grease</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-635-5D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E16 Timed Pregnant Sprague Dawley Rat</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EBSS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E7510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E3889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30070.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FUDR</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F0503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#39;s F-12 Nutrient Mix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>11765054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>14175095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostatic Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-7035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin Sodium Salt, 0.2% in PBS</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>07980</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypodermic Needle, 18G</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>511097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium G</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>41400045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Cysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C7477</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz&#39;s L-15 Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>11415064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS BSA Stock Solution</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-376</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS MultiStand</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>1190081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mg2SO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M2643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MiniMACS Separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS Columns plus tubes</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-041-301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NAC</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A8199</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal-A Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>10888022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ordinary forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P2 Sprague Dawley Rat Pups</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Papain</td>
			<td>Worthington</td>
			<td>LS003126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15140148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pin Rake</td>
			<td>Tyler Research</td>
			<td>CAMP-PR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Progesterone</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8783</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemPro Accutase Cell Dissociation Reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A1110501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syrine Grease Applicator</td>
			<td>Tyler Research</td>
			<td>CAMP-GLSS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transferrin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T2036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uridine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>U3003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time monitoring of human glioma cell migration on dorsal root ganglion axon-oligodendrocyte co-cultures

Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive human cancers due to extensive cellular heterogeneity and the migration properties of hGCs. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying glioma cell migration, an ability to study the interaction between hGCs and axons within the tumor microenvironment is essential. In order to model this cellular interaction, we developed a mixed culture system consisting of hGCs and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) axon-oligodendrocyte co-cultures. DRG cultures were selected because they can be isolated efficiently and can form the long, extensive projections which are ideal for migration studies of this nature. Purified rat oligodendrocytes were then added on purified rat DRG axons and induced to myelinate. After confirming the formation of compact myelin, hGCs were finally added to the co-culture and their interactions with DRG axons and oligodendrocytes was monitored in real-time using time-lapse microscopy. Under these conditions, hGCs form tumor-like aggregate structures that express GFAP and Ki67, migrate along both myelinated and non-myelinated axonal tracks and interact with these axons through the formation of pseudopodia. Our ex vivo co-culture system can be used to identify novel cellular and molecular mechanisms of hGC migration and could potentially be used for in vitro drug efficacy testing.

In order to study the interaction of hGCs with axons, we generated purified DRG axons as previously described15,16,17,18. These purified DRG axons were then seeded with hGCs, which formed GFAP+/Ki67+ tumor-like structures integrated within the axonal network, while individual hGCs migrated either in association or between the axons (Figure 2). To determine how hGCs interact wit...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-Time Monitoring of Human Glioma Cell Migration on Dorsal Root Ganglion Axon-Oligodendrocyte Co-Cultures at JoVE.com

Real-Time Monitoring of Human Glioma Cell Migration on Dorsal Root Ganglion Axon-Oligodendrocyte Co-Cultures

Here we present an ex-vivo mixed monolayer culture system for the study of human glioma cell (hGC) migration in real-time. This model provides the ability to observe interactions between hGCs and both myelinated and non-myelinated axons within a compartmentalized chamber.

Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive human cancers due to extensive cellular heterogeneity and the migration properties of hGCs. In order to better ...

This ex vivo co-culture system can be used to identify novel cellular and molecular mechanisms of human glioma cell migration and could potentially be used for in vitro drug efficacy testing. The main advantage of this technique is the ability to study interactions between human glioblastoma cells and axons in real time. Demonstrating the procedure will be John Zepecki, a graduate student from my lab.To assemble compartmented culture dishes, dilute collagen stock solution to 500 micrograms per milliliter in sterile distilled water and mix thoroughly. With a sterile transfer pipette, fill a 35 millimeter culture dish with two milliliters of the diluted collagen solution. Then slightly tilt the dish and remove the solution leaving a thin film of collagen behind.Dispense the solution into the next 35 millimeter dish. Repeat this process, adding more collagen solution as needed until all dishes have been coated. To polymerize the collagen, in a laminar flow hood, wet gauze pads with three milliliters of concentrated ammonium hydroxide and cover the trays for 15 minutes.Remove gauze pads and allow the 35 millimeter dishes to dry. Next, use a metal file to file off the point of an 18 gauge needle to make a blunt tip. Soak the needle in 70%ethanol to sterilize.Apply silicone grease to the bottom of the compartmented chamber. Ensure the grease is placed neatly and overlaps at all corners. This technique can be very challenging so we suggest that you take extra time to practice applying the correct amount of grease before setting up the compartmented chambers in order to ensure excellent growth.It is also very important to work slowly. Set up more chambers than you think you will need so you have extras should something go wrong. Remove the lid from a 35 millimeter dish, invert the dish and place the scratches over the chamber.Tap down on the bottom of the dish gently with a pair of forceps. When applying the grease chambers to the dish, do not tap too hard. Otherwise, the axons will not be able to grow underneath into the adjacent chamber.Use the hemostatic forceps to gently flip the dish over. Release the forceps. Place a mound of grease at the base of the center compartment.Fill each chamber with supplemented neuronal basal medium. Check for leaks and seal leaks with silicone grease as needed. Continue assembling all culture dishes and store overnight at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide.The compartmented chamber allows the use of different pharmacological reagents as well as the ability to compare and contrast results between two wells on the same plate. To seed the prepared cultures containing a GBM neurosphere, first replace the medium with supplemented NBF containing 10%FBS in each distal compartmented chamber. Next, with a P20 pipette set to 10 microliters, draw one GBM neurosphere from the culture dish.Place the tip of the pipette in the distal chamber closest to the center chamber without touching the axon and expel the GBM neurosphere slowly so that it gently falls onto the axons. Leave the culture in the biosafety cabinet for one hour at room temperature to allow the GBM neurosphere to attach. This method could be used to test pharmacological compounds for the treatment of brain tumors.This method could be also applied to other diseases of the peripheral and central nervous system such as demyelinating neuropathies and multiple sclerosis. In this protocol, purified DRG axons were seeded with HCGs which formed double positive GFAP and KI67 tumor-like structures integrated within the axonal network indicated by the red tumor markers GFAP while individual HGCs expressing the green fluorescent protein migrated either in association or between the axons. Addition of HGCs on the myelinated DRG oligodendrocyte co-cultures showed that HGCs migrate in association with the red stained myelinated axons and away from the tumor mass through the formation of pseudopodia.Once this technique was perfected, we were able to utilize it to study migration of human GBM stem cells in real time. We were also able to study effects on cell migration after addition of novel therapeutic small molecule inhibitors. The GBM sphere invading a myelinated oligodendrocyte DRG axon culture is shown here.The protocol described here could serve as a foundation for other biomimetic three-dimensional ex vivo systems designed to assess the effects of novel drug treatments. One should always use caution when handling human-derived cells. Appropriate PPE should be worn and bloodborne pathogen training should be completed so one understands the risks of working with patient-derived tissues.Ammonium hydroxide should be handled with care and you should wear gloves, a lab coat, and work in a hood to prevent exposure to this chemical.

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JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

6.1K vistas.  Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital. Este sistema de co-cultivo ex vivo se puede utilizar para identificar nuevos mecanismos celulares y moleculares de la migración de células de glioma humano y podría ser utilizado potencialmente para pruebas de eficacia de fármacos in vitro. La principal ventaja de esta técnica es la capacidad de estudiar las interacciones entre las células humanas del glioblastoma y los axones en tiempo real. Demostrando el procedimiento estará John Zepecki, un estudiante graduado de mi laboratorio.