Ce travail a été financé en partie par une subvention du NIH subvention R01 GM087609 (à HPL), un cadeau d&#39;Ingrid Lai et le projet de loi en l&#39;honneur de Shu Shu Anthony (à HPL), subvention du NIH U01 HL099776 (MTL), le Laboratoire pour Hagey pédiatrique médecine régénérative et la Fondation Oak (MTL et HPL). GMV a été soutenu par l&#39;École de médecine de Stanford, le Programme de formation scientifique médicale de Stanford, et l&#39;octroi de formation NIGMS GM07365. MSH a été soutenu par CIRM clinique Fellow Subvention de formation TG2-01159. WXH a été soutenu par un financement de la Fondation Sarnoff cardiovasculaire.

NOTE: Toutes les procédures décrites dans ce document sont effectuées conformément aux directives établies par la commission administrative de Stanford sur le soin des animaux de laboratoire (APLAC). 1. Timed grossesses - Technique Superovulation (Figure 1) NOTA: Le calendrier est précisément l&#39;âge gestationnel des embryons de souris pour la chirurgie fœtale à E16,5 et a 18,5 est d&#39;une importance critique. Dans cette section, nous détaillons notre protocole pour chronométrer grossesses de souris à l&#39;aide de sérum juments enceintes (PMS) et la gonadotrophine chorionique humaine (hCG) pour induire une superovulation injections. <ol><li> Injecter souris femelles (&lt;5 par cage) par voie intrapéritonéale (IP) avec 3,0 à 5,0 unités internationales (UI) de PMS dans un volume de 100 pi de PBS 1:00-15:00 pour le jour 1. </li><li> Entre 12h00 et 14h00 du jour 3 (quarante-cinq à 47 h après l&#39;injection PMS), injecter des souris femelles IP avec 3,0 à 5,0 UI de HCG dans un volume de 100 pi de PBS. REMARQUE: Les induit d&#39;injection de HCG<html> ovulation environ 12 heures après l&#39;injection. </li><li> Immédiatement après injections de HCG, se accoupler avec les femelles hommes âgés de 8 à 16 semaines. NOTE: Nous plaçons généralement deux femelles dans une cage des hommes individuels. </li><li> Séparez les femelles des mâles dans la matinée du 4 jours (6h00-10:00 AM) et enregistrer en tant fœtale E0.5 d&#39;âge. REMARQUE: bouchons vaginaux peuvent être vérifiés à ce moment; Cependant, l&#39;observation d&#39;un bouchon vaginal ne garantit pas la grossesse et les femmes peut devenir enceinte quand aucune prise est observée. Étant donné que la grossesse est généralement observable par l&#39;inspection et / ou à la palpation visuelle à un âge gestationnel E16,5 et a 18,5, la vérification des bouchons vaginaux le matin du jour 4 ne est pas strictement nécessaire. Dans notre expérience, et selon la souche, environ 30-50% des femmes super-ovulé devenir enceinte en utilisant la technique décrite ici. </li></ol>pg &quot;/&gt; Figure 1. Schéma de Superovulation Technique. De procédure de représentation schématique pour superovulation chronométré grossesses chez les souris. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52297/52297fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Se il vous plaît cliquer ici pour voir une version plus grande de cette figure.</a> 2. murin fœtale chirurgie (Dorsale Blessant) sur E16,5 et a 18,5 embryons (Figure 2) <ol><li> Avant l&#39;intervention, nettoyer toutes les surfaces de la salle d&#39;opération et de l&#39;équipement avec 70% d&#39;alcool isopropylique. En outre, stériliser toutes les fournitures chirurgicales et des instruments qui seront utilisés dans la procédure en leur autoclavage. Certaines institutions peuvent permettre l&#39;utilisation ultérieure de la stérilisation de perles chaud. Par opération, utiliser des packs stériles qui comprennent la gaze et des instruments chirurgicaux. </li><li> Induire une anesthésie chez les femmes enceintes (fœtale E16,5 d&#39;âge ou a 18,5) sous mélange isoflurane / oxygène de 2,5% à 2 L par minute suivie d&#39;entretien de l&#39;anesthésie à 1 L par minute. </li><li> Pour conanesthésie bonne société, se assurer que les réflexes de pédale profondes de la souris sont supprimées et placez la souris en position couchée. </li><li> Appliquer une pommade ophtalmique vétérinaire tels que Puralube pour éviter l&#39;irritation ou la sécheresse des yeux lors de la procédure. </li><li> Préparer l&#39;abdomen par administration d&#39;une légère application de crème dépilatoire pour pas plus de 30 secondes (figure 2A). </li><li> Préparer l&#39;abdomen pour la chirurgie aseptique povidone-iode et l&#39;alcool (figure 2B et 2C). </li><li> Effectuer laparotomie médiane sous microscope avec des ciseaux de microchirurgie (Figure 2D et 2E). </li><li> Exposez délicatement l&#39;utérus et le fœtus sélectionné pour la chirurgie (figure 2F). </li><li> Irriguer champ opératoire avec chaud (38 ° C) une solution saline tamponnée au phosphate (PBS) en utilisant une aiguille émoussée pointe NOTE: On peut être faite avec précaution en courbant la pointe d&#39;une aiguille de gros calibre. (Figure 2G et 2H). </li><li> Positionner le foetus de manière à permettres accès complet à dos. </li><li> Passez un point de cordons de la bourse en utilisant 7-0 suture de nylon dans l&#39;utérus recouvrant le site d&#39;destiné dorsale blessure (Figure 2I). Position sac chaîne sur une région de dos à gauche ou à droite de la moelle épinière, et dans une région de la paroi utérine dépourvue de gros vaisseaux sanguins. </li><li> Faire une incision de 3 mm à travers la paroi de l&#39;utérus et le sac amniotique dans le centre de la chaîne de sac (Figure 2J). </li><li> Irriguer site d&#39;incision avec chaud (38 ° C) PBS. </li><li> Avec des ciseaux de microchirurgie, couper une seule blessure excision de pleine épaisseur, environ 1 mm de longueur, dans le dos du fœtus. </li><li> Doucement blot site d&#39;incision sécher avec du coton-applicateur à bout. </li><li> Injecter 3 microlitres le volume d&#39;encre de Chine sous-cutanée dans le site de la plaie pour marquer l&#39;emplacement de la plaie (Figure 2K). </li><li> Rincer avec une chaude (38 ° C) pour assurer PBS encre a été retenu dans le site de la plaie. </li><li> Avoir chirurgicale assistant inject chaude (38 ° C) par PBS émoussée pointe 10 G seringue dans le sac amniotique que le cordon de bourse est fermée (Figure 2L). Rentrer seringue fermeture chaîne de sac à main est presque terminée (Figure 2M). </li><li> Revenir doucement l&#39;utérus dans la cavité abdominale (Figure 2N). </li><li> Evert la peau et du péritoine. </li><li> Ont assistante en chirurgie irriguer cavité abdominale avec chaud (38 ° C) PBS. </li><li> Fermer l&#39;abdomen rapidement en agrafant la peau et du péritoine fermé (Figure 2O). La fermeture standard est réalisée en deux couches; péritoine et de muscle abdominal dans une couche, le tissu sous-cutané et la peau dans la seconde couche. Pour sacrifice immédiat et la récolte du fœtus, notre démonstration montre la fermeture en une seule couche. </li><li> Placez l&#39;animal sous observation dans un incubateur chaud réglé à 37 ° C pendant 30 min ou jusqu&#39;à ce que l&#39;animal ne reprenne conscience suffisante pour maintenir décubitus sternal. </li><li> Ne pas returne à l&#39;animal de compagnie d&#39;autres animaux jusqu&#39;à ce qu&#39;il ait complètement récupéré de la procédure. </li><li> En me éveillant de l&#39;anesthésie et pendant la suite 48 h, administrer l&#39;injection sous-cutanée de la buprénorphine (0,05 mg / kg) toutes les 12 h pour l&#39;analgésie au besoin en fonction de l&#39;évaluation de la douleur. Administrer carprofène (5 mg / kg) par injection sous-cutanée pour un allégement supplémentaire de la douleur post-opératoire si nécessaire. </li><li> Animaux Retour à la cage et leur fournir des vivres et de l&#39;eau ad libitum. </li><li> Surveiller de près les manifestations de douleur. </li><li> 48 heures après la chirurgie, sacrifiez mère enceinte avec une overdose d&#39;isoflurane et la récolte blessés fœtus. Afin de faire cela, ajuster la concentration d&#39;isoflurane à 5% ou plus et de maintenir l&#39;exposition pendant 1 min après l&#39;arrêt de la respiration. Confirmez l&#39;euthanasie à la dislocation cervicale. Prélever un embryon non blessé pour le contrôle d&#39;âge appariés. Embryons tardives devraient avoir une méthode distincte de l&#39;euthanasie conformément aux recommandations du IACUC, comme decapitation, dislocation cervicale ou injection de produits chimiques. </li></ol><img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52297/52297fig2highres.jpg" /> Figure 2. Schéma pour la chirurgie fœtale murin. Étapes générales pour dorsale blessant à E16,5 et d&#39;embryons de souris a 18,5. (A) Epilation de l&#39;abdomen de la souris. (B et C) Préparation de l&#39;abdomen de la souris. (D) Microscope utilisé pour chirurgicale procédure. (E) laparotomie médiane. (F) Exposition de l&#39;utérus. (G) Création d&#39;aiguille émoussée pointe. (H) Irrigation de l&#39;utérus avec une solution saline chaude. (i) la création d&#39;une chaîne de sac suture. (J) incision dans l&#39;utérus murales et 1 mm complète de génération de la plaie d&#39;excision épaisseur. (K) de l&#39;injection sous-cutanée de l&#39;encre de Chine. (L et M) Clôture de cordons de la bourse. suture (N et O)Clôture de l&#39;abdomen. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52297/52297fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Se il vous plaît cliquer ici pour voir une version plus grande de cette figure.</a>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Le protocole chirurgical présenté ici décrit un modèle excision des fœtus guérison sans cicatrice murin d&#39;abord publié en 2006 par notre laboratoire 10. En plus d&#39;autres modèles établis de blessure excision 11, modèles incision de fœtus guérison sans cicatrice murin existent ainsi 12,13. Enquêtes de fœtus cicatrisation sans cicatrice chez le singe, l&#39;agneau, le lapin, l&#39;opossum, et le rat ont été signalés 14-17. Cependant, les souris représent...

Blessures fœtales de peau guérissent rapidement et scarlessly jusqu&#39;à la fin de la gestation 1. Fœtale cicatrice réparation de la plaie est caractérisé par la régénération de l&#39;architecture des tissus normaux et la fonction. Le passage d&#39;une cicatrice à la cicatrisation phénotype se produit dans le troisième trimestre de la grossesse chez les humains et autour de jour embryonnaire 18 (E18) chez la souris 2,3. En comparaison à des adultes, fœtales réparation de plaie est caractérisée par une épithélialisation rapide, le dépôt de tissu conjonctif, et la migration des fibroblastes. De nombreuses études ont offert des explications possibles pour le phénomène de cicatrisation sans cicatrice au cours du développement précoce du fœtus. L&#39;inflammation est une composante fondamentale de la réparation des adultes de la plaie; Cependant, les blessures fœtales sont caractérisées par un manque d&#39;inflammation aiguë 4. Si ce est une conséquence de l&#39;immaturité fonctionnelle du système immunitaire au cours des étapes du fœtus demeure incertain. Une étude récente suggère que les différences dans l&#39;abondance, maturity, et la fonction des mastocytes dans la peau fœtale E15 vs E18 peuvent être responsables de la transition d&#39;un phénotype cicatrice, au moins chez la souris 3. D&#39;autres études avancent que les différences dans les propriétés et l&#39;abondance des macrophages de plaies foetales et adultes sont responsables de la réforme de la matrice extracellulaire normale (ECM) pendant la blessure fœtale réparation 5. Les différences dans les facteurs environnementaux au cours du développement fœtal et adultes peuvent également affecter la cicatrisation des plaies. Longaker et ses collègues ont montré que la plaie fluide du fœtus possède des niveaux élevés d&#39;activité de l&#39;acide hyaluronique stimulant comparativement à aucun dans la plaie fluide 6 adultes. Par conséquent, des niveaux plus élevés de l&#39;acide hyaluronique, un glycosaminoglycane qui favorise un micro-environnement favorable à la motilité cellulaire et de la prolifération, dans l&#39;environnement de la plaie fœtal peuvent être responsables du phénotype cicatrice vu pendant le développement fœtal précoce. Autres lignes de point de preuves à l&#39;effet que la fetal &#39;environnement de la plaie est relativement hypoxémique et immergée dans le liquide amniotique stérile riche en facteurs de croissance 7. Toutefois, aucune réponse définitive n&#39;a été fournie pour un événement ou facteur critique durant l&#39;embryogenèse qui déclenche la transition de la régénération cicatrice à la réparation fibrotique. Comprendre les mécanismes responsables de la guérison sans cicatrice chez le fœtus nécessite un modèle précis et reproductible. Ici nous détaillons un modèle reproductible de fœtus la cicatrisation sans cicatrice dans le dos de E16,5 (cicatrice) et embryons a 18,5 (cicatrisation) de souris. En outre, des variations mineures de ce modèle peuvent être utilisés pour effectuer un certain nombre d&#39;autres études, telles que l&#39;analyse de l&#39;expression des gènes des plaies fœtales et 8,9 de la peau. Étant donné que les grossesses chronométrés précisément sont essentielles pour la récapitulation succès de ce modèle de guérison de plaies sans cicatrice fœtale, nous avons également en détail notre protocole pour superovulation chronométré grossesses.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="665">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:219px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">7-O MONOSOF Suture</td>
			<td>eSuture</td>
			<td>SN-1647G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical Forceps</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>INS650916</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Micro-scissors</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>INS600127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Autoclip 9mm</td>
			<td>Texas Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>205060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Insulin Syringe</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-272-382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Black Pigment</td>
			<td>AIMS</td>
			<td>242</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BD Safety-Lok 3ml Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>309596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010-049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">OPMI-MD Surgical Microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Surgical Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pregnant Mares Serum (PMS)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>367222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CG10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Povidone Iodine Prep Solution</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>1415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nair (depilatory cream)</td>
			<td>Church and Dwight Co.</td>
			<td>22600267058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a mouse fetal skin model of scarless wound repair

Early in utero, but not in postnatal life, cutaneous wounds undergo regeneration and heal without formation of a scar. Scarless fetal wound healing occurs across species but is age dependent. The transition from a scarless to scarring phenotype occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy in humans and around embryonic day 18 (E18) in mice. However, this varies with the size of the wound with larger defects generating a scar at an earlier gestational age. The emergence of lineage tracing and other genetic tools in the mouse has opened promising new avenues for investigation of fetal scarless wound healing. However, given the inherently high rates of morbidity and premature uterine contraction associated with fetal surgery, investigations of fetal scarless wound healing in vivo require a precise and reproducible surgical model. Here we detail a reliable model of fetal scarless wound healing in the dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

Pour l&#39;analyse histologique, les plaies cutanées dans la peau dorsale de E16,5 et a 18,5 embryons de souris doivent être récoltées 48 h après la blessure, fixé à 4% PFA, et inclus en paraffine. Dans les modèles transgéniques fluorescents, cryoconservation OCT peut être approprié. Il existe plusieurs taches qui peuvent être utilisés pour visualiser l&#39;architecture tissulaire et cellulaire conjonctif. Hématoxyline et l&#39;éosine est une tache deux couleurs qui colore les noyaux bleus et structures ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Fetal Skin Model of Scarless Wound Repair at JoVE.com

A Mouse Fetal Skin Model of Scarless Wound Repair

During mammalian development, early gestational skin wounds heal without a scar. Here we detail a reliable and reproducible model of fetal scarless wound healing in the cutaneous dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

Un modèle de la peau de souris fœtale de Scarless Wound Repair

Early in utero, but not in postnatal life, cutaneous wounds undergo regeneration and heal without formation of a scar. Scarless fetal wound healing occurs ...

a-mouse-fetal-skin-model-of-scarless-wound-repair

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.2K vues.  Stanford University School of Medicine. During mammalian development, early gestational skin wounds heal without a scar. Here we detail a reliable and reproducible model of fetal scarless wound healing in the cutaneous dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

Vidéo: A Mouse Fetal Skin Model of Scarless Wound Repair

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) in which the thoracic spinal cord is injured. Additionally, because most human cord injuries occur as the result of blunt, non-penetrating trauma (e.g. motor vehicle accident, sporting injury) where the spinal cord is violently struck by displaced bone or soft tissues, the majority of SCI researchers are of the opinion that the most clinically relevant injury models are those in which the spinal cord is rapidly contused.1 Therefore, an important step in the preclinical evaluation of novel treatments on their way to human translation is an assessment of their efficacy in a model of contusion SCI within the cervical spinal cord. Here, we describe the technical aspects and resultant anatomical and behavioral outcomes of an unilateral contusive model of cervical SCI that employs the Infinite Horizon spinal cord injury impactor.
Sprague Dawley rats underwent a left-sided unilateral laminectomy at C5. To optimize the reproducibility of the biomechanical, functional, and histological outcomes of the injury model, we contused the spinal cords using an impact force of 150 kdyn, an impact trajectory of 22.5&deg; (animals rotated at 22.5&deg;), and an impact location off of midline of 1.4 mm. Functional recovery was assessed using the cylinder rearing test, horizontal ladder test, grooming test and modified Montoya's staircase test for up to 6 weeks, after which the spinal cords were evaluated histologically for white and grey matter sparing.
The injury model presented here imparts consistent and reproducible biomechanical forces to the spinal cord, an important feature of any experimental SCI model. This results in discrete histological damage to the lateral half of the spinal cord which is largely contained to the ipsilateral side of injury. The injury is well tolerated by the animals, but does result in functional deficits of the forelimb that are significant and sustained in the weeks following injury. The cervical unilateral injury model presented here may be a resource to researchers who wish to evaluate potentially promising therapies prior to human translation.

A reliable and repeatable way to produce a cervical unilateral spinal cord injury using the Infinite Horizon impactor is described. The method takes advantage of a custom designed frame and clamp to stabilize the spine. The standardized procedure and biomechanical injury parameters result in sufficient and sustained injuries.

Un modèle de contusion unilatérale des blessures moelle épinière cervicale aide de l&#39;impacteur Infinite Horizon

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of ...

Recherche

Médecine

A Simplified Technique for Producing an Ischemic Wound Model

One major obstacle in current diabetic wound research is a lack of an ischemic wound model that can be safely used in diabetic animals. Drugs that work well in non-ischemic wounds may not work in human diabetic wounds because vasculopathy is one major factor that hinders healing of these wounds. We published an article in 2007 describing a rabbit ear ischemic wound model created by a minimally invasive surgical technique. Since then, we have further simplified the procedure for easier operation. On one ear, three small skin incisions were made on the vascular pedicles, 1-2 cm from the ear base. The central artery was ligated and cut along with the nerve. The whole cranial bundle was cut and ligated, leaving only the caudal branch intact. A circumferential subcutaneous tunnel was made through the incisions, to cut subcutaneous tissues, muscles, nerves, and small vessels. The other ear was used as a non-ischemic control. Four wounds were made on the ventral side of each ear. This technique produces 4 ischemic wounds and 4 non-ischemic wounds in one animal for paired comparisons. After surgery, the ischemic ear was cool and cyanotic, and showed reduced movement and a lack of pulse in the ear artery. Skin temperature of the ischemic ear was 1-10 &deg;C lower than that on the normal ear and this difference was maintained for more than one month. Ear tissue high-energy phosphate contents were lower in the ischemic ear than the control ear. Wound healing times were longer in the ischemic ear than in the non-ischemic ear when the same treatment was used. The technique has now been used on more than 80 rabbits in which 23 were diabetic (diabetes time ranging from 2 weeks to 2 years). No single rabbit has developed any surgical complications such as bleeding, infection, or rupture in the skin incisions. The model has many advantages, such as little skin disruption, longer ischemic time, and higher success rate, when compared to many other models. It can be safely used in animals with reduced resistance, and can also be modified to meet different testing requirements.

We have developed a minimally invasive technique to create a rabbit ischemic ear wound model by dividing the central artery and nerve and the cranial neurovascular bundle. A subcutaneous tunnel then cuts all subcutaneous tissues. This procedure causes minimal skin disruption and can be safely used in diabetic animals.

Une technique simplifiée pour produire un modèle de plaie ischémique

One major obstacle in current diabetic wound research is a lack of an ischemic wound model that can be safely used in diabetic animals. Drugs that work ...

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, including mental retardation due to disordered and damaged brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term used to cover a continuum of birth defects that occur due to maternal alcohol consumption, and occurs in approximately 4% of children born in the United States. With 50% of child-bearing age women reporting consumption of alcohol, and half of all pregnancies being unplanned, unintentional exposure is a continuing issue2. In order to best understand the damage produced by ethanol, plus produce a model with which to test potential interventions, we developed a model of developmental ethanol exposure using the zebrafish embryo. Zebrafish are ideal for this kind of teratogen study3-8. Each pair lays hundreds of eggs, which can then be collected without harming the adult fish. The zebrafish embryo is transparent and can be readily imaged with any number of stains. Analysis of these embryos after exposure to ethanol at different doses and times of duration and application shows that the gross developmental defects produced by ethanol are consistent with the human birth defect. Described here are the basic techniques used to study and manipulate the zebrafish FAS model.

In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the ethanol-induced developmental damage, we have developed a zebrafish model of ethanol exposure and are exploring the physical, cellular, and genetic alterations that occur after ethanol exposure1. We then seek to find potential interventions and rapidly test them in this animal model.

Évaluer les changements tératogènes dans un modèle de poisson zèbre de l&#39;exposition d&#39;alcoolisation fœtale

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

A Novel Surgical Approach for Intratracheal Administration of Bioactive Agents in a Fetal Mouse Model

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and acquired diseases. Apart from congenital or inherited abnormalities with the requirement for long-term expression of the delivered gene, several non-inherited perinatal conditions, where short-term gene expression or pharmacological intervention is sufficient to achieve therapeutic effects, are considered as potential future indications for this kind of approach. Candidate diseases for the application of short-term prenatal therapy could be the transient neonatal deficiency of surfactant protein B causing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome1,2 or hyperoxic injuries of the neonatal lung3. Candidate diseases for permanent therapeutic correction are Cystic Fibrosis (CF)4, genetic variants of surfactant deficiencies5 and &alpha;1-antitrypsin deficiency6.
Generally, an important advantage of prenatal gene therapy is the ability to start therapeutic intervention early in development, at or even prior to clinical manifestations in the patient, thus preventing irreparable damage to the individual. In addition, fetal organs have an increased cell proliferation rate as compared to adult organs, which could allow a more efficient gene or stem cell transfer into the fetus. Furthermore, in utero gene delivery is performed when the individual's immune system is not completely mature. Therefore, transplantation of heterologous cells or supplementation of a non-functional or absent protein with a correct version should not cause immune sensitization to the cell, vector or transgene product, which has recently been proven to be the case with both cellular and genetic therapies7.
In the present study, we investigated the potential to directly target the fetal trachea in a mouse model. This procedure is in use in larger animal models such as rabbits and sheep8, and even in a clinical setting9, but has to date not been performed before in a mouse model. When studying the potential of fetal gene therapy for genetic diseases such as CF, the mouse model is very useful as a first proof-of-concept because of the wide availability of different transgenic mouse strains, the well documented embryogenesis and fetal development, less stringent ethical regulations, short gestation and the large litter size.
Different access routes have been described to target the fetal rodent lung, including intra-amniotic injection10-12, (ultrasound-guided) intrapulmonary injection13,14 and intravenous administration into the yolk sac vessels15,16 or umbilical vein17. Our novel surgical procedure enables researchers to inject the agent of choice directly into the fetal mouse trachea which allows for a more efficient delivery to the airways than existing techniques18.

We developed a novel surgical approach for intratracheal administration of bioactive agents into the mouse fetus. The delivery route is more efficient in targeting the fetal mouse lungs than the commonly used intra-amniotic injection. This procedure has to date not been described in a mouse model.

Une nouvelle approche chirurgicale pour l&#39;administration intratrachéale d&#39;agents bioactifs dans un modèle de souris fœtale

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and ...

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

Modèle murin de la cicatrisation

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound and fetal echocardiography. Increasingly, these imaging modalities are being employed clinically to examine cardiac function and assess wellbeing in utero, thereby guiding timing of birth decisions. Here, we used a rabbit model of IUGR that allows analysis of cardiac function in a clinically relevant way. Using isoflurane induced anesthesia, IUGR is surgically created at gestational age day 25 by performing a laparotomy, exposing the bicornuate uterus and then ligating 40-50% of uteroplacental vessels supplying each gestational sac in a single uterine horn. The other horn in the rabbit bicornuate uterus serves as internal control fetuses. Then, after recovery at gestational age day 30 (full term), the same rabbit undergoes examination of fetal cardiac function. Anesthesia is induced with ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly, then maintained by a continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine and xylazine to minimize iatrogenic effects on fetal cardiac function. A repeat laparotomy is performed to expose each gestational sac and a microultrasound examination (VisualSonics VEVO 2100) of fetal cardiac function is performed. Placental insufficiency is evident by a raised pulsatility index or an absent or reversed end diastolic flow of the umbilical artery Doppler waveform. The ductus venosus and middle cerebral artery Doppler is then examined. Fetal echocardiography is performed by recording B mode, M mode and flow velocity waveforms in lateral and apical views. Offline calculations determine standard M-mode cardiac variables, tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion, speckle tracking and strain analysis, modified myocardial performance index and vascular flow velocity waveforms of interest. This small animal model of IUGR therefore affords examination of in utero cardiac function that is consistent with current clinical practice and is therefore useful in a translational research setting.

We describe examination of fetal cardiac function with contemporary functional fetal echocardiography and fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound using the VisualSonics VEVO 2100 microultrasound in a surgically induced model of intrauterine fetal growth restriction in a rabbit.

L&#39;échocardiographie fœtale et Pulsed-ondes ultrasons Doppler dans un modèle de lapin de la restriction de croissance intra-utérine

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ...

A New Murine Model of Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Endovascular aneurysm exclusion is a validated technique to prevent aneurysm rupture. Long-term results highlight technique limitations and new aspects of Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) pathophysiology. There is no abdominal aortic aneurysm endograft exclusion model cheap and reproducible, which would allow deep investigations of AAA before and after treatment. We hereby describe how to induce, and then to exclude with a covered coronary stentgraft an abdominal aortic aneurysm in a rat. The well known elastase induced AAA model was first reported in 19901 in a rat, then described in mice2. Elastin degradation leads to dilation of the aorta with inflammatory infiltration of the abdominal wall and intra luminal thrombus, matching with human AAA. Endovascular exclusion with small covered stentgraft is then performed, excluding any interactions between circulating blood and the aneurysm thrombus. Appropriate exclusion and stentgraft patency is confirmed before euthanasia by an angiography thought the left carotid artery. Partial control of elastase diffusion makes aneurysm shape different for each animal. It is difficult to create an aneurysm, which will allow an appropriate length of aorta below the aneurysm for an easy stentgraft introduction, and with adequate proximal and distal neck to prevent endoleaks. Lots of failure can result to stentgraft introduction which sometimes lead to aorta tear with pain and troubles to stitch it, and endothelial damage with post op aorta thrombosis. Giving aspirin to rats before stentgraft implantation decreases failure rate without major hemorrhage. Clamping time activates neutrophils, endothelium and platelets, and may interfere with biological analysis.

Histological and biochemical modifications after aneurysm endograft exclusion are still unclear. We describe a new model of endograft implantation on a murine aneurysm. Through thrombus analysis with and without persistant circulating blood stream interface, and new endovascular biomaterials evaluation, this model will help to better understand endovascular aneurysm exclusion pathobiology.

Un nouveau modèle murin de endovasculaire anévrisme de l&#39;aorte réparation

Endovascular aneurysm exclusion is a validated technique to prevent aneurysm rupture. Long-term results highlight technique limitations and new aspects of ...

Ischemic Tissue Injury in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber of the Mouse: A Skin Flap Model to Investigate Acute Persistent Ischemia

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are still occurring, particularly in reconstructive flap surgery. Multiple experimental flap models have been developed to analyze underlying causes and mechanisms and to investigate treatment strategies to prevent ischemic complications. The limiting factor of most models is the lacking possibility to directly and repetitively visualize microvascular architecture and hemodynamics. The goal of the protocol was to present a well-established mouse model affiliating these before mentioned lacking elements. Harder et al. have developed a model of a musculocutaneous flap with a random perfusion pattern that undergoes acute persistent ischemia and results in ~50% necrosis after 10 days if kept untreated. With the aid of intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy, this chamber model allows repetitive visualization of morphology and hemodynamics in different regions of interest over time. Associated processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, microvascular leakage and angiogenesis can be investigated and correlated to immunohistochemical and molecular protein assays. To date, the model has proven feasibility and reproducibility in several published experimental studies investigating the effect of pre-, peri- and postconditioning of ischemically challenged tissue.

The window of the murine dorsal skinfold chamber presented visualizes a zone of acute persistent ischemia of a musculocutaneous flap. Intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy permits for direct and repetitive assessment of the microvasculature and quantification of hemodynamics. Morphologic and hemodynamic results can further be correlated with histological and molecular analyses.

Lésion tissulaire ischémique dans le pli de la Chambre Souris Dorsale: Un lambeau de peau modèle pour étudier l&#39;ischémie aiguë et persistante

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are ...

A Surgical Procedure for Resecting the Mouse Rib: A Model for Large-Scale Long Bone Repair

This protocol introduces researchers to a new model for large-scale bone repair utilizing the mouse rib. The procedure details the following: preparation of the animal for surgery, opening the thoracic body wall, exposing the desired rib from the surrounding intercostal muscles, excising the desired section of rib without inducing a pneumothorax, and closing the incisions. Compared to the bones of the appendicular skeleton, the ribs are highly accessible. In addition, no internal or external fixator is necessary since the adjacent ribs provide a natural fixation. The surgery uses commercially available supplies, is straightforward to learn, and well-tolerated by the animal. The procedure can be carried out with or without removing the surrounding periosteum, and therefore the contribution of the periosteum to repair can be assessed. Results indicate that if the periosteum is retained, robust repair occurs in 1 - 2 months. We expect that use of this protocol will stimulate research into rib repair and that the findings will facilitate the development of new ways to stimulate bone repair in other locations around the body.

The overall goal of this procedure is to successfully resect a portion of bone from the rib of a mouse. The procedure was developed as a model to study large-scale long bone repair.

Une intervention chirurgicale pour résection de la Rib souris: un modèle pour à grande échelle de réparation des os longs

This protocol introduces researchers to a new model for large-scale bone repair utilizing the mouse rib. The procedure details the following: preparation ...

Demonstration of the Rat Ischemic Skin Wound Model

The propensity for chronic wounds in humans increases with ageing, disease conditions such as diabetes and impaired cardiovascular function, and unrelieved pressure due to immobility. Animal models have been developed that attempt to mimic these conditions for the purpose of furthering our understanding of the complexity of chronic wounds. The model described herein is a rat ischemic skin flap model that permits a prolonged reduction of blood flow resulting in wounds that become ischemic and resemble a chronic wound phenotype (reduced vascularization, increased inflammation and delayed wound closure). It consists of a bipedicled dorsal flap with 2 ischemic wounds placed centrally and 2 non-ischemic wounds lateral to the flap as controls. A novel addition to this ischemic skin flap model is the placement of a silicone sheet beneath the flap that functions as a barrier and a splint to prevent revascularization and reduce contraction as the wounds heal. Despite the debate of using rats for wound healing studies due to their quite distinct anatomic and physiologic differences compared to humans (i.e., the presence of a panniculus carnosus muscle, short life-span, increased number of hair follicles, and their ability to heal infected wounds) the modifications employed in this model make it a valuable alternative to previously developed ischemic skin flap models.

The rat, due to its size, availability, and rather docile behavior, has been utilized as a research model for many years. The goal of this protocol is to utilize the rat as an ischemic skin wound healing model to provide valuable insight into the pathophysiology of chronic wounds.