Bu çalışma, Margaret M. RHF Alkek Vakfı tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Bölüm 1: embriyoların Tespit <ol><li> Buz depc-PBS ile diseksiyon çanak doldurun. Buz üzerinde tutun. Forseps ile kabuk dokunarak açın ve yumurta kabuğu parçaları çıkarın. </li><li> Forseps ile albümin kalın çıkarın. Kaba forseps ile yumurta sarısı kesesi, embriyo yukarı bakacak şekilde yatırın. </li><li> Makas kullanarak, yolk kesesi embriyo etrafında bir kare kesti. </li><li> Kaşık kullanarak, buz depc-PBS sarısı ve yerden embriyo çıkarın. </li><li> Mikroskop altında, membranlar ve yumurta sarısı kaldırmak ve fiksasyon çanak transfer. </li><li> Pin depc-PBS kaldırmak. Depc-PBS içinde% 4 PFA ile değiştirin ve 4 O / N düzeltmek ° C </li><li> Fiksatif çıkarın. Buz depc-PBS ile değiştirin. Künt sonuna microcapillary iğne veya mikrodiseksiyon bıçak kullanarak, probun yakalama önlemek için, sinir sistemi ve kalp boşluklarında perfore. </li><li> 2x 10 milyon depc-PBS% 0.1 Tween-20 (PBT) ile yıkayın. ,% 25,% 50, PBT% 75 metanol her 10 milyon dehydrate. % 100 metanol içinde iki kez embriyolar dehydrate. Metanol -20 ° C&#39;de saklayın. </li></ol> Bölüm 2: Prehybridization <ol><li> % 75,% 50 ve% 25 PBT metanol her embriyoların 10 milyon rehidrate. PBT 2x 10 milyon yıkayın. </li><li> Bu arada, buz, soğuk fiksatif (PBT içinde% 4 paraformaldehid) hazırlar. Proteinaz K çözüm ([5 g / ml] son ​​PBT 3 ml / flakon) PBT değiştirin. Tüm flakon flakon hafifçe yuvarlayarak proteinaz K çözüm için açık olduğundan emin olun; pozlama süreleri için bkz Sorun Giderme. </li><li> RNaz ücretsiz Pasteur pipeti kaldır proteinaz K kullanma ve fiksatif (2 ml) ekleyin. Tam 20 milyon için hemen buz üzerine yerleştirin. </li><li> Tüm RT yıkar nutator yapılmaktadır. 2x PBT 10 milyon ve% 50 hibridizasyon tamponu içeren PBT 1x 10mn yıkayın. </li><li> Hibridizasyon tamponu 1x yıkayın. 65 inkübe ° C 4-5 saat için 2 ml hibridizasyon tamponu. </li></ol> Bölüm 3: problar ile melez embriyolar <ol><li> DIG ve Ek FITC birleştiğinde prob sentezi açıklanmıştır. Güçlü bir sinyal vermek için beklenen probu, FITC içeren nükleotidler synhesized; zayıf prob DIG içeren nükleotidler ile sentezlenmiş olmalıdır. </li><li> 2 ml flakon kullanarak hibridizasyon tamponu Prewarm probları (500 ng / ml). Derhal, prob çözüm ile hibridizasyon tamponu değiştirin. Embriyoların kuru izin vermeyin. 65 yaşında 16 saat inkübe ° C. </li><li> Prob hibridizasyon tamponu, 2 yıkar, 30 milyon 65 ° C ile değiştirin. 65 (1 / 1 v / v /) hibridizasyon tamponu / MABT 15 milyon yıkayın ° C </li></ol> Bölüm 4: DIG antikor kuluçka ve renk reaksiyonu <ol><li> MABT 2x20 milyon yıkayın. 1 saat içinde% 2 BBR / MABT yıkayın. % 2% 5 saat yıkayın BBR/20 HISS / MABT (tampon engelleme). Engelleme tampon seyreltilmiş 1:2000 DIG antikor inkübe, 4 O / N ° C nutator üzerinde. </li><li> MABT içinde 3x 10 milyon, her biri 1 saat ve 3x MABT içinde her yıkayın. </li><li> NTMT 2x 20 milyon yıkayın. 10 ml NTMT 200ul NBT / BCIP substrat ekleyin. Hemen şişeden NTMT kaldırın ve 1-2 ml NBT / BCIP tampon ile değiştirin. Karanlıkta koyun. 20 dk sonra renk reaksiyonu Monitör, ve bundan sonraki 20 milyon aralıklarla. </li><li> Renk reaksiyonu (mavi görünmelidir), 10 milyon için PBS içinde yıkayın PBS ile dolu fiksasyon çanak aşağı pin ve PBS içinde% 4 PFA çözüm yerine. 4 O / N ° C Fix </li><li> Yeni sintilasyon flakon aktarın. 2x10 milyon (PBS)% 1 Tween-20 PBST yıkayın. MABT 2x 10 milyon yıkayın. </li><li> 63 ° C&#39;de MABT 30 milyon inkübe </li></ol> Bölüm 5: FITC antikor kuluçka ve renk reaksiyonu <ol><li> Yıkama MABT 2x 10 milyon,% 2 1 saat, 5 saat engelleme tampon BBR / MABT </li><li> Alkalen fosfataz çiftli anti-FITC-antikor (1:500) O / N 4 ° C de inkübe </li><li> MABT içinde 3x 10 milyon, her biri 1 saat ve 3x MABT içinde her yıkayın. </li><li> TBS pH 8.45 ile% 0.1 Tween-20 (TBST) 2x 20 milyon yıkayın. </li><li> Vektör Kırmızı çalışma solüsyonu (5 ml) TBST kitinde reaktifler 1,2 ve 3 ile hazırlayın. Hemen şişeden TBST kaldırmak ve Vektör Kırmızı tamponu ile değiştirin. Karanlıkta koyun. 40 milyon renk reaksiyonu sonra ve daha sonra 30 milyon aralıklarla izleyin. </li><li> Aşağıdaki renk reaksiyonu (kırmızı görünmelidir), PBS için embriyoların transferi. </li></ol> Bölüm 6: Fiksasyon ve işleme <ol><li> PBS içeren fiksasyon çanak Transfer ve 4 RT veya O / N 20 milyon için% 4 PFA düzeltmek ° C. </li><li> PBS, 2x 10 milyon yıkayın. Fotoğrafçılığı için işlemek için, PBS içinde% 20 gliserol (bu embriyolar saydam hale getirecek) transfer. Bir oda oluşturmak için, slaytta bunları üst üste, 2 PVC bant şeritler kesin. Merkezi bir bıçak kullanarak bir kare kesin. Kare kullanarak forseps çıkarın. </li><li> Balmumu kesit için işlemek için, metanol kademeli serisi (% 25,% 50,% 75 ve% 100 PBS, her biri 10 milyon) kurutmak, PBS, yıkama 2x 10 milyon transferi geri. </li><li> Propanol, 3dk ile değiştirin. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene ile değiştirin, 20 milyon Histoclear (2x 1 saat) izledi. 1 saat histoclear / balmumu 1 / 1 (v / v) 60 ° C ile değiştirin. Balmumu bir süreç ile değiştirin.histoloji için. </li></ol> Bölüm 7: Çözümler Hibridizasyon tamponu, mağaza -20 ° C Falcon 50 ml: 25 ml formamid; 3.25 ml (20xSSC); 0,5 ml (0,5 M EDTA), 1 ml (% 10 Tween-20), 2.5 ml (% 1&#39;lik SDS) 125 ul (20mg/ml tRNA); 100ul (50 mg / ml heparin) MABT, 100 mM maleik asit hazırlamak, pH 7.5 NaOH ttaneli. 150mm NaCl ve% 0.1 Tween-20 ekleyin. NTMT kullanımdan hemen önce, 50 ml: 1ml (5M NaCl), 2.5 ml (2M Tris-HCl pH9.5), 1.25 ml (2M MgCl 2), 5 ml (% 10 Tween-20). TBST: 0.1M Tris-HCl, 0.15m NaCl, pH 8.45,% 0.1 Tween-20. Bölüm 8: Sorun Giderme <table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Sorun </th><th> Neden </th><th> Çare </th></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Embriyo kadar kıvrılmış </td><td valign="top"> Yetersiz dehidratasyon / rehidrasyon </td><td valign="top"> Ardışık dehidratasyon / rehidrasyon adımları sırasında 10 milyon aralıklarla koruyun </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Prob sinyali yok </td><td valign="top"> Probe flakon parçalanır RNaz kirlenme </td><td valign="top"> % 1 agaroz jel üzerinde prob çalıştırın tüm flakon adım 2 Proteinaz K çözüm maruz olduğundan emin olun. </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Probe etiketler kalp boşlukları bir nöral tüp </td><td valign="top"> Probe sıkışıp </td><td valign="top"> 2. adımda, delikli mikrodiseksiyon bıçak kullanarak tüm boşluklar olduğundan emin olun veya microcapillary </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Embriyo aşağıdaki hibridizasyon (adım 3) parçalandı </td><td valign="top"> Proteinaz K adım çok uzun Hibridizasyon sıcaklığı çok yüksek sol </td><td valign="top"> Proteinaz K 2 milyon (evre 5 ila 7), 3 milyon (evre 8-10), 4 milyon (evre 11-13), (evre 3 ve 4) 1dk daha uzun bırakılmalıdır olmamalıdır yüksek T o melezleşme etmeyin 65 ° C daha </td></tr></tbody></table> Bölüm 9: Temsilcilik Sonuçlar Temsilcisi embriyolar aşağıda gösterilmiştir: (A) Embriyo (evre HH7) DIG-Sox prob (mavi) ve bir FITC-delta-1 probu (kırmızı) ile etiketlenir. (B) Embriyo (evre HH8) DIG Pax6 prob (mavi) ve FITC Shh probu (kırmızı) ile etiketlenir. Nf, sinir kat, ANP, ön nöral plaka, PSM, presomitic mezoderm, n, notokord nt, nöral tüp). Dr, laboratuvarların Probe hediyeler. C. Tabin, M. Goulding, D. Henrique, ve J. Briscoe. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/904_2008_10_20_1/904_Figure-01.png" alt="" width="303" height="300" />

<ol>
	<li>Streit, A., Berliner, A. J., Papanayotou, C., Sirulnik, A., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initiation+of+neural+induction+by+FGF+signaling+before+gastrulation.">Initiation of neural induction by FGF signaling before gastrulation.</a> Nature. 406, 74-78 (2000).</li><li>Rodr&#237;guez Esteban, C., Capdevila, J., Economides, A. N., Pascual, J., Ortiz, A., Izpis&#250;a Belmonte, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+novel+Cer-like+protein+Caronte+mediates+the+establishment+of+embryonic+left-right+asymmetry.">The novel Cer-like protein Caronte mediates the establishment of embryonic left-right asymmetry.</a> Nature. 401, 243-251 (1999).</li><li>Psychoyos, D., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+the+organizer+after+radical+ablation+of+Hensen's+node+and+the+anterior+primitive+streak+in+the+chick+embryo.">Restoration of the organizer after radical ablation of Hensen's node and the anterior primitive streak in the chick embryo.</a> Development. 122, 3263-3273 (1996).</li><li>Kawakami, M., Nakanishi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+an+endogenous+PKA+inhibitor,+PKIalpha,+in+organizing+left-right+axis+formation.">The role of an endogenous PKA inhibitor, PKIalpha, in organizing left-right axis formation.</a> Development. 128, 2509-2515 (2001).</li><li>Basch, M. L., Bronner-Fraser, M., Garcia-Castro, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specification+of+the+neural+crest+occurs+during+gastrulation+and+requires+Pax7.">Specification of the neural crest occurs during gastrulation and requires Pax7.</a> Nature. 441, 218-222 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

In situ hibridizasyon yöntemi 2-renk tüm montaj, ilgi duyulan bir ya da iki gen, gen ekspresyonu mekansal ve zamansal desenler belirlemek için kullanılır. Uygulamalar yeni genlerin gen ekspresyonu değerlendirilmesi (örneğin 1,2 yanı sıra, gen ekspresyonu aşağıdaki hakaret değişiklikler (embriyonik manipülasyonlar 3, boncuk 4, ve RNA veya DNA elektroporasyon 5 oluşumlar) içerir.

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Eggs</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>Charles River </td>
<td>Premium Fertile</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
<td>MZ9.5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Marsh Automatic Incubator</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Lyon</td>
<td>RX</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hybridization Incubator</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Hybaid</td>
<td>Micro-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Adams Nutator orbital mixer</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>14-062</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Curved Forceps (1)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>72991-4C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fine scissors</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>14161-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Spoon</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>10370-18</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pasteur Capillary Pipette</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>70950-12</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microcapillary tube</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P1049-1PAK</td>
<td>Pull using vertical micropipette puller; blunt end with fine forceps</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Microdissecting knife</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>10056-12</td>
<td>Use to puncture cavities prior to in situ hybridization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Minuten pins 0.2mm diam</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>26002-20</td>
<td>Keep pins together using a magnetic stirrer;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sylgard 184 Silicon Elastomer Curing Agent and Base</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Dow Corning</td>
<td>0001986475</td>
<td>Mix 1 part Curing Agent, 9 parts Base; set O/N at 37C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Diethylpyrocarbonate (depc)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Acros Organics</td>
<td>10025025</td>
<td>Add 1ml depc to 1l PBS; shake; autoclave</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16% PFA</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>15710</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tween-20</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P1379-100ML</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Proteinase K</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P2308-5MG</td>
<td>Stock at 10 mg/ml in depc-H2O in 10ul aliquots. Store at -20C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Formamide, deionized</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Ambion</td>
<td>9342</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Yeast tRNA-25 mg</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>15401-011</td>
<td>Stock at 20 mg/ml in depc-H2O in 125ul aliquots. Store at -20C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heparin Sodium salt</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H4784-250MG</td>
<td>Stock at 50 mg/ml in depc-H2O in 100ul aliquots. Store at -20C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SSC x20 pH5.5</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>PR-V4261</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EDTA (0.5M)</td>
<td>PR-V4231</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SDS</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>BP166-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Maleic acid</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fluka</td>
<td>63189</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Boehringer Blocking Reagent</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Applied Sciences</td>
<td>11096176001</td>
<td>Use at 2% in MABT. To make, heat with MABT for 20 mn at 60C. Can make a stock and store in 1-5 ml aliquots at 20C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heat inactivated sheep serum</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Jackson Immuno</td>
<td>013-000-121</td>
<td>Dissolve in 10 ml H2O; heat 550C, 30 mn. Aliquot at 1ml, -20C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Anti-Digoxigenin-AP, Fab fragments</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Applied Sciences</td>
<td>11093274910</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NBT/BCIP stock solution</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Applied Sciences</td>
<td>11681451001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-Fluorescein-AP, Fab fragments</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Applied Sciences</td>
<td>11426338910</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>2M Tris</td>
<td>BP1759-500</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vector Red Alkaline Phosphatase Substrate Kit</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
<td>SK-5100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>429325-100ML</td>
<td>Under hood</td>
</tr>		
</tbody>
</table>
</div>

double whole mount in situ hybridization of early chick embryos

Civciv embriyo erken embriyonik gelişim çalışmaya değerli bir araçtır. Şeffaflık, erişilebilirlik ve manipülasyon kolaylığı, beyin, nöral tüp, hücre gruplarının ve kalp primordia oluşumu gen ekspresyonu çalışmak için ideal bir araçtır. Bu video 2-renk tüm montaj in situ hibridizasyon farklı adımları gösteriyor; İlk yumurta, embriyo disseke ve paraformaldehid sabit. İkincisi, embriyo prehybridization için işlenir. Embriyo daha sonra iki farklı probları, DIG akuple bir FITC akuple melezleşmiştir. Gecede hibridizasyon, embriyo DIG birleştiğinde antikor ile inkübe edilir. DIG substrat için renk reaksiyonu ve ilgi bölge mavi görünür. Embriyo daha sonra FITC birleştiğinde antikor ile inkübe edilir. Embriyo FITC ile renk reaksiyonu için işlenir ve ilgi bölge kırmızı görünür. Son olarak, embriyo, sabit ve işlenmiş phtograph ve kesit. Bir sorun giderme kılavuzu da sunulmaktadır.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos at JoVE.com

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

Bu video in situ hibridizasyon, 2 farklı genler mekansal ve zamansal ifade desen genç civciv embriyolarında görüntülenebilmekte hangi bir yöntem 2-renk tüm montaj göstermektedir. Bu yöntem başlangıçta David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham ve David Ish-Horowicz tarafından tanıtıldı.

Erken Civciv Embriyolar in situ Hibridizasyon Çift Tüm Dağı

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

double-whole-mount-in-situ-hybridization-of-early-chick-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.3K Görüntüleme.  Institute of Biosciences and Technology - Texas A&M Health Science Center. Bu video in situ hibridizasyon, 2 farklı genler mekansal ve zamansal ifade desen genç civciv embriyolarında görüntülenebilmekte hangi bir yöntem 2-renk tüm montaj göstermektedir. Bu yöntem başlangıçta David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham ve David Ish-Horowicz tarafından tanıtıldı.

Video: Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

Erken Civciv Embriyolar ex vivo (Kültür) Kültür Yöntemi

Biyoloji

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

Chick Tüm Dağı Antikor Boyama Yöntemi

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

Zebra balığı Tüm Dağı Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Çift Floresan Yerinde Hibridizasyon

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Single Cell Transfection in Chick Embryos

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a thorough analysis of the fates of single cells under normal and experimental conditions. To this end, transfection methods that target single progenitors are a prerequisite. We describe here a technically straightforward method for transfecting single cells in chicken tissues in-ovo, allowing reliable lineage tracing as well as genetic manipulation. Specific tissue domains are targeted within the somite or neural tube, and DNA is injected directly into the epithelium of interest, resulting in sporadic transfection of single cells. Using reporters, clonal populations may consequently be traced for up to three days, and behavior of genetically manipulated clonal populations can be compared with that of controls. This method takes advantage of the accessibility of the chick embryo along with emerging tools for genetic manipulation. We compare and discuss its advantages over the widely-used electroporation method, and possible applications and use in additional in-vivo models are also suggested. We advocate the use of this method as a significant addition and complement for existing lineage tracing and genetic interference tools.

Using fine tip micropipettes we inject plasmid DNA into subdomains of chicken somites or neural tubes. The concentration of the plasmid is adjusted to generate single transfected cells. We then allow the cells to develop into clonal populations.

Civciv Embriyolar Tek Hücreli Transfeksiyon

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a ...

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of specific mRNA transcripts within whole mount specimen. This technique (adapted from Albertson and Yelick, 2005) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom at Syracuse University. The first two thirds of the Comparative Vertebrate Biology lab course gave students the opportunity to study the embryology and gross anatomy of several organisms representing various chordate taxa primarily via traditional dissections and the use of models. The final portion of the course involved an innovative approach to teaching anatomy through observation of vertebrate development employing molecular techniques in which WISH was performed on zebrafish embryos. A heterozygous fibroblast growth factor 8 a (fgf8a) mutant line, ace, was used. Due to Mendelian inheritance, ace intercrosses produced wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous ace/fgf8a mutants in a 1:2:1 ratio. RNA probes with known expression patterns in the midline and in developing anatomical structures such as the heart, somites, tailbud, myotome, and brain were used. WISH was performed using zebrafish at the 13 somite and prim-6 stages, with students performing the staining reaction in class. The study of zebrafish embryos at different stages of development gave students the ability to observe how these anatomical structures changed over ontogeny. In addition, some ace/fgf8a mutants displayed improper heart looping, and defects in somite and brain development. The students in this lab observed the normal development of various organ systems using both external anatomy as well as gene expression patterns. They also identified and described embryos displaying improper anatomical development and gene expression (i.e., putative mutants).
For instructors at institutions that do not already own the necessary equipment or where funds for lab and curricular innovation are limited, the financial cost of the reagents and apparatus may be a factor to consider, as will the time and effort required on the part of the instructor regardless of the setting. Nevertheless, we contend that the use of WISH in this type of classroom laboratory setting can provide an important link between developmental genetics and anatomy. As technology advances and the ability to study organismal development at the molecular level becomes easier, cheaper, and increasingly popular, many evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and physiologists are turning to research strategies in the field of molecular biology. Using WISH in a Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom is one example of how molecules and anatomy can converge within a single course. This gives upper level college students the opportunity to practice modern biological research techniques, leading to a more diversified education and the promotion of future interdisciplinary scientific research.

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology course in addition to vertebrate dissections. This gave students the opportunity to study gene expression patterns as well as gross anatomy, linking the study of molecular and organismal biology within one course.

Tüm Dağı In situ Moleküler Biyoloji ve organizma Biyoloji Link Hibridizasyon

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of ...

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures are lengthy and technically demanding with multiple important steps that collectively contribute to the quality of the final result. This protocol describes in detail several key quality control steps for optimizing probe labeling and performance. Overall, our protocol provides a detailed description of the critical steps necessary to reproducibly obtain high quality results. First, we describe the generation of digoxygenin (DIG) labeled RNA probes via in vitro transcription of DNA templates generated by PCR. We describe three critical quality control assays to determine the amount, integrity and specific activity of the DIG-labeled probes. These steps are important for generating a probe of sufficient sensitivity to detect endogenous mRNAs in a whole mouse embryo. In addition, we describe methods for the fixation and storage of E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos for in situ hybridization. Then, we describe detailed methods for limited proteinase K digestion of the rehydrated embryos followed by the details of the hybridization conditions, post-hybridization washes and RNase treatment to remove non-specific probe hybridization. An AP-conjugated antibody is used to visualize the labeled probe and reveal the expression pattern of the endogenous transcript. Representative results are shown from successful experiments and typical suboptimal experiments.

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

This whole mount in situ hybridization protocol discusses critical steps that ensure reproducible high quality results for gene expression studies in E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos.

Tüm Dağı<em&gt; In situ</emE11.5 fare embriyolarına E8.5 ve&gt; Hibridizasyon

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures ...

Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. Tracking fiducial markers on the surfaces of these cellular sheets is a well-established method for estimating morphogenetic quantities such as growth, contraction, and shear. However, not all surface labeling techniques are readily adaptable to conventional imaging modalities and possess different advantages and limitations. Here, we describe two labeling methods and illustrate the utility of each technique. In the first method, hundreds of fluorescent labels are applied simultaneously to the embryo using magnetic iron particles. These labels are then used to quantity 2-D tissue deformations during morphogenesis. In the second method, polystyrene microspheres are used as contrast agents in non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to track 3-D tissue deformations. These techniques have been successfully implemented in our lab to studythe physical mechanisms of early head fold, heart, and brain development, and should be adaptable to a wide range morphogenetic processes.

This article describes surface labeling and ex ovo tissue culture in the early chick embryo. Techniques amenable to time-lapse bright field, fluorescence, and optical coherence tomography imaging are presented. Tracking surface labels with high spatiotemporal resolution enables kinematic quantities such as morphogenetic strains (deformations) to be calculated in both two and three dimensions.

Erken Civciv Embriyo morfogenetik Doku deformasyonlar Takibi

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

Tüm Dağı RNA Floresan<em&gt; In situ</emVe&gt; Hibridizasyon<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriyolar

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

Marine elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity and have unique mechanisms for osmoregulation 1-3. As the most primitive living jawed-vertebrates with paired appendages, elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily important model, especially for studies in evolution and development. Marine elasmobranchs have also been used to study aquatic toxicology and stress physiology in relationship to climate change 4. Thus, development and adaptation of methodologies is needed to facilitate and expand the use of these primitive vertebrates to multiple biological disciplines. Here I present the successful adaptation of RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histological techniques to study gene expression and cell histology in elasmobranchs.
Monitoring gene expression is a hallmark tool of developmental biologists, and is widely used to investigate developmental processes 5. RNA whole mount in situ hybridization allows for the visualization and localization of specific gene transcripts in tissues of the developing embryo. The expression pattern of a gene's message can provide insight into what developmental processes and cell fate decisions a gene may control. By comparing the expression pattern of a gene at different developmental stages, insight can be gained into how the role of a gene changes during development.
While whole mount in situ's provides a means to localize gene expression to tissue, histological techniques allow for the identification of differentiated cell types and tissues. Histological stains have varied functions. General stains are used to highlight cell morphology, for example hematoxylin and eosin for general staining of nuclei and cytoplasm, respectively. Other stains can highlight specific cell types. For example, the alcian blue stain reported in this paper is a widely used cationic stain to identify mucosaccharides. Staining of the digestive tract with alcian blue can identify the distribution of goblet cells that produce mucosaccharides. Variations in mucosaccharide constituents on short peptides distinguish goblet cells by function within the digestive tract 6. By using RNA whole mount in situ's and histochemical methods concurrently, cell fate decisions can be linked to gene-specific expression.
Although RNA in situ's and histochemistry are widely used by researchers, their adaptation and use in marine elasmobranchs have met limited and varied success. Here I present protocols developed for elasmobranchs and used on a regular basis in my laboratory. Although further modification of the RNA in situ's hybridization method may be needed to adapt to different species, the protocols described here provide a strong starting point for researchers wanting to adapt the use of marine elasmobranchs to their scientific inquiries.

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

By combining methods for RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histology, gene expression can be linked with cell fate decisions in the developing embryo. These methods have been adapted to marine elasmobranchs and facilitate the use of these animals as model organisms for biomedical, toxicology and comparative studies.

RNA<em&gt; Yerinde</emTüm Dağı Embriyolar ve Hücre histolojisi&gt; Hibridizasyon Deniz Elasmobranchs İçin Uyarlanmış

Marine  elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as  they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Floresan kullanarak mRNA Moleküllerin Görselleştirme ve Analiz<em&gt; Yerinde</emIn&gt; Hibridizasyon<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...