Work in the authors' laboratory is supported by a grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM41628) and by a grant to the Stowers Institute for Medical Research from the Helen Nelson Medical Research Fund at the Greater Kansas City Community Foundation.

1. dépendant de l&#39;ATP nucléosome Rénovation Essais Pour mesurer ATP-dépendant des activités de remodelage des nucléosomes, immunopurifié INO80 ou sous-complexes de INO80 sont incubées avec de l&#39;ATP et un substrat de mononucleosomal, qui contient un seul nucléosome positionné à une extrémité d&#39;un fragment d&#39;ADN de 216 pb, marqué au 32P. Les produits de réaction sont ensuite soumis à une électrophorèse dans des gels de poly-acrylamide natif. <ol><li> Pour générer le P-marqué, «601» fragment 32 d&#39;ADN, amplification de pGEM-3Z-601 4 un fragment d&#39;ADN de 216 pb contenant une 601 séquence de positionnement des nucléosomes d&#39;extrémité positionnée, en utilisant les oligonucléotides 5&#39;-ACAGGATGTATATATCTGACACGTGCCTGG et 5&#39;-AATACTCAAGCTTGGATGCCTGCAG que amorces sens et antisens. <ol><li> Mettre en place une réaction PCR de 100 pi, comme décrit dans le tableau 1. </li><li> Effectuer les réactions PCR dans un thermocycleur en utilisant le programme suivant: 1 mn à 96 ° C, followed de 45 sec à 94 ° C, 30 sec à 57 ° C, 60 secondes à 72 ° C pendant 30 cycles; se terminant par 7 min à 72 ° C. </li><li> Après la réaction de PCR est terminée, retirez les nucléotides non constituées en faisant passer les produits de la réaction deux fois à travers des colonnes de centrifugation sans nucléase. </li><li> Exécuter 5 ul du produit de PCR purifié dans un gel d&#39;agarose à 1,2% pour confirmer que la réaction PCR a généré l&#39;~ fragment d&#39;ADN de 216 pb désiré. </li><li> Diluer 5 ul du produit de PCR purifié 20 fois, et de mesurer la concentration d&#39;ADN en utilisant un spectrophotomètre UV. Le rendement moyen est d&#39;environ 40 ng / ul. </li><li> Mesurer la radioactivité de 1 ul du produit de PCR purifié dans un compteur à scintillation. Estimer l&#39;efficacité de l&#39;étiquetage en calculant le cpm / ng. On s&#39;attend à une réaction de marquage succès pour obtenir ~ 15 000 cpm / ng de 601 fragment d&#39;ADN. </li></ol></li><li> Transfert de cellules Hela nucléosomes sur l&#39;ADN marqué 601 en utilisant une méthode de dilution en série 5. <ol><li> Mélanger 2 pmol deMarqué au 32P 601 fragment d&#39;ADN de 6 pg de nucléosomes Hela (préparé comme décrit 5) dans 50 pl d&#39;un tampon contenant 1,0 M de NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8,0, EDTA 1 mM, mM PMSF 0,1, et 1 mM DTT et incuber à 30 ° C pendant 30 min. </li><li> Diluer le mélange séquentiel à 0,8 M, 0,6 M et 0,4 M de NaCl, par dilution avec 12,5 ul, 20,8 ul, et 41,6 pi, respectivement, de 10 mM de Tris-HCl (pH 8,0), EDTA 1 mM, PMSF 0,1 mM, et DTT 1 mM, avec une incubation de 30 min à 30 ° C après chaque dilution. </li><li> Diluer ensuite le mélange à 0,2 M puis de NaCl 0,1 M par addition de 125 ul et 250 ul du même tampon contenant 0,1% de Nonidet P-40, 20% de glycérol, et 200 pg / ml de BSA, avec une incubation de 30 min à 30 ° C entre les deux dilutions finales. Stocker le substrat mononucléosome à 4 ° C pendant 3 mois. </li></ol></li><li> Réaliser des réactions de nucléosomes glissement dépendant de l&#39;ATP dans un volume total de 10 pl. Le reacomposants ction sont répertoriés dans le tableau 2. Puisque la concentration de NaCl optimale pour l&#39;activité des nucléosomes de remodelage INO80 est d&#39;environ 50 mM de NaCl (résultats non publiés), ajuster la concentration totale de NaCl dans chaque réaction à 50 mM, en tenant compte de la quantité de NaCl contenue dans les préparations de l&#39;enzyme et nucléosomes. <ol><li> Avant de commencer à mettre en place les tests, fonte des gels de poly-acrylamide natifs (18 x 16 cm). Pour préparer un gel contenant 5% d&#39;acrylamide (acrylamide: bis-acrylamide à 37,5: 1), 0,5 x TBE (45 mM de Tris borate, 1 mM EDTA), 0,01% de persulfate d&#39;ammonium (APS), et 0,001% de N, N, N &#39;, N&#39;-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED), mélanger les ingrédients énumérés dans le tableau 3. Laisser le gel polymériser pendant au moins 2 heures à température ambiante. </li><li> Pendant ce temps, pour chaque réaction à effectuer, mélanger dans un tube de silicone de 1,5 ml pré-réfrigérés ~ 20 nM INO80 ou INO80 sous-complexe (préparé comme décrit 3) avec une quantité de tampon EB100 ( <strong&gt; Tableau 4) suffisante pour obtenir un volume de 4,75 ul. Immédiatement recongeler des fractions contenant de INO80-restant dans la glace sèche en poudre ou de l&#39;azote liquide. </li><li> Configuration d&#39;un cocktail de maître avec le reste des ingrédients, mise à l&#39;échelle par un facteur de &#39;X&#39; (où X = nombre total de réactions 3). La quantité de chaque ingrédient nécessaire pour une seule réaction de 10 ul est listé dans le tableau 5; la recette doit être agrandi en fonction du nombre de réactions à effectuer. Mélangez bien en appuyant sur le tube ou par aspiration et refoulement avec un Pipetman et tourner le tube pendant quelques secondes dans une microcentrifugeuse de paillasse. </li><li> Verser 5,25 pi du cocktail maître à chacun des tubes réactionnels mis en place à l&#39;étape 1.3.2. Bien mélanger par pipetage de haut en bas. Démarrer la réaction en transférant des tubes de réaction dans un bain à 30 ° C-bloc de la chaleur ou de l&#39;eau et incuber pendant 2 heures. </li><li> Pendant ce temps, préparer «l&#39;élimination mix &#39;cocktail contenant de l&#39;ADN de concurrentet nucléosomes, mise à l&#39;échelle par un facteur de X (X = nombre total de réactions + 4). La quantité de chacun des ingrédients nécessaires à la préparation de 1,5 ul de mélange pour retirer une seule réaction est listé dans le tableau 6; la recette doit être agrandi en fonction du nombre d&#39;essais à effectuer. </li><li> Terminer réactions en ajoutant 1,5 ul du mélange retirer. Mélangez bien, spin-down, et incuber à 30 ° C pendant encore 30 min. </li><li> Pendant ce temps, pré-exécuter le gel de polyacrylamide natif dans une unité d&#39;électrophorèse vertical à 100 V pendant 30 min à 4 ° C, à l&#39;aide 0.5x TBE comme tampon avec une barre d&#39;agitation magnétique à l&#39;intérieur de la chambre inférieure pour maintenir la circulation de tampon constant. </li><li> Pour charger l&#39;échantillon, ajouter 2,5 pi de colorant de charge contenant 3x TBE, 30% de glycérol, 0,25% de bleu de bromophénol, et 0,25% Xylène Cyanol FF. Mélangez bien, centrifuger brièvement les échantillons, et les charger sur le gel à l&#39;aide des conseils de chargement. </li><li> Exécuter le gel à 200 V pendant 4,5 heures à 4 ° C avec une circulation d&#39;un tampon.</li><li> Pour détecter le signal, le gel à transférer un empilement de deux feuilles de papier filtre. Enroulez le papier filtre avec le gel sur le dessus, avec un collier en plastique transparent, puis l&#39;exposer à un écran au phosphore de stockage à 4 ° C pendant le temps désiré. </li><li> Balayer l&#39;écran d&#39;un système de scanner d&#39;imagerie par isotope et analyser les données en utilisant un logiciel approprié. </li></ol></li></ol> 2 mononucléosome essais de liaison Pour doser l&#39;affinité de liaison d&#39;un complexe de INO80 donné pour mononucléosomes, effectuer un décalage de mobilité électrophorétique Assay (EMSA) en utilisant le substrat de mononucleosomal généré à l&#39;étape 1.2. <ol><li> Mettre en place la réaction mélanges pour les analyses de liaison comme décrit pour les essais de remodelage du nucléosome mais omettre l&#39;ATP et la suppression mélange des réactions; incuber à 30 ° C pendant 30 min. </li><li> Ajouter 2,5 pi de colorant de charge à chaque mélange réactionnel, et l&#39;appliquer à un gel de polyacrylamide natif contenant 3,5% d&#39;acrylamide (acrylamide: bis 37,5: 1), 1% de glycérol, 0.5x TBE, 0,01% APS, et 0,001% TEMED. </li><li> Utilisation 0.5x TBE comme tampon, exécutez le gel à 200 V pendant 2,5 heures à 4 ° C avec circulation de tampon et exposer à un écran au phosphore de stockage. </li></ol> 3. ADN et Nucléosome dépendantes ATPase dosages Réaliser des tests de ATPase dans des mélanges réactionnels 5 ul contenant 20 mM de Tris-HCl (pH 7,5), 60 mM de NaCl, 6,6 mM de MgCl2, mM EDTA 0,8, 0,015% de Nonidet P-40, 2,5% de glycerol, 0,1 mg / ml de BSA, 1 mM de DTT, 0,1 mM PMSF, 2 mM d&#39;ATP, 2 pCi de [α- 32 P] ATP (3000 Ci / mmol). Pour chaque complexe INO80 ou la quantité de complexe INO80 à doser mis en place trois réactions parallèles, un tampon de EB100 contenant à mesurer l&#39;ADN ou nucléosome indépendant ATPase, un contenant fermé ADN plasmidique circulaire (5000 pb, ~ 30 nM) pour mesurer l&#39;ADN ATPase dépendante, et un contenant (~ 185 nM) de Hela pour mesurer nucléosome dépendant ATPase. Mettre en place toutes les réactions sur la glace. <ol&gt; <li> Pour chaque réaction, combiner 10-50 nM des INO80 ou INO80 Subcomplexes immunopurifiés avec une quantité de tampon de EB100 suffisante pour obtenir un volume de 2,2 ul dans lubrifiés 1,5 ml microtubes pré-réfrigérés. Immédiatement recongeler des fractions contenant INO80-dans de la glace sèche en poudre ou de l&#39;azote liquide. </li><li> Mettre en place un master cocktail. La quantité de chaque ingrédient nécessaire pour une seule réaction est listé dans le tableau 7. Grande échelle la recette par mise à l&#39;échelle par un facteur de 3 (X + 2) 1, où X = le nombre de préparations de INO80 à doser. </li><li> Pour préparer le tampon contenant &#39;sous-cocktails seulement, ADN, ou nucléosomes, distribuent 2,5 (X + 2) ul du maître cocktail dans trois tubes séparés. Ajouter 0,3 (X + 2) ul soit EB100, l&#39;ADN plasmidique circulaire fermé (1,5 ug / ul), ou (1,5 pg / la ul) de Hela et bien mélanger. </li><li> Distribuer 2,8 pi de la sous-cocktail approprié pour les tubes de réaction contenant des enzymes créé à Saint-ep 3.1. Pipette doucement monter et descendre à mélanger; éviter d&#39;introduire des bulles. </li><li> Pour démarrer les réactions, transférer les tubes de réaction à un bloc C à la chaleur de 30 °. </li><li> Après 5, 15, 30, et 60 min d&#39;incubation, repérer 0,5 ul de chaque mélange réactionnel sur une chromatographie cellulose polyéthylèneimine sur couche mince (CCM) plaque (20 x 10 cm), en ligne droite d&#39;au moins 1,5 cm du bord inférieur . Remettre immédiatement les tubes de réaction pour le bloc C de chaleur de 30 ° de sorte que plusieurs points dans le temps peuvent être prises à partir d&#39;un seul tube. Après avoir repéré, sécher les plaques de CCM en utilisant un sèche-cheveux. </li><li> Transférer les plaques de CCM à une chambre de verre contenant suffisamment de phosphate 0,375 M de potassium (pH 3,5) pour permettre aux bas de 0,5 cm de la plaque de CCM à être immergé dans la solution. </li><li> Couvrir la chambre, et développer jusqu&#39;à ce que la face de la phase liquide atteint la partie supérieure des plaques de CCM. Immédiate sécher les plaques à fond en utilisant un sèche-cheveux. </li><li> Exposer les plaques de CCM séchées à un écran de phosphore de stockage à température ambiante.Balayez l&#39;écran d&#39;un système de scanner d&#39;imagerie isotopique et de déterminer la quantité de substrat de l&#39;ATP radioactif et le produit ADP. </li><li> Pour calculer la quantité d&#39;ATP hydrolysé, multiplier la ATP% hydrolyse par la quantité d&#39;ATP présente dans le mélange réactionnel de départ à l&#39;aide de la formule suivante: pmol d&#39;ATP hydrolysé = 10 pmol d&#39;ATP à partir réaction x [ADP / ATP (+ ADP)] </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Afin de s&#39;assurer que nucléosome remodelage et activités ATPase on observe dans des dosages dépendent de l&#39;activité catalytique des complexes de INO80, et non sur contaminant rénovation et / ou d&#39;enzymes ATPase, nous nucléosome régulièrement dosage remodelage et l&#39;activité ATPase de versions catalytiquement inactives de complexes INO80, purifié dans parallèle avec le type sauvage INO80 utilisant la même procédure. Une réaction témoin négatif dépourvu ATP doit également être effectué l...

SNF2 complexes chromatine de la famille de remodelage comprennent une sous-unité ATPase central SNF2 comme 1,2. Certaines fonctions des ATPases SNF2 comme les enzymes de sous-unités simples, tandis que d&#39;autres fonctionnent comme la sous-unité catalytique de grands complexes multi-sous-unités. Élucider les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels chacune des sous-unités de complexes de remodelage de la chromatine contribuent à leurs activités nécessite la capacité à effectuer des dosages biochimiques qui dissèquent le processus de remodelage. ATP-dépendante des nucléosomes remodelage par le complexe INO80 humain et d&#39;autres enzymes de remodelage de la chromatine peut être envisagé comme un processus en plusieurs étapes qui commence par la liaison du remodelage enzyme de nucléosomes, suivie de l&#39;activation de son ADN et / ou des nucléosomes dépendante ATPase, la translocation de l&#39;enzyme sur l&#39;ADN nucléosomique remodelage, et éventuel repositionnement des nucléosomes 1,2. La compréhension des détails moléculaires de l&#39;ATP-dépendante processus de remodelage de la chromatine récessite dissection de la réaction de remodelage en ses différentes étapes de définition et des contributions des sous-unités individuelles du complexe de remodelage de chromatine à chaque étape de la réaction. Ces analyses nécessitent la capacité d&#39;analyser le remodelage du nucléosome et autres activités utilisant des substrats moléculaires définies in vitro. Dans un protocole de JOVE précédente, nous avons décrit les procédures utilisées pour générer des complexes et Subcomplexes de remodelage INO80 avec des compositions de sous-unités définies 3. Ici, nous présentons trois dosages biochimiques qui permettent une analyse quantitative de la liaison, l&#39;ADN et nucléosome activé ATPase, et les activités de remodelage du nucléosome associés à ces complexes nucléosome.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">P8340</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10x PCR reaction buffer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Roche Applied Science&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">11435094001</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Roche Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Roche Applied Science&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">11435094001</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NucAway Nuclease-free Spin Columns&#160;</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Cat. # AM10070</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ultrapure ATP&#160;</td>
			<td>USB/Affymetrix</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">77241 25 UM</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">bovine serum albumin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A9418&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">N,N,N&#180;,N&#180;-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">17919</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">40% Acrylamide/Bis 37.5:1</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">0254-500ML</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sonicated salmon sperm DNAs&#160;</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">27-4565-01</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10% ammonium persulfate (APS)</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">17874</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">benzonase&#160;</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Cat. No. 70664</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
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		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">[&#945;-32P] ATP (3000 Ci/mmol)</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">BLU003H250UC</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">dCTP, [&#945;-32P]- 6000Ci/mmol</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">BLU013Z250UC</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;"></td>
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			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PCR thermal cycler PTC 200</td>
			<td>MJ Research</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">PTC 200</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hoefer vertical electrophoresis unit</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Hoefer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SE600X-15-1.5</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">lubricated 1.5ml microcentrifuge tubes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Costar</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">3207</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Storage Phosphor Screen&#160;</td>
			<td>Molecular Dynamics</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">63-0034-79</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3MM filter paper</td>
			<td>Whatman&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">28458-005</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">VWR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Typhoon PhosphorImager&#160;</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">8600</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ImageQuant software</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ver2003.02</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">TLC Glass Plates, PEI-Cellulose F</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">5725-7</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Immobilon-FL Transfer Membrane 7 x 8.4</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">IPFL07810</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:359px;">General purpose survey meter with end-window or pancake GM (Geiger-Mueller) probe</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Biodex</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Model 14C</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
		</tr>
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biochemical assays for analyzing activities of atp-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes

Members of the SNF2 family of ATPases often function as components of multi-subunit chromatin remodeling complexes that regulate nucleosome dynamics and DNA accessibility by catalyzing ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling. Biochemically dissecting the contributions of individual subunits of such complexes to the multi-step ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling reaction requires the use of assays that monitor the production of reaction products and measure the formation of reaction intermediates. This JOVE protocol describes assays that allow one to measure the biochemical activities of chromatin remodeling complexes or subcomplexes containing various combinations of subunits. Chromatin remodeling is measured using an ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding assay, which monitors the movement of a nucleosome on a DNA molecule using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)-based method. Nucleosome binding activity is measured by monitoring the formation of remodeling complex-bound mononucleosomes using a similar EMSA-based method, and DNA- or nucleosome-dependent ATPase activity is assayed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) to measure the rate of conversion of ATP to ADP and phosphate in the presence of either DNA or nucleosomes. Using these assays, one can examine the functions of subunits of a chromatin remodeling complex by comparing the activities of the complete complex to those lacking one or more subunits. The human INO80 chromatin remodeling complex is used as an example; however, the methods described here can be adapted to the study of other chromatin remodeling complexes.

Les chiffres montrent des résultats représentatifs de tests biochimiques utilisés pour caractériser les activités de INO80, y compris nucléosome glissière (figure 1) et de liaison (Figure 2) des tests et des analyses d&#39;ADN ou de l&#39;ATPase nucléosome-dépendant (figure 3). L&#39;expérience a montré à la figure 1, on compare la capacité des complexes de INO80 intact purifié à travers FLAG-Ies2 ou FLAG-INO8...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes at JoVE.com

Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes

Here we describe biochemical assays that can be used to characterize ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes for their abilities to 1) catalyze ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding, 2) engage with nucleosome substrates, and 3) hydrolyze ATP in a nucleosome- or DNA-dependent manner.

Les dosages biochimiques pour l&#39;analyse des activités de l&#39;ATP-dépendant remodelage de la chromatine enzymes

Members of the SNF2 family of ATPases often function as components of multi-subunit chromatin remodeling complexes that regulate nucleosome dynamics and ...

biochemical-assays-for-analyzing-activities-atp-dependent-chromatin

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JoVE Journal

Biology

14.7K vues.  Stowers Institute for Medical Research. Here we describe biochemical assays that can be used to characterize ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes for their abilities to 1) catalyze ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding, 2) engage with nucleosome substrates, and 3) hydrolyze ATP in a nucleosome- or DNA-dependent manner.

Vidéo: Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes

A Chromatin Assay for Human Brain Tissue

Chronic neuropsychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disease and autism are thought to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors that might result in epigenetic alterations of gene expression and other molecular pathology. Traditionally, however, expression studies in postmortem brain were confined to quantification of mRNA or protein. The limitations encountered in postmortem brain research   such as variabilities in autolysis time and tissue integrities   are also likely to impact any studies of higher order chromatin structures. However, the nucleosomal organization of genomic DNA   including DNA:core histone binding - appears to be largely preserved in representative samples provided by various brain banks. Therefore, it is possible to study the methylation pattern and other covalent modifications of the core histones at defined genomic loci in postmortem brain. Here, we present a simplified native chromatin immunoprecipitation (NChIP) protocol for frozen (never-fixed) human brain specimens. Starting with micrococcal nuclease digestion of brain homogenates, NChIP followed by qPCR can be completed within three days. The methodology presented here should be useful to elucidate epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression in normal and diseased human brain.

Until recently, expression studies on human brain were limited to quantification of RNA or protein. With the chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques described in this paper, it will be possible to map histone methylation and other epigenetic regulators of gene expression in postmortem brain.

Un dosage de la chromatine pour les tissus du cerveau humain

Chronic neuropsychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disease and autism are thought to result from a combination of genetic and environmental ...

Recherche

Biologie

Zebrafish Brain Ventricle Injection

Proper brain ventricle formation during embryonic brain development is required for normal brain function.  Brain ventricles are the highly conserved cavities within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.  In zebrafish, after neural tube formation, the neuroepithelium undergoes a series of constrictions and folds while it fills with fluid resulting in brain ventricle formation.  In order to understand the process of ventricle formation, and the neuroepithelial shape changes that occur at the same time, we needed a way to visualize the ventricle space in comparison to the brain tissue.  However, the nature of transparent zebrafish embryos makes it difficult to differentiate the tissue from the ventricle space.  Therefore, we developed a brain ventricle injection technique where the ventricle space is filled with a fluorescent dye and imaged by brightfield and fluorescent microscopy.  The brightfield and the fluorescent images are then processed and superimposed in Photoshop.  This technique allows for visualization of the ventricle space with the fluorescent dye, in comparison to the shape of the neuroepithelium in the brightfield image.  Brain ventricle injection in zebrafish can be employed from 18 hours post fertilization through early larval stages.  We have used this technique extensively in our studies of brain ventricle formation and morphogenesis as well as in characterizing brain morphogenesis mutants (1-3).

After neural tube formation, the neuroepithelium constricts and folds while the tube fills with embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) to form the embryonic brain ventricles. We developed this ventricle injection technique to better visualize the fluid filled space in contrast to the neuroepithelial shape in a live embryo.

Injection Zebrafish ventricule cérébral

Proper brain ventricle formation during embryonic brain development is required for normal brain function.  Brain ventricles are the highly conserved ...

Photobleaching Assays (FRAP &amp; FLIP) to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) enable the study of protein dynamics in living cells with good spatial and temporal resolution. Here we describe how to perform FRAP and FLIP assays of chromatin proteins, including H1 and HP1, in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. In a FRAP experiment, cells are transfected, either transiently or stably, with a protein of interest fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or derivatives thereof (YFP, CFP, Cherry, etc.). In the transfected, fluorescing cells, an intense focused laser beam bleaches a relatively small region of interest (ROI). The laser wavelength is selected according to the fluorescent protein used for fusion. The laser light irreversibly bleaches the fluorescent signal of molecules in the ROI and, immediately following bleaching, the recovery of the fluorescent signal in the bleached area - mediated by the replacement of the bleached molecules with the unbleached molecules - is monitored using time lapse imaging. The generated fluorescence recovery curves provide information on the protein's mobility. If the fluorescent molecules are immobile, no fluorescence recovery will be observed. In a complementary approach, Fluorescence Loss in Photobleaching (FLIP), the laser beam bleaches the same spot repeatedly and the signal intensity is measured elsewhere in the fluorescing cell. FLIP experiments therefore measure signal decay rather than fluorescence recovery and are useful to determine protein mobility as well as protein shuttling between cellular compartments. Transient binding is a common property of chromatin-associated proteins. Although the major fraction of each chromatin protein is bound to chromatin at any given moment at steady state, the binding is transient and most chromatin proteins have a high turnover on chromatin, with a residence time in the order of seconds. These properties are crucial for generating high plasticity in genome expression1. Photobleaching experiments are therefore particularly useful to determine chromatin plasticity using GFP-fusion versions of chromatin structural proteins, especially in ES cells, where the dynamic exchange of chromatin proteins (including heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), linker histone H1 and core histones) is higher than in differentiated cells2,3.

Photobleaching Assays FRAP &amp; FLIP to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells

We describe photobleaching methods including Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) to monitor chromatin protein dynamics in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Chromatin protein dynamics, which is considered to be one of the means to study chromatin plasticity, is enhanced in pluripotent cells.

Photobleaching essais (FRAP et FLIP) pour mesurer la dynamique des protéines de la chromatine dans Vivre cellules souches embryonnaires

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) enable the study of protein dynamics in living cells with ...

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Gene expression patterns are specified by cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences, which are also called enhancers or cis-regulatory modules. A typical CRE possesses an arrangement of binding sites for several transcription factor proteins that confer a regulatory logic specifying when, where, and at what level the regulated gene(s) is expressed. The full set of CREs within an animal genome encodes the organism&prime;s program for development1, and empirical as well as theoretical studies indicate that mutations in CREs played a prominent role in morphological evolution2-4. Moreover, human genome wide association studies indicate that genetic variation in CREs contribute substantially to phenotypic variation5,6. Thus, understanding regulatory logic and how mutations affect such logic is a central goal of genetics. 
Reporter transgenes provide a powerful method to study the in vivo function of CREs. Here a known or suspected CRE sequence is coupled to heterologous promoter and coding sequences for a reporter gene encoding an easily observable protein product. When a reporter transgene is inserted into a host organism, the CRE&prime;s activity becomes visible in the form of the encoded reporter protein. P-element mediated transgenesis in the fruit fly species Drosophila (D.) melanogaster7 has been used for decades to introduce reporter transgenes into this model organism, though the genomic placement of transgenes is random. Hence, reporter gene activity is strongly influenced by the local chromatin and gene environment, limiting CRE comparisons to being qualitative. In recent years, the phiC31 based integration system was adapted for use in D. melanogaster to insert transgenes into specific genome landing sites8-10. This capability has made the quantitative measurement of gene and, relevant here, CRE activity11-13 feasible. The production of transgenic fruit flies can be outsourced, including phiC31-based integration, eliminating the need to purchase expensive equipment and/or have proficiency at specialized transgene injection protocols. 
Here, we present a general protocol to quantitatively evaluate a CRE&prime;s activity, and show how this approach can be used to measure the effects of an introduced mutation on a CRE&prime;s activity and to compare the activities of orthologous CREs. Although the examples given are for a CRE active during fruit fly metamorphosis, the approach can be applied to other developmental stages, fruit fly species, or model organisms. Ultimately, a more widespread use of this approach to study CREs should advance an understanding of regulatory logic and how logic can vary and evolve.

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Phenotypic variation for traits can result from mutations in cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences that control gene expression patterns. Methods derived for use in Drosophila melanogaster can quantitatively compare the levels of spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression mediated by modified or naturally occurring CRE variants.

Comparaison quantitative des Cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activités dans transgéniques Drosophila melanogaster</em

Gene expression patterns are specified by cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences, which are also called enhancers or cis-regulatory modules. A typical CRE ...

Blood Collection for Biochemical Analysis in Adult Zebrafish

The zebrafish has been used as an animal model for studies of several human diseases. It can serve as a powerful preclinical platform for studies of molecular events and therapeutic strategies as well as for evaluating the physiological mechanisms of some pathologies1. 
There are relatively few publications related to adult zebrafish physiology of organs and systems2, which may lead researchers to infer that the basic techniques needed to allow the exploration of zebrafish systems are lacking3. Hematologic biochemical values of zebrafish were first reported in 2003 by Murtha and colleagues4 who employed a blood collection technique first described by Jagadeeswaran and colleagues in 1999. Briefly, blood was collected via a micropipette tip through a lateral incision, approximately 0.3 cm in length, in the region of the dorsal aorta5. Because of the minute dimensions involved, this is a high-precision technique requiring a highly skilled practitioner. The same technique was used by the same group in another publication in that same year6. In 2010, Eames and colleagues assessed whole blood glucose levels in zebrafish7. They gained access to the blood by performing decapitations with scissors and then inserting a heparinized microcapillary collection tube into the pectoral articulation. They mention difficulties with hemolysis that were solved with an appropriate storage temperature based on the work Kilpatrick et al.8. When attempting to use Jagadeeswaran's technique in our laboratory, we found that it was difficult to make the incision in precisely the right place as not to allow a significant amount of blood to be lost before collection could be started. 
Recently, Gupta et al.9 described how to dissect adult zebrafish organs, Kinkle et al.10 described how to perform intraperitoneal injections, and Pugach et al.11 described how to perform retro-orbital injections. However, more work is needed to more fully explore basic techniques for research in zebrafish.
The small size of zebrafish presents challenges for researchers using it as an experimental model. Furthermore, given this smallness of scale, it is important that simple techniques are developed to enable researchers to explore the advantages of the zebrafish model.

This paper presents a technique for collection of blood from the dorsal aorta of Zebrafish. It also provides instructions for obtaining serum for use in biochemical analyses, such as tests for determining cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Collecte de sang pour analyse biochimique chez le poisson zèbre adulte

The zebrafish has been used as an animal model for studies of several human diseases. It can serve as a powerful preclinical platform for studies of ...

Biochemical and High Throughput Microscopic Assessment of Fat Mass in Caenorhabditis Elegans

The nematode C. elegans has emerged as an important model for the study of conserved genetic pathways regulating fat metabolism as it relates to human obesity and its associated pathologies. Several previous methodologies developed for the visualization of C. elegans triglyceride-rich fat stores have proven to be erroneous, highlighting cellular compartments other than lipid droplets. Other methods require specialized equipment, are time-consuming, or yield inconsistent results. We introduce a rapid, reproducible, fixative-based Nile red staining method for the accurate and rapid detection of neutral lipid droplets in C. elegans. A short fixation step in 40% isopropanol makes animals completely permeable to Nile red, which is then used to stain animals. Spectral properties of this lipophilic dye allow it to strongly and selectively fluoresce in the yellow-green spectrum only when in a lipid-rich environment, but not in more polar environments. Thus, lipid droplets can be visualized on a fluorescent microscope equipped with simple GFP imaging capability after only a brief Nile red staining step in isopropanol. The speed, affordability, and reproducibility of this protocol make it ideally suited for high throughput screens. We also demonstrate a paired method for the biochemical determination of triglycerides and phospholipids using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. This more rigorous protocol should be used as confirmation of results obtained from the Nile red microscopic lipid determination. We anticipate that these techniques will become new standards in the field of C. elegans metabolic research.

Biochemical and High Throughput Microscopic Assessment of Fat Mass in Caenorhabditis Elegans

We present robust biochemical and microscopic methods for studying Caenorhabditis elegans lipid stores. A rapid, simple, fixing-staining procedure for fluorescent lipid droplet imaging leverages the spectral properties of the lipophilic dye Nile red. We then present biochemical measurement of triglycerides and phospholipids using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Biochimique et High Throughput évaluation microscopique de la masse grasse dans<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

The nematode C. elegans has emerged as an important  model for the study of conserved genetic pathways regulating fat metabolism as  it relates to human ...

Biochemical Titration of Glycogen In vitro

Glycogen is the main energetic polymer of glucose in vertebrate animals and plays a crucial role in whole body metabolism as well as in cellular metabolism. Many methods to detect glycogen already exist but only a few are quantitative. We describe here a method using the Abcam Glycogen assay kit, which is based on specific degradation of glycogen to glucose by glucoamylase. Glucose is then specifically oxidized to a product that reacts with the OxiRed probe to produce fluorescence. Titration is accurate, sensitive and can be achieved on cell extracts or tissue sections. However, in contrast to other techniques, it does not give information about the distribution of glycogen in the cell. As an example of this technique, we describe here the titration of glycogen in two cell lines, Chinese hamster lung fibroblast CCL39 and human colon carcinoma LS174, incubated in normoxia (21% O2) versus hypoxia (1% O2). We hypothesized that hypoxia is a signal that prepares cells to synthesize and store glycogen in order to survive1.

Biochemical Titration of Glycogen In vitro

We describe here an accurate, reproducible and convenient biochemical method for titration of glycogen in vitro. This technique uses the Abcam Glycogen assay kit and is based on successive hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose and glucose titration by fluorescence.

Titration biochimique de glycogène<em&gt; In vitro</em

Glycogen is the main energetic polymer of glucose in vertebrate animals and plays a crucial role in whole body metabolism as well as in cellular ...

Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes

INO80 chromatin remodeling complexes regulate nucleosome dynamics and DNA accessibility by catalyzing ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling. Human INO80 complexes consist of 14 protein subunits including Ino80, a SNF2-like ATPase, which serves both as the catalytic subunit and the scaffold for assembly of the complexes. Functions of the other subunits and the mechanisms by which they contribute to the INO80 complex&#39;s chromatin remodeling activity remain poorly understood, in part due to the challenge of generating INO80 subassemblies in human cells or heterologous expression systems. This JOVE protocol describes a procedure that allows purification of human INO80 chromatin remodeling subcomplexes that are lacking a subunit or a subset of subunits. N-terminally FLAG epitope tagged Ino80 cDNA are stably introduced into human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cell lines using Flp-mediated recombination. In the event that a subset of subunits of the INO80 complex is to be deleted, one expresses instead mutant Ino80 proteins that lack the platform needed for assembly of those subunits. In the event an individual subunit is to be depleted, one transfects siRNAs targeting this subunit into an HEK 293 cell line stably expressing FLAG tagged Ino80 ATPase. Nuclear extracts are prepared, and FLAG immunoprecipitation is performed to enrich protein fractions containing Ino80 derivatives. The compositions of purified INO80 subcomplexes can then be analyzed using methods such as immunoblotting, silver staining, and mass spectrometry. The INO80 and INO80 subcomplexes generated according to this protocol can be further analyzed using various biochemical assays, which are described in the accompanying JOVE protocol. The methods described here can be adapted for studies of the structural and functional properties of any mammalian multi-subunit chromatin remodeling and modifying complexes.

This protocol describes a procedure for generating and purifying wild type and mutant versions of the human INO80 chromatin remodeling complex. Epitope tagged versions of INO80 subunits are stably expressed in HEK293 cells, and complete complexes and complexes lacking specific sets of subunits are purified by immunoaffinity chromatography.

Production et purification des droits de INO80 remodelage de la chromatine Complexes et Subcomplexes

INO80 chromatin remodeling complexes regulate nucleosome dynamics and DNA accessibility by catalyzing ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling. Human INO80 ...

Isolation of Specific Genomic Regions and Identification of Associated Molecules by enChIP

The identification of molecules associated with specific genomic regions of interest is required to understand the mechanisms of regulation of the functions of these regions. To enable the non-biased identification of molecules interacting with a specific genomic region of interest, we recently developed the engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP) technique. Here, we describe how to use enChIP to isolate specific genomic regions and identify the associated proteins and RNAs. First, a genomic region of interest is tagged with a transcription activator-like (TAL) protein or a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) complex consisting of a catalytically inactive form of Cas9 and a guide RNA. Subsequently, the chromatin is crosslinked and fragmented by sonication. The tagged locus is then immunoprecipitated and the crosslinking is reversed. Finally, the proteins or RNAs that are associated with the isolated chromatin are subjected to mass spectrometric or RNA sequencing analyses, respectively. This approach allows the successful identification of proteins and RNAs associated with a genomic region of interest.

The identification of molecules associated with specific genomic regions of interest is required to understand the mechanisms of regulation of the functions of these regions. This protocol describes procedures to perform engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin imunoprecipitation (enChIP) for identification of proteins and RNAs associated with a specific genomic region.

Isolement des régions génomiques spécifiques et l&#39;identification des molécules associées par enChIP

The identification of molecules associated with specific genomic regions of interest is required to understand the mechanisms of regulation of the ...

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of diverse libraries of retroviral integration sites using ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR) amplification and next-generation sequencing (NGS), (2) mapping the genomic location of each virus-host junction using BEDTools, and (3) analyzing the data for statistical relevance. Genomic DNA extracted from infected cells is fragmented by digestion with restriction enzymes or by sonication. After suitable DNA end-repair, double-stranded linkers are ligated onto the DNA ends, and semi-nested PCR is conducted using primers complementary to both the long terminal repeat (LTR) end of the virus and the ligated linker DNA. The PCR primers carry sequences required for DNA clustering during NGS, negating the requirement for separate adapter ligation. Quality control (QC) is conducted to assess DNA fragment size distribution and adapter DNA incorporation prior to NGS. Sequence output files are filtered for LTR-containing reads, and the sequences defining the LTR and the linker are cropped away. Trimmed host cell sequences are mapped to a reference genome using BLAT and are filtered for minimally 97% identity to a unique point in the reference genome. Unique integration sites are scrutinized for adjacent nucleotide (nt) sequence and distribution relative to various genomic features. Using this protocol, integration site libraries of high complexity can be constructed from genomic DNA in three days. The entire protocol that encompasses exogenous viral infection of susceptible tissue culture cells to integration site analysis can therefore be conducted in approximately one to two weeks. Recent applications of this technology pertain to longitudinal analysis of integration sites from HIV-infected patients.

We describe a protocol for amplifying retroviral integration sites from the genomic DNA of infected cells, sequencing the amplified virus-host junctions, and then mapping these sequences to a reference genome. We also describe techniques to quantify the distribution of integration sites relative to various genomic annotations using BEDTools.

Amplification, Séquençage de nouvelle génération, et l&#39;ADN génomique Cartographie des rétrovirales Sites d&#39;intégration

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of ...