Nous remercions quatre examinateurs anonymes pour leur travail pour améliorer le manuscrit. Nous remercions le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique pour son soutien financier à MBG et YG, et l&#39;Université de Bourgogne et le Ministère français de la Recherche de MMS. Recherche dans le laboratoire de YG est financé par le Conseil européen de la recherche (ERC Starting Grant, GliSFCo-311403), l&#39;Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-JCJC, GGCB-2010), le Conseil Régional de Bourgogne (Faber) et le CNRS.

1. Avant de commencer <ol><li> Utilisez un stock de référence isogenized portant phénotypes comportementaux stables et robustes. Il n&#39;ya pas de règle générale pour le choix de ce stock, puisque tous les contrôles possibles peuvent porter hétérogènes allèles de fond. </li><li> Utilisez cette souche de contrôle de backcross tout autre matériel nécessaire pour les étapes ultérieures. Cette étape de rétro-croisement est généralement représenté par au moins cinq croisements successifs d&#39;une seule femelle vierge (pour permettre possible crossing-over entre les chromosomes homologues) à 2-3 mâles de référence isogéniques 5. Cette étape est importante pour homogénéiser le fond génétique entre les différentes populations de mouches. </li><li> Maintenir les stocks de Drosophila sur une farine type de maïs (9%), levure (10%), et milieu de gélose (1,5%) complétée par un antibiotique (0,4% de méthyl para-hydroxy-benzoate) dans un cycle lumière de 12 h / obscurité à 25 ° C. </li><li> Atteindre expériences chimiosensoriels dans une pièce à température contrôlée (25 ° C) sous une lumière rouge lointain(Pour éliminer la contribution de repères visuels, et de se concentrer sur les signaux chimiosensoriels). Renouveler régulièrement l&#39;air de la pièce à ventiler la zone entre chaque expérience. </li></ol> 2. Réponse olfactive l&#39;aide d&#39;un test Y-labyrinthe <ol><li> Affamer les mouches pour 16-18 h à 25 ° C dans des tubes de verre contenant serviette en papier humide avant le test. </li><li> Joignez-vous à un connecteur en forme de Y de deux flacons de verre et dans un flacon en plastique plus petit (chargement de flacon). Utiliser 1 ml de pointes de pipettes qui passent à travers les bouchons de mousse pour relier le connecteur à trois flacons, et pour obtenir un labyrinthe en Y hermétiquement fermés. Couper les extrémités étroites des deux embouts de pipette (~ de 2 mm de diamètre, pour éviter tout retour de la mouche une fois qu&#39;il a pris sa décision) pour former deux flacons &quot;pièges&quot;, et une grande extrémité d&#39;un embout de pipette pour former le «chargement» tube (Figure 1A). </li><li> Juste avant de brancher les flacons &quot;pièges&quot; (figure 1B), placez une ~ 6 papier filtre de mm de diamètrechaque flacon. Ajouter 40 ul de solution odorant sur un papier filtre, et 40 pi de solvant correspondant sur le deuxième papier filtre. </li><li> Présentez-dix 4 à 9 vol d&#39;un jour dans le «chargement» flacon. Ne pas utiliser de CO 2 anesthésie pendant ce transfert, car il a un effet important sur ​​le comportement 10. Utiliser plutôt bref refroidissement sur de la glace. Manipulation correcte des mouches anesthésiés est important de limiter le stress sur les sujets autant que possible. <ol><li> Effectuer une série de tests Y-labyrinthe à 25 ° C sous la lumière rouge lointain (en utilisant des ampoules LED pour limiter source de chaleur possible) pour éviter les stimuli visuels autant que possible. Attention à alterner les orientations des Y labyrinthes (odorant contenant tubes sur la gauche, ou à droite, et le tube de chargement à l&#39;avant ou à l&#39;arrière, la figure 1C). </li><li> Accorder quelques heures pour les mouches de pénétrer dans le flacon de piège contenant la substance odorante ou le solvant. Comptez vol après 24 h pour augmenter la participatisur un maximum de plus de 80% et fournir la valeur d&#39;index maximale olfactif (Simonnet, communication personnelle). </li><li> Calcul de l&#39;indice olfactif résultant en utilisant la formule suivante: (nombre dans le tube d&#39;odeur - nombre dans le tube de solvant) / nombre total de mouches chargés. </li></ol></li><li> Laver labyrinthe en Y mis en place comme suit: tremper le set-up démantelé dans RBS 35 MD nuit. Rincer abondamment avec de l&#39;eau du robinet. Enfin rincer avec de l&#39;eau déminéralisée et laissez sécher. </li></ol> 3. Analyse statistique des données de <ol><li> Effectuez un test t, une analyse de la variance d&#39;une manière ou d&#39;une analyse de variance à deux voies en fonction des données et des variables. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Mombaerts, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+and+ligands+for+odorant,+vomeronasal+and+taste+receptors.">Genes and ligands for odorant, vomeronasal and taste receptors.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 263-278 (2004).</li><li>Silbering, A. F., Benton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ionotropic+and+metabotropic+mechanisms+in+chemoreception:+'chance+or+design.">Ionotropic and metabotropic mechanisms in chemoreception: 'chance or design.</a> EMBO Rep. 11, 173-179 (2010).</li><li>Ziegler, A. B., Berthelot-Grosjean, M., Grosjean, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+smell+of+love+in+Drosophila.">The smell of love in Drosophila.</a> Front. Physiol. 4, (2013).</li><li>Silbering, A. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementary+function+and+integrated+wiring+of+the+evolutionarily+distinct+Drosophila+olfactory+subsystems.">Complementary function and integrated wiring of the evolutionarily distinct Drosophila olfactory subsystems.</a> J. Neurosci. 31, 13357-13375 (2011).</li><li>Grosjean, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+olfactory+receptor+for+food-derived+odours+promotes+male+courtship+in+Drosophila.">An olfactory receptor for food-derived odours promotes male courtship in Drosophila.</a> Nature. 478, 236-240 (2011).</li><li>Woodard, C., Huang, T., Sun, H., Helfand, S. L., Carlson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+analysis+of+olfactory+behavior+in+Drosophila:+a+new+screen+yields+the+ota+mutants.">Genetic analysis of olfactory behavior in Drosophila: a new screen yields the ota mutants.</a> Genetics. 123, 315-326 (1989).</li><li>Semmelhack, J. L., Wang, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Select+Drosophila+glomeruli+mediate+innate+olfactory+attraction+and+aversion.">Select Drosophila glomeruli mediate innate olfactory attraction and aversion.</a> Nature. 459, 218-223 (2009).</li><li>Budick, S. A., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free-flight+responses+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+to+attractive+odors.">Free-flight responses of Drosophila melanogaster to attractive odors.</a> The Journal of Experimental Biology. 209, 3001-3017 (2006).</li><li>Martin, F., Charro, M. J., Alcorta, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+affecting+the+cAMP+transduction+pathway+modify+olfaction+in+Drosophila.">Mutations affecting the cAMP transduction pathway modify olfaction in Drosophila.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 187, 359-370 (2001).</li><li>Barron, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anaesthetising+Drosophila+for+behavioural+studies.">Anaesthetising Drosophila for behavioural studies.</a> Journal of Insect Physiology. 46, 439-442 (2000).</li><li>Ai, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acid+sensing+by+the+Drosophila+olfactory+system.">Acid sensing by the Drosophila olfactory system.</a> Nature. 468, 691-695 (2010).</li><li>Becher, P. G., Bengtsson, M., Hansson, B. S., Witzgall, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flying+the+fly:+long-range+flight+behavior+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+to+attractive+odors.">Flying the fly: long-range flight behavior of Drosophila melanogaster to attractive odors.</a> J. Chem. Ecol. 36, 599-607 (2010).</li></ol>

Les auteurs n&#39;ont rien à révéler.

Notre protocole labyrinthe en Y est basé sur un protocole décrit précédemment 9. Cependant, nous introduisons deux différences majeures. Tout d&#39;abord, nous utilisons des embouts de pipette étroites pour empêcher les mouches de rentrer une fois qu&#39;ils décident d&#39;entrer dans le flacon contenant le solvant ou le solvant ainsi que la substance odorante. Ces conseils étroites sont également utiles pour limiter la diffusion odorant dans le labyrinthe en Y. Deuxièmement, nous utilisons un flac...

Chemoreception par goût ou l&#39;odorat est une modalité sensorielle clé pour la survie de l&#39;animal. Il donne des signaux essentiels nécessaires pour la détection d&#39;un danger ou des sources de nourriture, ainsi que pour les interactions sociales. Il aide aussi les animaux à trouver un partenaire de sexe nécessaire à leur reproduction. Depuis plus de 20 ans, des recherches intensives, y compris le prix Nobel gagnant travail par Richard Axel et Linda Buck en 2004 &quot;pour leurs découvertes de récepteurs olfactifs et l&#39;organisation du système olfactif&quot;, a été réalisée pour révéler les bases moléculaires et cellulaires de la olfaction 1,2. Un des modèles animaux préférés pour les scientifiques pour disséquer la perception olfactive est D. melanogaster. Cet insecte part une stratégie d&#39;odeur codage cellulaire et moléculaire similaire avec les mammifères. La communauté scientifique utilise divers paradigmes comportementaux à étudier le rôle des substances odorantes dans cette mouche des fruits. Ces tests comprennent des essais multimodaux tels que courtshitests de p où diverses modalités sensorielles, y compris l&#39;olfaction, sont importantes pour susciter la cour mâle 3. D&#39;autres essais ont également été mis au point pour lutter contre le rôle des substances odorantes plus précisément; il s&#39;agit notamment de T-labyrinthes, Y labyrinthes, des essais de piégeage, les arénas à quatre sur le terrain et le vent tunnels 4.5.6.7.8. Dans cet article, nous présentons un test Y-labyrinthe simple modifié, qui apporte des réponses robustes olfactives en utilisant D. melanogaster. Notre set-up utilise finaux conseils contrairement à une méthode 9 décrit précédemment. Ainsi, notre labyrinthe en Y présente deux avantages. Tout d&#39;abord, il évite tout retour dans le système une fois la mouche a fait son choix. D&#39;autre part, elle limite l&#39;échange de substances odorantes dans tous les domaines de la Y-labyrinthe. Ce dernier avantage est important puisque de Drosophila sont très sensibles à l&#39;écoulement d&#39;air qui est souvent utilisé pour éviter la saturation odorant. Pour régler le dispositif expérimental avec un flux d&#39;air serait temps et consomme de coût. Par conséquent, notre analyse labyrinthe en Y représente un efFicient et rapide pour tester les performances olfactif de la drosophile.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="835">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila Polystyrene tube</td>
			<td>VWR europe</td>
			<td>734-2255</td>
			<td>30 x 25 mm&#160; 
			Y-maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila Borosilicate tube</td>
			<td>Dijon verre</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>95 X 25 mm 
			Y-maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foam stopper</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>999038</td>
			<td> 
			Y-maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-shaped connector</td>
			<td>Europrix</td>
			<td>11020605</td>
			<td> 
			Y-maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100-1000&#181;l pipet tips</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4868</td>
			<td>Join the following pipet tips to the Y-shaped connector. Cut 2 pipet tips at 65 mm from the wide end, and connect the narrow end (with a &#8764;2 mm opening) to 2 test vials. These openings will limit the U-turns once the flies enter the tubes containing the odors. Cut 1 pipet tip at 35 mm from the wide end, and connect it to the loading vial. 
			Y-maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Far-Red LED Bulb</td>
			<td>Rubin-Lacaque</td>
			<td>0RB180238</td>
			<td>625-630 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>45725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylacetic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P16621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast</td>
			<td>Sensient Flavors Strasbourg</td>
			<td>1018880464</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cornmeal</td>
			<td>eurogerm</td>
			<td>Farine de ma&#239;s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Kalys</td>
			<td>HP-697-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl hydroxy 4 benzoate</td>
			<td>VWR international</td>
			<td>25605293</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

testing drosophila olfaction with a y-maze assay

Détecter des signaux de l&#39;environnement est essentielle pour les animaux pour assurer leur survie. Pour cela, ils utilisent des signaux environnementaux tels que la vision, mécanoréception, audience, et chemoperception par goût, par contact direct ou par l&#39;olfaction, qui représente la réponse à une molécule volatile agissant à plus longue portée. Molécules chimiques volatiles sont des signaux très importants pour la plupart des animaux dans la détection du danger, une source de nourriture, ou de communiquer entre les individus. Drosophila melanogaster est l&#39;un des modèles biologiques les plus courants pour les scientifiques à explorer la base cellulaire et moléculaire de l&#39;olfaction. Afin de mettre en évidence les capacités olfactives de ce petit insecte, nous décrivons un protocole de choix modifié basé sur le test Y-labyrinthe classique utilisé avec la souris. Les données obtenues avec Y labyrinthes donnent des informations précieuses pour mieux comprendre comment les animaux face à leur environnement en perpétuel changement. Nous introduisons un protocole étape par étape pour étudier laimpact des substances odorantes à la volée réponse exploratoire utilisant ce test Y-labyrinthe.

Figure 1D montre deux réponses représentatives qui utilisent ce test Y-labyrinthe. Canton-S mâles éviter fortement acide acétique à 10% dilué dans de l&#39;eau distillée, tandis qu&#39;elles n&#39;évitent pas de manière significative l&#39;acide phénylacétique de 10%. Ces essais sont basés sur 10 mâles par répétition placés ensemble dans les flacons de chargement. Ce protocole peut parfois conduire à grande erreur standard de la moyenne. Si nécessaire, il est possible de réduire cet ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing Drosophila Olfaction with a Y-maze Assay at JoVE.com

Testing Drosophila Olfaction with a Y-maze Assay

Nous présentons un test à choix de révéler l&#39;influence de substances odorantes sur le comportement de drosophile en utilisant un dosage labyrinthe en Y.

Expérimentation<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Olfaction avec un dosage labyrinthe en Y

Detecting signals from the environment is essential for animals to ensure their survival. To this aim, they use environmental cues such as vision, ...

testing-drosophila-olfaction-with-a-y-maze-assay

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Testing Drosophila Olfaction with a Y-maze Assay

14.8K vues.  UMR-6265 CNRS.  Nous présentons un test à choix de révéler l'influence de substances odorantes sur le comportement de drosophile en utilisant un dosage labyrinthe en Y. 

Vidéo: Testing Drosophila Olfaction with a Y-maze Assay

Paired Nanoinjection and Electrophysiology Assay to Screen for Bioactivity of Compounds using the Drosophila melanogaster Giant Fiber System

Screening compounds for in vivo activity can be used as a first step to identify candidates that may be developed into pharmacological agents1,2. We developed a novel nanoinjection/electrophysiology assay that allows the detection of bioactive modulatory effects of compounds on the function of a neuronal circuit that mediates the escape response in Drosophila melanogaster3,4. Our in vivo assay, which uses the Drosophila Giant Fiber System (GFS, Figure 1) allows screening of different types of compounds, such as small molecules or peptides, and requires only minimal quantities to elicit an effect. In addition, the Drosophila GFS offers a large variety of potential molecular targets on neurons or muscles. The Giant Fibers (GFs) synapse electrically (Gap Junctions) as well as chemically (cholinergic) onto a Peripheral Synapsing Interneuron (PSI) and the Tergo Trochanteral Muscle neuron (TTMn)5. The PSI to DLMn (Dorsal Longitudinal Muscle neuron) connection is dependent on D&alpha;7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)6. Finally, the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of the TTMn and the DLMn with the jump (TTM) and flight muscles (DLM) are glutamatergic7-12. Here, we demonstrate how to inject nanoliter quantities of a compound, while obtaining electrophysiological intracellular recordings from the Giant Fiber System13 and how to monitor the effects of the compound on the function of this circuit. We show specificity of the assay with methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA), a nAChR antagonist, which disrupts the PSI to DLMn connection but not the GF to TTMn connection or the function of the NMJ at the jump or flight muscles.
Before beginning this video it is critical that you carefully watch and become familiar with the JoVE video titled "Electrophysiological Recordings from the Giant Fiber Pathway of D. melanogaster " from Augustin et al7, as the video presented here is intended as an expansion to this existing technique. Here we use the electrophysiological recordings method and focus in detail only on the addition of the paired nanoinjections and monitoring technique.

Paired Nanoinjection and Electrophysiology Assay to Screen for Bioactivity of Compounds using the Drosophila melanogaster Giant Fiber System

A rapid in vivo assay to test for neuromodulatory compounds using the Giant Fiber System (GFS) of Drosophila melanogaster is described. Nanoinjections in the head of the animal along with electrophysiological recordings of the GFS can reveal bioactivity of compounds on neurons or muscles.

Nanoinjection paires et test d&#39;électrophysiologie à l&#39;écran de la bioactivité des composés en utilisant le Drosophila melanogaster Système de fibre géant

Screening compounds for in vivo activity can be used as a first step to identify candidates that may be developed into pharmacological agents1,2. We ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically and behaviorally tractable model system that has been used to understand the molecular and cellular basis of many important biological processes for over a century 1. Drosophila has been well exploited to gain insights into the genetic basis of fly behavior.

Méthodes de dosage à Drosophila Comportement

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance imaging. However, use of such methods in animal models requires anesthesia and hence both alters the brain state and prevents behavioral measures. An alternative method is the use of in vivo microdialysis to take continuous measurement of brain extracellular fluid concentrations of glucose, lactate, and related metabolites in awake, unrestrained animals. This technique is especially useful when combined with tasks designed to rely on specific brain regions and/or acute pharmacological manipulation; for example, hippocampal measurements during a spatial working memory task (spontaneous alternation) show a dip in extracellular glucose and rise in lactate that are suggestive of enhanced glycolysis1-3,4-5, and intrahippocampal insulin administration both improves memory and increases hippocampal glycolysis6. Substances such as insulin can be delivered to the hippocampus via the same microdialysis probe used to measure metabolites. The use of spontaneous alternation as a measure of hippocampal function is designed to avoid any confound from stressful motivators (e.g. footshock), restraint, or rewards (e.g. food), all of which can alter both task performance and metabolism; this task also provides a measure of motor activity that permits control for nonspecific effects of treatment. Combined, these methods permit direct measurement of the neurochemical and metabolic variables regulating behavior.

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Modulation of hippocampally-dependent spatial working memory by direct intrahippocampal microinjection, accompanied and followed by in vivo microdialysis for metabolites in conscious, behaving animals.

La micro-injection d&#39;insuline de l&#39;hippocampe et<em&gt; In vivo</emMicrodialyse&gt; Test de la mémoire spatiale cours

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance ...

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In a light-tight box illuminated by red light that is invisible to fruit flies, a camera linked to custom data acquisition software monitors the position of six flies simultaneously. Each fly is confined to walk in individual arenas containing a food odor at the center. The testing arenas rest on a porous floor that functions to prevent odor accumulation. Latency to locate the odor source, a metric that reflects olfactory sensitivity under different physiological states, is determined by software analysis. Here, we discuss the critical mechanics of running this behavioral paradigm and cover specific issues regarding fly loading, odor contamination, assay temperature, data quality, and statistical analysis.

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Une simple mouche Essai de comportement alimentaire dans<em&gt; Drosophila</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response is a vision-based, reflexive behavior that has been observed in all vertebrates tested. Tadpole eyes are small so the tail flip response was used as alternative measure, which requires a trained technician to record the subtle response. We developed an alternative behavior assay based on the fact that tadpoles prefer to swim on the white side of a tank when placed in a tank with both black and white sides. The assay presented here is an inexpensive, simple alternative that creates a response that is easily measured. The setup consists of a tripod, webcam and nested testing tanks, readily available in most Xenopus laboratories. This article includes a movie showing the behavior of tadpoles, before and after severing the optic nerve. In order to test the function of one eye, we also include representative results of a tadpole in which each eye underwent retinal axotomy on consecutive days. Future studies could develop an automated version of this assay for testing the vision of many tadpoles at once.

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus laevis tadpoles prefer swimming on the white side of a black/white tank. This behavior is guided by their vision. Based on this behavior, we present a simple assay to test the visual function of tadpoles.

Un test comportemental simple pour tester la fonction visuelle dans<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response ...

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

Imagerie en direct de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; larves Neuroblastes

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Essai simple pour la quantification de l&#39;évitement social en<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense organs provide an excellent model system for the study of mechanosensation. This protocol describes a simple touch behavior in fruit flies which can be used to identify mutations that interfere with mechanosensation. The tactile stimulation of a macrochaete bristle on the thorax of flies elicits a grooming reflex from either the first or third leg. Mutations that interfere with mechanotransduction (such as NOMPC), or with other aspects of the reflex arc, can inhibit the grooming response. A traditional screen of adult behaviors would have missed mutants that have essential roles during development. Instead, this protocol combines the touch screen with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to allow for only limited regions of homozygous mutant cells to be generated and marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). By testing MARCM clones for abnormal behavioral responses, it is possible to screen a collection of lethal p-element mutations to search for new genes involved in mechanosensation that would have been missed by more traditional methods.

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

In order to identify novel mutations affecting mechanosensation, we designed an assay that measures the behavioral response to tactile stimulation of fly bristles in mutant clones generated by the MARCM method. The combination of techniques allows for the identification of mechanosensitive mutations that would otherwise be lethal.

A Behavioral Essai pour mécanosensibilité de marcm-fondé clones dans<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense ...

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival. The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to distinguish good food sources from potentially dangerous food sources. Gustation requires physical contact with a chemical compound which is able to signal through taste receptors that are expressed on the surface of neurons. In insects, these gustatory neurons can be located across the animal's body allowing taste to play an important role in many different behaviors. Insects typically prefer compounds containing sugars, while compounds that are considered bitter tasting are avoided. Given the basic biological importance of taste, there is intense interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this sensory modality. We describe an adult Drosophila taste assay which reflects the preference of the animals for a given tastant compound. This assay may be applied to animals of any genetic background to examine the taste preference for a desired soluble compound.

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Taste is an important sensory process which facilitates attraction to beneficial substances and avoidance of toxic substances. This protocol describes a simple ingestion assay for determining Drosophila gustatory preference for a given chemical compound.

Goût préférence Essai pour adultes<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival.  The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to ...

Dynamic Quantitative Sensory Testing to Characterize Central Pain Processing

Central facilitation and modulation of incoming nociceptive signals play an important role in the perception of pain. Disruption in central pain processing is present in many chronic pain conditions and can influence responses to specific therapies. Thus, the ability to precisely describe the state of central pain processing has profound clinical significance in both prognosis and prediction. Because it is not practical to record neuronal firings directly in the human spinal cord, surrogate behavior tests become an important tool to assess the state of central pain processing. Dynamic QST is one such test, and can probe both the ascending facilitation and descending modulation of incoming nociceptive signals via TS and CPM, respectively. Due to the large between-individual variability in the sensitivity to noxious signals, standardized TS and CPM tests may not yield any meaningful data in up to 50% of the population due to floor or ceiling effects. We present methodologies to individualize TS and CPM so we can capture these measures in a broader range of individuals than previously possible. We have used these methods successfully in several studies at the lab, and data from one ongoing study will be presented to demonstrate feasibility and potential applications of the methods.

By assessing pain in response to repetitive or different types of standardized stimuli, dynamic quantitative sensory testing (QST) can reveal changes in the central processing of pain. We present methods to optimize and individualize two dynamic QST measures: temporal summation (TS) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM).

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