Este trabajo fue apoyado por la Fundación Margaret M. Alkek a RHF.

Parte 1: La fijación de los embriones <ol><li> Rellene plato disección con helada DEPC PBS. Mantener en hielo. Abrir el huevo tocando la concha con una pinza y retirar pedazos de la cáscara. </li><li> Eliminar la albúmina de espesor con pinzas. Inclinación del saco vitelino con pinzas gruesas para que el embrión hacia arriba. </li><li> Con la tijera, cortar un cuadrado de alrededor del saco vitelino del embrión. </li><li> Usando una cuchara, retire embrión a partir de yema de huevo y colocar en hielo frío DEPC PBS. </li><li> Bajo el microscopio, retire las membranas y la yema y traslado al plato de fijación. </li><li> Precisar, eliminar DEPC PBS. Reemplazar con PFA al 4% en PBS con DEPC y fijar O / N a 4 ° C. </li><li> Eliminar el fijador. Vuelva a colocar con helada DEPC PBS. Utilizando una aguja de punta roma microcapilar o un cuchillo de microdisección, perfore el sistema nervioso y las cavidades del corazón, para evitar la captura de la sonda. </li><li> Lavar 2 veces 10 minutos con DEPC PBS con 0,1% de Tween-20 (PBT). Deshidratar 10 minutos cada uno en el 25%, 50%, 75% de metanol en PBT. Deshidratar los embriones en dos ocasiones en metanol al 100%. Almacenar a -20 ° C en metanol. </li></ol> Parte 2: prehibridación <ol><li> Rehidratar embriones 10 minutos cada uno en el 75%, 50% y 25% de metanol en PBT. Lavar 2 veces 10 minutos en PBT. </li><li> Mientras tanto, prepare fijador fría (4% de paraformaldehído en PBT). Vuelva a colocar PBT con proteinasa K solución (3 ml / vial; [? 5 g / ml] final en PBT). Asegúrese de que el vial está expuesto a una solución de proteinasa K por suaves ondulaciones del vial, consulte Solución de problemas para los tiempos de exposición. </li><li> Utilizando RNasa libre pipeta Pasteur eliminar proteinasa K y añadir el fijador (2 ml). Colocar inmediatamente en hielo durante exactamente 20 minutos. </li><li> Todos los lavados se llevan a cabo en la RT nutator. Lavar 2 veces 10 minutos en el PBT, y 1x 10mn en PBT con 50% de tampón de hibridación. </li><li> Lavado 1X en tampón de hibridación. Se incuba a 65 ° C en 2 ml de tampón de hibridación 05.04 horas. </li></ol> Parte 3: embriones híbridos con sondas <ol><li> DIG y FITC síntesis de la sonda unida se describe en el Apéndice. La sonda de espera para dar una señal fuerte, debe ser synhesized con FITC-que contiene nucleótidos, la sonda más débiles deben ser sintetizados con con DIG-que contiene los nucleótidos. </li><li> Precaliente sondas de hibridación de amortiguación (500 ng / ml cada una) mediante un vial de 2 ml. Rápidamente reemplazar el tampón de hibridación con la solución de la sonda. No deje que los embriones seco. Incubar durante 16 horas a 65 ° C. </li><li> Vuelva a colocar la sonda con el tampón de hibridación, lavados de 2, 30 mn cada uno a 65 ° C. Lavado de 15 minutos en tampón de hibridación / MABT (1 / 1 v / v /) a 65 ° C. </li></ol> Parte 4: incubación DIG anticuerpos y la reacción de color <ol><li> Lave 2x20 mn en MABT. Lavado de 1 hora en el 2% BBR / MABT. Lávese las 5 horas en el 2% BBR/20% HISS / MABT (tampón de bloqueo). Incubar en 1:2000 de anticuerpos DIG diluido en tampón de bloqueo, O / N a 4 ° C en nutator. </li><li> Lave 3 veces cada 10 minutos en MABT, y 3x 1 hora cada uno en MABT. </li><li> Lavar 2 veces 20 minutos en NTMT. Añadir 200ul NBT / BCIP sustrato NTMT de 10 ml. Quitarse de inmediato NTMT de vial y reemplazar con 1-2 ml NBT / BCIP buffer. Lugar en la oscuridad. Monitorear la reacción de color después de 20 minutos y, posteriormente, a intervalos de 20 mn. </li><li> Tras la reacción de color (azul debe aparecer), lavar en PBS durante 10 minutos, de precisar en un plato lleno de fijación con PBS, y reemplazar la solución con 4% PFA en PBS. Fix O / N a 4 ° C. </li><li> Traslado al nuevo vial de centelleo. Lave en PBST (PBS con 1% de Tween-20) 2x10 mn. Lave en MABT 2x 10 mn. </li><li> Incubar en MABT 30 minutos a 63 ° C. </li></ol> Parte 5: incubación de anticuerpos FITC y color de la reacción <ol><li> Lavar 2 veces 10 minutos en MABT, 1 hora en el 2% BBR / MABT, 5 horas en tampón de bloqueo </li><li> Incubar en la fosfatasa alcalina-junto anti-FITC-anticuerpo (1:500) O / N a 4 ° C. </li><li> Lave 3 veces cada 10 minutos en MABT, y 3x 1 hora cada uno en MABT. </li><li> Lave en 2x 20 minutos en TBS pH 8,45, con 0,1% de Tween-20 (TBST). </li><li> Prepare una solución vectorial Red de trabajo (5 ml) en TBST utilizando reactivos 1,2 y 3 incluye en el kit. Quitarse de inmediato la TBST de vial y reemplazar con el vector de búfer Roja. Lugar en la oscuridad. Monitorear la reacción de color después de 40 minutos, y en intervalos de 30 mn a partir de entonces. </li><li> Tras la reacción de color (deben aparecer de color rojo), los embriones de transferencia de PBS. </li></ol> Parte 6: La fijación y el procesamiento <ol><li> Traslado al plato de fijación que contiene PBS, y fijar en PFA al 4% durante 20 min a temperatura ambiente o S / N a 4 ° C. </li><li> Se lavan con PBS, 2 veces 10 minutos. Para el proceso de la fotografía, la transferencia y el 20% de glicerol en PBS (esto hará que los embriones transparentes). Para crear una cámara, cortar dos tiras de cinta de PVC, superponerlos en la diapositiva. Corte un cuadrado en el centro con una cuchilla. Retire las pinzas cuadrados utilizando. </li><li> Para el proceso de corte de cera, traslado de regreso a la PBS, lavar 2 veces 10 minutos, deshidratar en serie gradual de metanol (25%, 50%, 75% y 100% en PBS, a 10 minutos cada uno). </li><li> Reemplazar con propanol, 3 millones. Reemplazar con 1,2,3,4-tetrahidronaftaleno, a 20 minutos seguido por Histoclear (2x 1 hora). Reemplazar con histoclear / cera 1 / 1 (v / v) 60 ° C durante 1 hora. Vuelva a colocar la cera de un procesode la histología. </li></ol> Parte 7: Soluciones Tampón de hibridación, almacenar a -20 ° C en Falcón, 50 ml: 25 ml de formamida, 3.25 ml (20xSSC), 0,5 ml (0,5 M EDTA), 1 ml (10% de Tween-20), 2,5 ml (1% SDS) , 125 ul (20mg/ml tRNA);. 100ul (50 mg / ml de heparina) MABT, preparar ácido maleico 100 mM, pH de 7,5 con NaOH pellets. Añadir 150 mM NaCl y 0,1% Tween-20. NTMT (hace justo antes de su uso), 50 ml: 1 ml (5M NaCl) 2,5 ml (2 M Tris-HCl pH9.5), 1,25 ml (2 M MgCl 2), 5 ml (10% de Tween-20). TBST: 0,1 M Tris-HCl, NaCl 0,15 M, pH 8,45, 0,1% Tween-20. Parte 8: Solución de problemas <table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Problema </th><th> Causa </th><th> Remedio </th></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Embrión es un ovillo </td><td valign="top"> Deshidratación insuficiente / rehidratación </td><td valign="top"> Mantener intervalos de 10 mn durante los sucesivos deshidratación / rehidratación pasos </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> No hay ninguna señal de la sonda </td><td valign="top"> La sonda se degrada la contaminación RNasa en vial </td><td valign="top"> Ejecutar la sonda en un 1% en gel de agarosa Asegúrese de que el vial está expuesto a la proteinasa K solución en el paso 2 </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> La sonda está etiquetas cavidades del corazón de un tubo neural </td><td valign="top"> La sonda está atrapado </td><td valign="top"> En el paso 2, asegúrese de que todas las cavidades están perforadas con un cuchillo o microdisección microcapilar </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Embrión se desintegró después de la hibridación (paso 3) </td><td valign="top"> Proteinasa K paso a la izquierda la temperatura de hibridación demasiado tiempo es demasiado alto </td><td valign="top"> Proteinasa K no se debe dejar más de 1 millón de (etapas 3 + y 4), 2 mn (fase 5 a 7), 3 mn (fase 8-10), 4 mn (etapa 11-13) no hibridan en T o superior de 65 º C </td></tr></tbody></table> Parte 9: Resultados de Representante Embriones representativos se muestran a continuación: (A) embrión (fase HH7) está marcado con una sonda DIG-Medias (azul) y FITC-delta-1 de la sonda (rojo). (B) embrión (fase HH8) está marcado con una sonda DIG-Pax6 (azul) y una sonda FITC-Shh (rojo). NF, de los nervios veces, la ANP, la placa neural anterior, psm, mesodermo presomitic, n, notocorda, nt, del tubo neural). Regalos de la sonda de los laboratorios de los doctores. C. Tabin, M. Goulding, Henrique D., y J. Briscoe. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/904_2008_10_20_1/904_Figure-01.png" alt="" width="303" height="300" />

<ol>
	<li>Streit, A., Berliner, A. J., Papanayotou, C., Sirulnik, A., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initiation+of+neural+induction+by+FGF+signaling+before+gastrulation.">Initiation of neural induction by FGF signaling before gastrulation.</a> Nature. 406, 74-78 (2000).</li><li>Rodr&#237;guez Esteban, C., Capdevila, J., Economides, A. N., Pascual, J., Ortiz, A., Izpis&#250;a Belmonte, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+novel+Cer-like+protein+Caronte+mediates+the+establishment+of+embryonic+left-right+asymmetry.">The novel Cer-like protein Caronte mediates the establishment of embryonic left-right asymmetry.</a> Nature. 401, 243-251 (1999).</li><li>Psychoyos, D., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+the+organizer+after+radical+ablation+of+Hensen's+node+and+the+anterior+primitive+streak+in+the+chick+embryo.">Restoration of the organizer after radical ablation of Hensen's node and the anterior primitive streak in the chick embryo.</a> Development. 122, 3263-3273 (1996).</li><li>Kawakami, M., Nakanishi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+an+endogenous+PKA+inhibitor,+PKIalpha,+in+organizing+left-right+axis+formation.">The role of an endogenous PKA inhibitor, PKIalpha, in organizing left-right axis formation.</a> Development. 128, 2509-2515 (2001).</li><li>Basch, M. L., Bronner-Fraser, M., Garcia-Castro, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specification+of+the+neural+crest+occurs+during+gastrulation+and+requires+Pax7.">Specification of the neural crest occurs during gastrulation and requires Pax7.</a> Nature. 441, 218-222 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Todo el monte de 2 colores en el método de hibridación in situ se utiliza para determinar los patrones espaciales y temporales de la expresión génica, utilizando uno o dos genes de interés. Las aplicaciones incluyen la evaluación de patrones de expresión génica de los genes de la novela (por ejemplo, 1,2, así como los cambios en la expresión génica insulto siguientes (manipulaciones embrionarias 3, 4 bolas, y la electroporación de ARN o ADN construye 5).

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		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Eggs</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>Charles River </td>
<td>Premium Fertile</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
<td>MZ9.5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Marsh Automatic Incubator</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Lyon</td>
<td>RX</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hybridization Incubator</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Hybaid</td>
<td>Micro-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Adams Nutator orbital mixer</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>14-062</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Curved Forceps (1)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>72991-4C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fine scissors</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>14161-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Spoon</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>10370-18</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pasteur Capillary Pipette</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>70950-12</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microcapillary tube</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P1049-1PAK</td>
<td>Pull using vertical micropipette puller; blunt end with fine forceps</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Microdissecting knife</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>10056-12</td>
<td>Use to puncture cavities prior to in situ hybridization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Minuten pins 0.2mm diam</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>26002-20</td>
<td>Keep pins together using a magnetic stirrer;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sylgard 184 Silicon Elastomer Curing Agent and Base</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Dow Corning</td>
<td>0001986475</td>
<td>Mix 1 part Curing Agent, 9 parts Base; set O/N at 37C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Diethylpyrocarbonate (depc)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Acros Organics</td>
<td>10025025</td>
<td>Add 1ml depc to 1l PBS; shake; autoclave</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16% PFA</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>15710</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tween-20</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P1379-100ML</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Proteinase K</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P2308-5MG</td>
<td>Stock at 10 mg/ml in depc-H2O in 10ul aliquots. Store at -20C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Formamide, deionized</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Ambion</td>
<td>9342</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Yeast tRNA-25 mg</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>15401-011</td>
<td>Stock at 20 mg/ml in depc-H2O in 125ul aliquots. Store at -20C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heparin Sodium salt</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H4784-250MG</td>
<td>Stock at 50 mg/ml in depc-H2O in 100ul aliquots. Store at -20C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SSC x20 pH5.5</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>PR-V4261</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EDTA (0.5M)</td>
<td>PR-V4231</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SDS</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>BP166-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Maleic acid</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fluka</td>
<td>63189</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Boehringer Blocking Reagent</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Applied Sciences</td>
<td>11096176001</td>
<td>Use at 2% in MABT. To make, heat with MABT for 20 mn at 60C. Can make a stock and store in 1-5 ml aliquots at 20C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heat inactivated sheep serum</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Jackson Immuno</td>
<td>013-000-121</td>
<td>Dissolve in 10 ml H2O; heat 550C, 30 mn. Aliquot at 1ml, -20C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Anti-Digoxigenin-AP, Fab fragments</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Applied Sciences</td>
<td>11093274910</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NBT/BCIP stock solution</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Applied Sciences</td>
<td>11681451001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-Fluorescein-AP, Fab fragments</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Applied Sciences</td>
<td>11426338910</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>2M Tris</td>
<td>BP1759-500</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vector Red Alkaline Phosphatase Substrate Kit</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
<td>SK-5100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>429325-100ML</td>
<td>Under hood</td>
</tr>		
</tbody>
</table>
</div>

double whole mount in situ hybridization of early chick embryos

El embrión de pollo es una herramienta valiosa en el estudio del desarrollo embrionario temprano. Su transparencia, accesibilidad y facilidad de manipulación, lo hacen una herramienta ideal para estudiar la expresión génica en el cerebro, tubo neural, somite y la formación de primordios corazón. Este video muestra los diferentes pasos en el monte de 2 colores toda la hibridación in situ, En primer lugar, el embrión se diseca del huevo y se fijaron en paraformaldehído. En segundo lugar, el embrión se procesa para prehibridación. El embrión se hibrida con dos sondas diferentes, una junto a la DIG, y un acoplado a FITC. Tras la hibridación noche a la mañana, el embrión se incuba con anticuerpo acoplado DIG. Reacción de color de sustrato DIG se lleva a cabo, y la región de interés se ve azul. El embrión se incuba con anticuerpos FITC acoplados. El embrión se procesa para la reacción de color con FITC, y la región de interés se ve rojo. Finalmente, el embrión se fija y se procesaron para phtograph y seccionamiento. Una guía de solución de problemas también se presenta.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos at JoVE.com

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

Este video muestra a 2 colores montar toda la hibridación in situ, un método por el cual el patrón de expresión espacial y temporal de dos genes diferentes se pueden visualizar en embriones de pollo joven. Este método fue introducido originalmente por David Wilkinson, Henrique Domingos, Ingham Phil y David Ish-Horowicz.

Monte doble entero hibridación in situ de embriones de pollo temprano

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

double-whole-mount-in-situ-hybridization-of-early-chick-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.3K vistas.  Institute of Biosciences and Technology - Texas A&M Health Science Center. Este video muestra a 2 colores montar toda la hibridación in situ, un método por el cual el patrón de expresión espacial y temporal de dos genes diferentes se pueden visualizar en embriones de pollo joven. Este método fue introducido originalmente por David Wilkinson, Henrique Domingos, Ingham Phil y David Ish-Horowicz.

Video: Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

Método para la Cultura de primeros embriones del polluelo ex vivo (Nueva Cultura)

Investigación

Biología

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

Método para la tinción de anticuerpos enteros en el monte del polluelo

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

Pez cebra todo el montaje de alta resolución doble fluorescente In Situ La hibridación

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Single Cell Transfection in Chick Embryos

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a thorough analysis of the fates of single cells under normal and experimental conditions. To this end, transfection methods that target single progenitors are a prerequisite. We describe here a technically straightforward method for transfecting single cells in chicken tissues in-ovo, allowing reliable lineage tracing as well as genetic manipulation. Specific tissue domains are targeted within the somite or neural tube, and DNA is injected directly into the epithelium of interest, resulting in sporadic transfection of single cells. Using reporters, clonal populations may consequently be traced for up to three days, and behavior of genetically manipulated clonal populations can be compared with that of controls. This method takes advantage of the accessibility of the chick embryo along with emerging tools for genetic manipulation. We compare and discuss its advantages over the widely-used electroporation method, and possible applications and use in additional in-vivo models are also suggested. We advocate the use of this method as a significant addition and complement for existing lineage tracing and genetic interference tools.

Using fine tip micropipettes we inject plasmid DNA into subdomains of chicken somites or neural tubes. The concentration of the plasmid is adjusted to generate single transfected cells. We then allow the cells to develop into clonal populations.

Transfección de células individuales en embriones de pollo

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a ...

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of specific mRNA transcripts within whole mount specimen. This technique (adapted from Albertson and Yelick, 2005) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom at Syracuse University. The first two thirds of the Comparative Vertebrate Biology lab course gave students the opportunity to study the embryology and gross anatomy of several organisms representing various chordate taxa primarily via traditional dissections and the use of models. The final portion of the course involved an innovative approach to teaching anatomy through observation of vertebrate development employing molecular techniques in which WISH was performed on zebrafish embryos. A heterozygous fibroblast growth factor 8 a (fgf8a) mutant line, ace, was used. Due to Mendelian inheritance, ace intercrosses produced wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous ace/fgf8a mutants in a 1:2:1 ratio. RNA probes with known expression patterns in the midline and in developing anatomical structures such as the heart, somites, tailbud, myotome, and brain were used. WISH was performed using zebrafish at the 13 somite and prim-6 stages, with students performing the staining reaction in class. The study of zebrafish embryos at different stages of development gave students the ability to observe how these anatomical structures changed over ontogeny. In addition, some ace/fgf8a mutants displayed improper heart looping, and defects in somite and brain development. The students in this lab observed the normal development of various organ systems using both external anatomy as well as gene expression patterns. They also identified and described embryos displaying improper anatomical development and gene expression (i.e., putative mutants).
For instructors at institutions that do not already own the necessary equipment or where funds for lab and curricular innovation are limited, the financial cost of the reagents and apparatus may be a factor to consider, as will the time and effort required on the part of the instructor regardless of the setting. Nevertheless, we contend that the use of WISH in this type of classroom laboratory setting can provide an important link between developmental genetics and anatomy. As technology advances and the ability to study organismal development at the molecular level becomes easier, cheaper, and increasingly popular, many evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and physiologists are turning to research strategies in the field of molecular biology. Using WISH in a Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom is one example of how molecules and anatomy can converge within a single course. This gives upper level college students the opportunity to practice modern biological research techniques, leading to a more diversified education and the promotion of future interdisciplinary scientific research.

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology course in addition to vertebrate dissections. This gave students the opportunity to study gene expression patterns as well as gross anatomy, linking the study of molecular and organismal biology within one course.

Todo el montaje utilizando In situ La hibridación de Enlace de Organismos y Biología Molecular

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of ...

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures are lengthy and technically demanding with multiple important steps that collectively contribute to the quality of the final result. This protocol describes in detail several key quality control steps for optimizing probe labeling and performance. Overall, our protocol provides a detailed description of the critical steps necessary to reproducibly obtain high quality results. First, we describe the generation of digoxygenin (DIG) labeled RNA probes via in vitro transcription of DNA templates generated by PCR. We describe three critical quality control assays to determine the amount, integrity and specific activity of the DIG-labeled probes. These steps are important for generating a probe of sufficient sensitivity to detect endogenous mRNAs in a whole mouse embryo. In addition, we describe methods for the fixation and storage of E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos for in situ hybridization. Then, we describe detailed methods for limited proteinase K digestion of the rehydrated embryos followed by the details of the hybridization conditions, post-hybridization washes and RNase treatment to remove non-specific probe hybridization. An AP-conjugated antibody is used to visualize the labeled probe and reveal the expression pattern of the endogenous transcript. Representative results are shown from successful experiments and typical suboptimal experiments.

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

This whole mount in situ hybridization protocol discusses critical steps that ensure reproducible high quality results for gene expression studies in E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos.

Todo el monte In Situ La hibridación de E8.5 a E11.5 embriones de ratón

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures ...

Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. Tracking fiducial markers on the surfaces of these cellular sheets is a well-established method for estimating morphogenetic quantities such as growth, contraction, and shear. However, not all surface labeling techniques are readily adaptable to conventional imaging modalities and possess different advantages and limitations. Here, we describe two labeling methods and illustrate the utility of each technique. In the first method, hundreds of fluorescent labels are applied simultaneously to the embryo using magnetic iron particles. These labels are then used to quantity 2-D tissue deformations during morphogenesis. In the second method, polystyrene microspheres are used as contrast agents in non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to track 3-D tissue deformations. These techniques have been successfully implemented in our lab to studythe physical mechanisms of early head fold, heart, and brain development, and should be adaptable to a wide range morphogenetic processes.

This article describes surface labeling and ex ovo tissue culture in the early chick embryo. Techniques amenable to time-lapse bright field, fluorescence, and optical coherence tomography imaging are presented. Tracking surface labels with high spatiotemporal resolution enables kinematic quantities such as morphogenetic strains (deformations) to be calculated in both two and three dimensions.

El seguimiento de deformaciones morfogenética del tejido en el embrión de pollo temprano

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

Todo el monte ARN fluorescente<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; La hibridación de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Los embriones

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

Marine elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity and have unique mechanisms for osmoregulation 1-3. As the most primitive living jawed-vertebrates with paired appendages, elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily important model, especially for studies in evolution and development. Marine elasmobranchs have also been used to study aquatic toxicology and stress physiology in relationship to climate change 4. Thus, development and adaptation of methodologies is needed to facilitate and expand the use of these primitive vertebrates to multiple biological disciplines. Here I present the successful adaptation of RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histological techniques to study gene expression and cell histology in elasmobranchs.
Monitoring gene expression is a hallmark tool of developmental biologists, and is widely used to investigate developmental processes 5. RNA whole mount in situ hybridization allows for the visualization and localization of specific gene transcripts in tissues of the developing embryo. The expression pattern of a gene's message can provide insight into what developmental processes and cell fate decisions a gene may control. By comparing the expression pattern of a gene at different developmental stages, insight can be gained into how the role of a gene changes during development.
While whole mount in situ's provides a means to localize gene expression to tissue, histological techniques allow for the identification of differentiated cell types and tissues. Histological stains have varied functions. General stains are used to highlight cell morphology, for example hematoxylin and eosin for general staining of nuclei and cytoplasm, respectively. Other stains can highlight specific cell types. For example, the alcian blue stain reported in this paper is a widely used cationic stain to identify mucosaccharides. Staining of the digestive tract with alcian blue can identify the distribution of goblet cells that produce mucosaccharides. Variations in mucosaccharide constituents on short peptides distinguish goblet cells by function within the digestive tract 6. By using RNA whole mount in situ's and histochemical methods concurrently, cell fate decisions can be linked to gene-specific expression.
Although RNA in situ's and histochemistry are widely used by researchers, their adaptation and use in marine elasmobranchs have met limited and varied success. Here I present protocols developed for elasmobranchs and used on a regular basis in my laboratory. Although further modification of the RNA in situ's hybridization method may be needed to adapt to different species, the protocols described here provide a strong starting point for researchers wanting to adapt the use of marine elasmobranchs to their scientific inquiries.

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

By combining methods for RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histology, gene expression can be linked with cell fate decisions in the developing embryo. These methods have been adapted to marine elasmobranchs and facilitate the use of these animals as model organisms for biomedical, toxicology and comparative studies.

ARN<em&gt; In situ</emHibridación&gt; Los embriones en todo el montaje y la histología de células Adaptado para elasmobranquios marinos

Marine  elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as  they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity ...

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

This article focuses on whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of zebrafish embryos. The WISH technology facilitates the assessment of gene expression both in terms of tissue distribution and developmental stage. Protocols are described for the use of WISH of zebrafish embryos using antisense RNA probes labeled with digoxigenin. Probes are generated by incorporating digoxigenin-linked nucleotides through in vitro transcription of gene templates that have been cloned and linearized. The chorions of embryos harvested at defined developmental stages are removed before incubation with specific probes. Following a washing procedure to remove excess probe, embryos are incubated with anti-digoxigenin antibody conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. By employing a chromogenic substrate for alkaline phosphatase, specific gene expression can be assessed. Depending on the level of gene expression the entire procedure can be completed within 2-3 days.

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

The zebrafish, a small tropical fish, has become a popular model for studying gene function during vertebrate development and disease. The temporal and spatial expression of target genes can be determined by in situ hybridization. Our improved protocol allows for the detection of low abundant transcripts with low non-specific background signal.

Alta resolución todo el montaje de<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; La hibridación en embriones de pez cebra para estudiar la expresión génica y la función

This article focuses on whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of zebrafish embryos. The WISH technology facilitates the assessment of gene expression ...