Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke

Summary

This protocol describes the model of transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice through intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Additionally, examples of outcome assessment are shown using magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral tests.

Abstract

Stroke stands as a major cause of death or chronic disability globally. Nevertheless, existing optimal treatments are limited to reperfusion therapies during the acute phase of ischemic stroke. To gain insights into stroke physiopathology and develop innovative therapeutic approaches, in vivo rodent models of stroke play a fundamental role. The availability of genetically modified animals has particularly propelled the use of mice as experimental stroke models.

In stroke patients, occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is a common occurrence. Consequently, the most prevalent experimental model involves intraluminal occlusion of the MCA, a minimally invasive technique that doesn't require craniectomy. This procedure involves inserting a monofilament through the external carotid artery (ECA) and advancing it through the internal carotid artery (ICA) until it reaches the branching point of the MCA. After a 45 min arterial occlusion, the monofilament is removed to allow reperfusion. Throughout the process, cerebral blood flow is monitored to confirm the reduction during occlusion and subsequent recovery upon reperfusion. Neurological and tissue outcomes are evaluated using behavioral tests and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies.

Introduction

Stroke is a devastating disease that affects approximately 15 million people worldwide annually, according to the WHO. Around one-third of patients succumb to the condition, while another third experience permanent disability. Stroke is a complex pathology involving various cell types, such as neural and peripheral immune cells, vasculature, and systemic responses¹. The intricate network of reactions triggered by stroke at the systems level cannot be currently replicated using in vitro models. Thus, experimental animal models are essential to delve into the disease's mechanisms and to develop and test new therapies. Currently, earl....

Protocol

Animal work was conducted following the Catalan and Spanish laws (Real Decreto 53/2013) and the European Directives, with approval of the ethical committee (Comité Ètic d'Experimentació Animal, CEEA) of the University of Barcelona, and the local regulatory bodies of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Studies are reported in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines. This procedure is designed to be performed in adult mice, starting at 8 weeks of age, with no age limit. Examples of the surgical procedure develop.......

Discussion

The intraluminal tMCAo procedure is the most commonly used model of focal brain ischemia with reperfusion in basic research. Currently, mice are the preferred animal model due to the availability of genetically modified strains. However, it's essential to acknowledge that genetically modified mice and their genetic backgrounds can impact brain vascularization. The presence of collateral circulation and anastomoses between different arterial territories can significantly influence the outcomes of experimental procedur.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
6/0 suture	Arago		Vascular ligatures
6/0 suture with curved needle	Arago		Skin sutures
9 mg/mL Saline	Fresenius Kabi	CN616003 EC	For hydration
Anaesthesia system	SurgiVet
Blunt retractors, 1 mm wide	Fine Science Tools	18200-09
Buprenorfine	Buprex		For pain relief
Clamp applying forceps	Fine Science Tools	S&T CAF4
Dumont mini forceps	Fine Science Tools	M3S 11200-10
Forceps	Fine Science Tools	91106-12
Glue	Loctite		To stick LDF probe to the skull
Grip Strength Meter	IITC Life Science Inc.	#2200
Isoflurane	B-Braun	CN571105.8
LDF Perimed	Perimed	Periflux System 5000
LDF Probe Holders	Perimed	PH 07-4
Medical tape
MRI magnet	Bruker BioSpin, Ettlingen, Germany		BioSpec 70/30 horizontal animal scanner
Needle Holder with Suture Cutter	Fine Science Tools	12002-14
Nylon filament	Doccol	701912PK5Re
Recovery cage with heating pad
Sirgical scissors	Fine Science Tools	91401-12
Small vessel cauterizer kit	Fine Science Tools	18000-00
Stereomicroscope and cold light	Leica	M60
Suture tying forceps	Fine Science Tools	18025-10
Thermostat, rectal probe and mouse pad	Letica Science Instruments	LE 13206
Vannas spring scissors (4mm cutting edge)	Fine Science Tools	15019-10
Vascular clamps	Fine Science Tools	00396-01