Diese Arbeit wurde zum Teil durch einen Zuschuss aus NIH R01 GM087609 (HPL), ein Geschenk von Ingrid Lai und Bill Shu zu Ehren von Anthony Shu (HPL), NIH Zuschusses U01 HL099776 (MTL), das Labor für Hagey unterstützt Pediatric Regenerative Medizin und der Oak Foundation (MTL und HPL). GGW wurde von der Stanford School of Medicine, der Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program unterstützt und NIGMS Ausbildungsförderung GM07365. MSH wurde von CIRM Clinical Fellow Ausbildungsförderung TG2-01159 unterstützt. WXH wurde durch Mittel aus dem Sarnoff Herz-Kreislauf-Stiftung.

HINWEIS: Alle in diesem Dokument beschriebenen Verfahren werden nach den Richtlinien der Stanford Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care (APLAC) errichtet wird. 1. Timed Schwangerschaften - Superovulation Technik (Abbildung 1) HINWEIS: Präzise Zeitmessung der Schwangerschaftsdauer von Maus-Embryonen für die fetale Chirurgie an E16.5 und E18.5 ist von entscheidender Bedeutung. In diesem Abschnitt wird detailliert unser Protokoll für Zeit Maus Schwangerschaften mit trächtigen Stuten Serum (PMS) und humanes Choriongonadotropin (HCG) Injektionen Superovulation induziert. <ol><li> Injizieren weiblichen Mäusen (&lt;5 pro Käfig) intraperitoneal (IP) mit 3,0-5,0 internationalen Einheiten (IU) des PMS in einem Volumen von 100 ul PBS 1.00 bis 3.00 für 1. Tag. </li><li> Zwischen 00.00 und 02.00 Uhr des Tages 3 (fünfundvierzig bis 47 Stunden nach der Injektion PMS), spritzen weibliche Mäuse IP mit 3,0-5,0 IU von HCG in einem Volumen von 100 ul PBS. HINWEIS: Die HCG-Injektion induziert<html> Eisprung etwa 12 Stunden nach der Injektion. </li><li> Unmittelbar nach HCG-Injektionen, mate Frauen mit Männern im Alter von 8 bis 16 Wochen. HINWEIS: Wir legen in der Regel zwei Weibchen in einen Käfig einzelner Männchen. </li><li> Separate Weibchen von Männchen am Morgen des 4. Tag (6.00 bis 10.00 Uhr) und Rekord als Fetalalter E0.5. HINWEIS: Vaginal Stecker können zu diesem Zeitpunkt überprüft werden; Allerdings ist die Beobachtung eines Vaginalpfropf nicht garantieren, Schwangerschaft und Frauen können schwanger werden, wenn kein Stecker eingehalten wird. Da die Schwangerschaft ist typischerweise beobachtbaren durch visuelle Inspektion und / oder Abtasten in verschiedenen Schwangerschaftsstadien E16.5 und E18.5, Überprüfung auf Vaginalpfropf am Morgen des Tages 4 ist nicht unbedingt erforderlich. Nach unserer Erfahrung und in Abhängigkeit von der Belastung, etwa 30-50% der super Eisprung Frauen schwanger werden, mit der hier beschriebenen Technik. </li></ol>pg &quot;/&gt; Abbildung 1. Schematische für Superovulation Technik. Schema, das Verfahren für die Superovulation zeitlich Schwangerschaften bei Mäusen. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52297/52297fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieses Bild anzuzeigen.</a> 2. Murine Fetale Chirurgie (Rücken Verwundung) auf E16.5 und E18.5 Embryonen (Abbildung 2) <ol><li> Vor dem Eingriff, Reinigen Sie alle Oberflächen des Operationssaals und Ausrüstung mit 70% Isopropylalkohol. Zusätzlich zu sterilisieren alle chirurgisches Material und Instrumente, die im Rahmen des Verfahrens durch Autoklavieren sie verwendet werden soll. Einige Institutionen kann die anschließende Verwendung von heißen Perle Sterilisation zu ermöglichen. Pro Betrieb verwenden steril verpackt, die Gaze und chirurgische Instrumente umfassen. </li><li> Induzieren Anästhesie in schwangere Mütter (fetale Alter E16.5 oder E18.5) unter 2,5% Isofluran / Sauerstoff-Gemisch in 2 l pro Minute, gefolgt von Wartung Anästhesie mit 1 l pro min. </li><li> Um conFirma ordnungsgemäße Betäubung, sicherzustellen, dass die tiefen Pedal Reflexe der Maus unterdrückt werden und die Maus in der Bauchlage. </li><li> Tragen Sie einen Tierarzt Augensalbe wie Puralube, das Augenreizungen oder Trockenheit während des Verfahrens zu verhindern. </li><li> Bereiten Bauch durch Verabreichung einer Licht Anwendung Enthaarungscreme für nicht mehr als 30 Sekunden (Abbildung 2A). </li><li> Bereiten Bauch für aseptische Chirurgie mit PVP-Jod und Alkohol (2B und 2C). </li><li> Führen Mittellinie Bauchschnitt unter dem Mikroskop mit mikrochirurgischen Schere (Abbildung 2D und 2E). </li><li> Aussetzen vorsichtig Gebärmutter und Fötus für Chirurgie (2F) ausgewählt. </li><li> Spülen Operationsfeld mit warmem (38 ° C) phosphatgepufferte Kochsalzlösung (PBS) mit einem stumpfen Nadel-Spitze HINWEIS: Man kann durch vorsichtiges Biegen der Spitze einer großen Injektionsnadel aus vorgenommen werden. (2G und 2H). </li><li> Positionieren Sie den Fötus in einer Weise, die ess vollen Zugriff auf Rücken. </li><li> Übergeben Sie eine Tabaksbeutelstich mit 7-0 Nylonnaht durch die Gebärmutter, die über dem Ort der beabsichtigten Rücken Verwundung (2I). Position Schnürfaden über einen Bereich des Rückens nach links oder rechts von Rückenmark und in einem Bereich der Gebärmutterwand frei von großen Blutgefäßen. </li><li> Machen Sie eine 3 mm Schnitt durch Gebärmutterwand und Fruchtblase in der Mitte der Tabaksbeutel (2J). </li><li> Bewässern Inzisionsstelle mit warmem (38 ° C) PBS. </li><li> Mit mikrochirurgischen Schere, schnitt ein einziges Vollhaut Exzisionswunde, ca. 1 mm in der Länge, in dem Rücken des Fötus. </li><li> Sanft Blot Inzisionsstelle trocknen mit Baumwolle-Spitze-Applikator. </li><li> Injizieren 3 ul Volumen Tusche subkutan in die Wundstelle zu Lage der Wunde (Abbildung 2 K) zu markieren. </li><li> Bewässerung mit warmem (38 ° C) PBS sicherzustellen Tinte innerhalb Wundstelle beibehalten. </li><li> Haben chirurgischen Assistenten inject warm (38 ° C) PBS durch stumpfen Spitze 10 G-Spritze in die Fruchtblase wie die Tabaksbeutelnaht geschlossen ist (Abbildung 2 l). Einfahren Spritze Tabaksbeutelverschluss nähert sich der Fertigstellung (Abbildung 2 M). </li><li> Gebärmutter vorsichtig in die Bauchhöhle (Abbildung 2 N) zurück. </li><li> Evert Haut und Bauchfell. </li><li> Haben chirurgischen Assistenten bewässern Bauchhöhle mit warmem (38 ° C) PBS. </li><li> Schließen Bauch schnell von Heften Haut und Bauchfell geschlossen (Abbildung 2 O). Die Standardverschluss in zwei Schichten durchgeführt wird; Peritoneum und Bauchmuskeln in einer Schicht, Unterhaut und Haut in der zweiten Schicht. Zur sofortigen Opfer und Ernte der Frucht, zeigt unsere Demonstration Schließung in einer Schicht. </li><li> Legen Sie das Tier unter Beobachtung in einem warmen Inkubator bei 37 ° C für 30 Minuten oder bis das Tier gewinnt ausreichend Bewusstsein Brustlage zu halten einstellen. </li><li> Ret nichtUrne das Tier an die Firma von anderen Tieren bis er vollständig von dem Verfahren zurückgewonnen. </li><li> Nach dem Erwachen aus der Narkose und bei der anschließenden 48 Stunden, zu verwalten subkutane Injektion von Buprenorphin (0,05 mg / kg) alle 12 h für die Analgesie nach Bedarf auf Basis von Schmerzbeurteilung. Verwalten Carprofen (5 mg / kg) subkutan injiziert wird für zusätzliche postoperative Schmerzlinderung nach Bedarf. </li><li> Zurück Tiere in den Käfig und sie mit Nahrung und Wasser ad libitum. </li><li> Überwachen Sie sorgfältig auf Manifestationen Schmerzen. </li><li> 48 Stunden nach der Operation, zu opfern schwangere Mutter mit einer Überdosis Isofluran und Ernte verwundet Fötus. Um dies zu tun, passen Isofluran-Konzentration auf 5% oder höher und aufrechtzuerhalten Exposition für 1 min nach dem Atemstillstand. Bestätigen Sie die Sterbehilfe mit Genickbruch. Ernten Sie einen unverletzten Embryo für altersangepassten Kontroll. Späte Embryonen eine separate Methode der Euthanasie im Einklang mit IACUC Empfehlungen, wie haben deKopfpauschale, Genickbruch oder chemische Injektion. </li></ol><img alt="Abbildung 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52297/52297fig2highres.jpg" /> Abbildung 2. Schematische für Murine Fetale Chirurgie. Allgemeine Schritte für die Rücken Verwundung in E16.5 und E18.5 Maus-Embryonen. (A) Enthaarung der Maus Bauch. (B und C) Herstellung der Mausunterleib. (D) Mikroskop für chirurgische Verfahren. (E) Mittellinie Laparotomie. (F) Bei der Gebärmutter. (G) Erstellung von stumpfen Spitze Nadel. (H) Bewässerung der Gebärmutter mit warmer Kochsalzlösung. (I) Schaffung von Tabaksbeutelnaht. (J) Incision durch uterine Wand und 1 mm Dicke Voll Exzisionswunde Generation. (K) Die subkutane Injektion von Tusche. (L und M) Schließung der Tabaksbeutelnaht. (N und O)Schließung des Bauches. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52297/52297fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieses Bild anzuzeigen.</a>

<ol>
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T., Peter Lorenz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+differentially+regulated+genes+in+fetal+wounds+during+regenerative+repair.">Identification of differentially regulated genes in fetal wounds during regenerative repair.</a> Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society. 16, 450-459 (2008).</li><li>Hu, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+in+fetal+murine+keratinocytes+and+fibroblasts.">Gene expression in fetal murine keratinocytes and fibroblasts.</a> The Journal of surgical research. , (2014).</li><li>Colwell, A. S., Krummel, T. M., Longaker, M. T., Lorenz, H. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyaluronan+induces+scarless+repair+in+mouse+limb+organ+culture.">Hyaluronan induces scarless repair in mouse limb organ culture.</a> Journal of pediatric surgery. 33, 564-567 (1998).</li><li>Chopra, V., Blewett, C. J., Krummel, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transition+from+fetal+to+adult+repair+occurring+in+mouse+forelimbs+maintained+in+organ+culture.">Transition from fetal to adult repair occurring in mouse forelimbs maintained in organ culture.</a> Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society. 5, 47-51 (1997).</li><li>Adzick, N. S., Longaker, M. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Das chirurgische Protokoll hier vorgestellten beschreibt eine excisional Modell des fötalen murinen narbenheil erste im Jahr 2006 von unserem Labor 10 veröffentlicht. Zusätzlich zu anderen etablierten Modelle der excisional Verwundung 11, Narben Modelle von fetalen Maus narbenheil existieren sowie 12,13. Untersuchungen des fetalen narben Wundheilung bei den Affen, Lamm, Kaninchen, Beutelratte, und Ratten wurden berichtet 14-17. Aber Mäuse sind ein ideales Modell für die E...

Fetal Haut Wunden heilen schneller und scarlessly bis spät in der Schwangerschaft ein. Fetal narben Wundheilung wird durch Regeneration der normalen Gewebearchitektur und Funktion. Der Übergang von einer narben Vernarbung Phänotyp tritt im dritten Trimester der Schwangerschaft beim Menschen und um embryonale Tag 18 (E18) in den Mäusen 2,3. Im Vergleich zu Erwachsenen ist fetalen Wundheilung durch schnelle Epithelisierung, Bindegewebsablagerung und Fibroblasten-Migration aus. Viele Studien haben mögliche Erklärungen für das Phänomen der narbenfreien Wundheilung während der frühen fetalen Entwicklung angeboten. Die Entzündung ist eine grundlegende Komponente der Erwachsenen Wundheilung; jedoch fötalen Wunden durch einen Mangel an akuter Entzündung 4 gekennzeichnet. Ob dies eine Folge der funktionellen Unreife des Immunsystems während der fötalen Stadien bleibt unklar. Eine kürzlich durchgeführte Studie zeigte, dass die Unterschiede in der Fülle, matturity und Funktion von Mastzellen in E15 vs. E18 fötalen Haut kann für den Übergang von einer narben Phänotyp, zumindest in der Maus 3 durchgeführt wird. Andere Studien postulieren, dass Unterschiede in den Eigenschaften und Fülle von fötalen und erwachsenen Wund Makrophagen für die Reformierung von normalen extrazellulären Matrix (ECM), während der fetalen Wundheilung 5 zuständig sind. Unterschiede in der Umweltfaktoren während der fetalen und adulten Entwicklung kann auch Auswirkungen auf die Wundheilung. Longaker und Kollegen zeigten, dass Wundflüssigkeit vom Fötus im Vergleich zu keiner in der Erwachsenenwundflüssigkeit 6 besitzt ein hohes Maß an Hyaluronsäure-stimulierende Aktivität. Folglich können höhere Niveaus von Hyaluronsäure, Glycosaminoglycan, das eine Mikroumgebung zuträglich Zellmotilität und Proliferation fördert, in der fetalen Wundumgebung zur narben Phänotyp während der frühen Entwicklung des Fötus gesehen verantwortlich. Andere Beweislinien weisen darauf hin, dass die Fetal Wundumgebung ist relativ hypoxämischen und in sterile Fruchtwasser reich an Wachstumsfaktoren 7 getaucht. Es wurde jedoch keine definitive Antwort für ein kritisches Ereignis oder Faktor während der Embryogenese, die den Übergang von der narbenfreien Regeneration fibrotische Reparatur löst vorgesehen. Das Verständnis der Mechanismen für narbenheil im Fötus verantwortlich erfordert eine präzise und reproduzierbare Modell. Hier werden wir ausführlich ein reproduzierbares Modell der fetalen narben Wundheilung im Rücken E16.5 (narben) und E18.5 (Vernarbung) Maus-Embryonen. Zusätzlich können kleinere Abweichungen von diesem Modell verwendet werden, um eine Reihe von weiteren Untersuchungen wie Genexpressionsanalyse von fötalen Wunden und Haut 8,9 durchzuführen. Da die zeitgenaue Schwangerschaften sind entscheidend für eine erfolgreiche Wiederholung des fetalen narben Wundheilung Modell haben wir auch ausführlich unser Protokoll für die Superovulation zeitlich Schwangerschaften.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="665">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:219px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">7-O MONOSOF Suture</td>
			<td>eSuture</td>
			<td>SN-1647G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical Forceps</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>INS650916</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Micro-scissors</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>INS600127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Autoclip 9mm</td>
			<td>Texas Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>205060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Insulin Syringe</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-272-382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Black Pigment</td>
			<td>AIMS</td>
			<td>242</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BD Safety-Lok 3ml Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>309596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010-049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">OPMI-MD Surgical Microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Surgical Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pregnant Mares Serum (PMS)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>367222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CG10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Povidone Iodine Prep Solution</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>1415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nair (depilatory cream)</td>
			<td>Church and Dwight Co.</td>
			<td>22600267058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a mouse fetal skin model of scarless wound repair

Early in utero, but not in postnatal life, cutaneous wounds undergo regeneration and heal without formation of a scar. Scarless fetal wound healing occurs across species but is age dependent. The transition from a scarless to scarring phenotype occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy in humans and around embryonic day 18 (E18) in mice. However, this varies with the size of the wound with larger defects generating a scar at an earlier gestational age. The emergence of lineage tracing and other genetic tools in the mouse has opened promising new avenues for investigation of fetal scarless wound healing. However, given the inherently high rates of morbidity and premature uterine contraction associated with fetal surgery, investigations of fetal scarless wound healing in vivo require a precise and reproducible surgical model. Here we detail a reliable model of fetal scarless wound healing in the dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

Für die histologische Analyse sollte Hautwunden in die Rückenhaut von E16.5 und E18.5 Maus-Embryonen 48 h nach der Verletzung, in 4% PFA fixiert und in Paraffin eingebetteten geerntet werden. In fluoreszierende transgenen Modellen kann Kryokonservierung mit Oktober geeignet. Es gibt mehrere Flecken, die verwendet werden, um zelluläre und Bindegewebe Architektur Visualisierung verwendet werden kann. Hämatoxylin und Eosin ist ein Zwei-Farben-Fleck, Kerne blau und eosinophile Strukturen (dh., Zytoplasma und ex...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Fetal Skin Model of Scarless Wound Repair at JoVE.com

A Mouse Fetal Skin Model of Scarless Wound Repair

During mammalian development, early gestational skin wounds heal without a scar. Here we detail a reliable and reproducible model of fetal scarless wound healing in the cutaneous dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

Eine Maus fetalen Hautmodell von Scarless Wound Repair

Early in utero, but not in postnatal life, cutaneous wounds undergo regeneration and heal without formation of a scar. Scarless fetal wound healing occurs ...

a-mouse-fetal-skin-model-of-scarless-wound-repair

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.2K Aufrufe.  Stanford University School of Medicine. During mammalian development, early gestational skin wounds heal without a scar. Here we detail a reliable and reproducible model of fetal scarless wound healing in the cutaneous dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

Serie: A Mouse Fetal Skin Model of Scarless Wound Repair

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&beta; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues as well as altered cytokine homeostasis. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing pathogens and other endogenous danger stimuli. One of the major cytokines released by innate immune cells is Interleukin (IL)-1. Therefore, we utilize a whole blood stimulation assay in order to measure the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and specifically of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1&beta; 1, 2, 3.
Patients with genetic dysfunctions of the innate immune system causing autoinflammatory syndromes show an exaggerated release of mature IL-1&beta; upon stimulation with LPS alone. In order to evaluate the innate immune component of patients who present with inflammatory-associated pathologies, we use a specific immunoassay to detect cellular immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These PAMPs are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on the cells of the innate immune system 4, 5, 6, 7. A primary signal, LPS, in conjunction with a secondary signal, ATP, is necessary for the activation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that processes pro-IL-1&beta; to its mature, bioactive form 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.
The whole blood assay requires minimal sample manipulation to assess cytokine production when compared to other methods that require labor intensive isolation and culturing of specific cell populations. This method differs from other whole blood stimulation assays; rather than diluting samples with a ratio of RPMI media, we perform a white blood cell count directly from diluted whole blood and therefore, stimulate a known number of white blood cells in culture 2. The results of this particular whole blood assay demonstrate a novel technique useful in elucidating patient cohorts presenting with autoinflammatory pathophysiologies.

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&#946; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

We describe a simple immunoassay to measure the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 beta production, in patients presenting with autoinflammatory phenotypes. By activating cells in whole blood cultures with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, specifically with lipopolysaccharide, cytokine secretion can be conveniently evaluated in whole blood supernatants.

Genaue und einfache Messung der pro-inflammatorischen Zytokins IL-1β mit einem Vollblut Stimulation Assay

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues ...

Forschung

Medizin

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) in which the thoracic spinal cord is injured. Additionally, because most human cord injuries occur as the result of blunt, non-penetrating trauma (e.g. motor vehicle accident, sporting injury) where the spinal cord is violently struck by displaced bone or soft tissues, the majority of SCI researchers are of the opinion that the most clinically relevant injury models are those in which the spinal cord is rapidly contused.1 Therefore, an important step in the preclinical evaluation of novel treatments on their way to human translation is an assessment of their efficacy in a model of contusion SCI within the cervical spinal cord. Here, we describe the technical aspects and resultant anatomical and behavioral outcomes of an unilateral contusive model of cervical SCI that employs the Infinite Horizon spinal cord injury impactor.
Sprague Dawley rats underwent a left-sided unilateral laminectomy at C5. To optimize the reproducibility of the biomechanical, functional, and histological outcomes of the injury model, we contused the spinal cords using an impact force of 150 kdyn, an impact trajectory of 22.5&deg; (animals rotated at 22.5&deg;), and an impact location off of midline of 1.4 mm. Functional recovery was assessed using the cylinder rearing test, horizontal ladder test, grooming test and modified Montoya's staircase test for up to 6 weeks, after which the spinal cords were evaluated histologically for white and grey matter sparing.
The injury model presented here imparts consistent and reproducible biomechanical forces to the spinal cord, an important feature of any experimental SCI model. This results in discrete histological damage to the lateral half of the spinal cord which is largely contained to the ipsilateral side of injury. The injury is well tolerated by the animals, but does result in functional deficits of the forelimb that are significant and sustained in the weeks following injury. The cervical unilateral injury model presented here may be a resource to researchers who wish to evaluate potentially promising therapies prior to human translation.

A reliable and repeatable way to produce a cervical unilateral spinal cord injury using the Infinite Horizon impactor is described. The method takes advantage of a custom designed frame and clamp to stabilize the spine. The standardized procedure and biomechanical injury parameters result in sufficient and sustained injuries.

Ein Modell von gequetscht Einseitige Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Mit dem Infinite Horizon Impactor

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of ...

A Simplified Technique for Producing an Ischemic Wound Model

One major obstacle in current diabetic wound research is a lack of an ischemic wound model that can be safely used in diabetic animals. Drugs that work well in non-ischemic wounds may not work in human diabetic wounds because vasculopathy is one major factor that hinders healing of these wounds. We published an article in 2007 describing a rabbit ear ischemic wound model created by a minimally invasive surgical technique. Since then, we have further simplified the procedure for easier operation. On one ear, three small skin incisions were made on the vascular pedicles, 1-2 cm from the ear base. The central artery was ligated and cut along with the nerve. The whole cranial bundle was cut and ligated, leaving only the caudal branch intact. A circumferential subcutaneous tunnel was made through the incisions, to cut subcutaneous tissues, muscles, nerves, and small vessels. The other ear was used as a non-ischemic control. Four wounds were made on the ventral side of each ear. This technique produces 4 ischemic wounds and 4 non-ischemic wounds in one animal for paired comparisons. After surgery, the ischemic ear was cool and cyanotic, and showed reduced movement and a lack of pulse in the ear artery. Skin temperature of the ischemic ear was 1-10 &deg;C lower than that on the normal ear and this difference was maintained for more than one month. Ear tissue high-energy phosphate contents were lower in the ischemic ear than the control ear. Wound healing times were longer in the ischemic ear than in the non-ischemic ear when the same treatment was used. The technique has now been used on more than 80 rabbits in which 23 were diabetic (diabetes time ranging from 2 weeks to 2 years). No single rabbit has developed any surgical complications such as bleeding, infection, or rupture in the skin incisions. The model has many advantages, such as little skin disruption, longer ischemic time, and higher success rate, when compared to many other models. It can be safely used in animals with reduced resistance, and can also be modified to meet different testing requirements.

We have developed a minimally invasive technique to create a rabbit ischemic ear wound model by dividing the central artery and nerve and the cranial neurovascular bundle. A subcutaneous tunnel then cuts all subcutaneous tissues. This procedure causes minimal skin disruption and can be safely used in diabetic animals.

Eine vereinfachte Methode zur Herstellung eines ischämischen Wundmodell

One major obstacle in current diabetic wound research is a lack of an ischemic wound model that can be safely used in diabetic animals. Drugs that work ...

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, including mental retardation due to disordered and damaged brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term used to cover a continuum of birth defects that occur due to maternal alcohol consumption, and occurs in approximately 4% of children born in the United States. With 50% of child-bearing age women reporting consumption of alcohol, and half of all pregnancies being unplanned, unintentional exposure is a continuing issue2. In order to best understand the damage produced by ethanol, plus produce a model with which to test potential interventions, we developed a model of developmental ethanol exposure using the zebrafish embryo. Zebrafish are ideal for this kind of teratogen study3-8. Each pair lays hundreds of eggs, which can then be collected without harming the adult fish. The zebrafish embryo is transparent and can be readily imaged with any number of stains. Analysis of these embryos after exposure to ethanol at different doses and times of duration and application shows that the gross developmental defects produced by ethanol are consistent with the human birth defect. Described here are the basic techniques used to study and manipulate the zebrafish FAS model.

In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the ethanol-induced developmental damage, we have developed a zebrafish model of ethanol exposure and are exploring the physical, cellular, and genetic alterations that occur after ethanol exposure1. We then seek to find potential interventions and rapidly test them in this animal model.

Die Beurteilung Teratogene Änderungen in einem Zebrafisch-Modell der Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

A Novel Surgical Approach for Intratracheal Administration of Bioactive Agents in a Fetal Mouse Model

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and acquired diseases. Apart from congenital or inherited abnormalities with the requirement for long-term expression of the delivered gene, several non-inherited perinatal conditions, where short-term gene expression or pharmacological intervention is sufficient to achieve therapeutic effects, are considered as potential future indications for this kind of approach. Candidate diseases for the application of short-term prenatal therapy could be the transient neonatal deficiency of surfactant protein B causing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome1,2 or hyperoxic injuries of the neonatal lung3. Candidate diseases for permanent therapeutic correction are Cystic Fibrosis (CF)4, genetic variants of surfactant deficiencies5 and &alpha;1-antitrypsin deficiency6.
Generally, an important advantage of prenatal gene therapy is the ability to start therapeutic intervention early in development, at or even prior to clinical manifestations in the patient, thus preventing irreparable damage to the individual. In addition, fetal organs have an increased cell proliferation rate as compared to adult organs, which could allow a more efficient gene or stem cell transfer into the fetus. Furthermore, in utero gene delivery is performed when the individual's immune system is not completely mature. Therefore, transplantation of heterologous cells or supplementation of a non-functional or absent protein with a correct version should not cause immune sensitization to the cell, vector or transgene product, which has recently been proven to be the case with both cellular and genetic therapies7.
In the present study, we investigated the potential to directly target the fetal trachea in a mouse model. This procedure is in use in larger animal models such as rabbits and sheep8, and even in a clinical setting9, but has to date not been performed before in a mouse model. When studying the potential of fetal gene therapy for genetic diseases such as CF, the mouse model is very useful as a first proof-of-concept because of the wide availability of different transgenic mouse strains, the well documented embryogenesis and fetal development, less stringent ethical regulations, short gestation and the large litter size.
Different access routes have been described to target the fetal rodent lung, including intra-amniotic injection10-12, (ultrasound-guided) intrapulmonary injection13,14 and intravenous administration into the yolk sac vessels15,16 or umbilical vein17. Our novel surgical procedure enables researchers to inject the agent of choice directly into the fetal mouse trachea which allows for a more efficient delivery to the airways than existing techniques18.

We developed a novel surgical approach for intratracheal administration of bioactive agents into the mouse fetus. The delivery route is more efficient in targeting the fetal mouse lungs than the commonly used intra-amniotic injection. This procedure has to date not been described in a mouse model.

A Novel Surgical Ansatz intratracheale Verabreichung von Wirkstoffen in einem Fetal Mouse Model

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and ...

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

Mausmodell der Wundheilung

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound and fetal echocardiography. Increasingly, these imaging modalities are being employed clinically to examine cardiac function and assess wellbeing in utero, thereby guiding timing of birth decisions. Here, we used a rabbit model of IUGR that allows analysis of cardiac function in a clinically relevant way. Using isoflurane induced anesthesia, IUGR is surgically created at gestational age day 25 by performing a laparotomy, exposing the bicornuate uterus and then ligating 40-50% of uteroplacental vessels supplying each gestational sac in a single uterine horn. The other horn in the rabbit bicornuate uterus serves as internal control fetuses. Then, after recovery at gestational age day 30 (full term), the same rabbit undergoes examination of fetal cardiac function. Anesthesia is induced with ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly, then maintained by a continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine and xylazine to minimize iatrogenic effects on fetal cardiac function. A repeat laparotomy is performed to expose each gestational sac and a microultrasound examination (VisualSonics VEVO 2100) of fetal cardiac function is performed. Placental insufficiency is evident by a raised pulsatility index or an absent or reversed end diastolic flow of the umbilical artery Doppler waveform. The ductus venosus and middle cerebral artery Doppler is then examined. Fetal echocardiography is performed by recording B mode, M mode and flow velocity waveforms in lateral and apical views. Offline calculations determine standard M-mode cardiac variables, tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion, speckle tracking and strain analysis, modified myocardial performance index and vascular flow velocity waveforms of interest. This small animal model of IUGR therefore affords examination of in utero cardiac function that is consistent with current clinical practice and is therefore useful in a translational research setting.

We describe examination of fetal cardiac function with contemporary functional fetal echocardiography and fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound using the VisualSonics VEVO 2100 microultrasound in a surgically induced model of intrauterine fetal growth restriction in a rabbit.

Fetale Echokardiographie und Pulsed-Wave-Doppler-Ultraschall in einem Kaninchen-Modell von Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ...

A New Murine Model of Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Endovascular aneurysm exclusion is a validated technique to prevent aneurysm rupture. Long-term results highlight technique limitations and new aspects of Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) pathophysiology. There is no abdominal aortic aneurysm endograft exclusion model cheap and reproducible, which would allow deep investigations of AAA before and after treatment. We hereby describe how to induce, and then to exclude with a covered coronary stentgraft an abdominal aortic aneurysm in a rat. The well known elastase induced AAA model was first reported in 19901 in a rat, then described in mice2. Elastin degradation leads to dilation of the aorta with inflammatory infiltration of the abdominal wall and intra luminal thrombus, matching with human AAA. Endovascular exclusion with small covered stentgraft is then performed, excluding any interactions between circulating blood and the aneurysm thrombus. Appropriate exclusion and stentgraft patency is confirmed before euthanasia by an angiography thought the left carotid artery. Partial control of elastase diffusion makes aneurysm shape different for each animal. It is difficult to create an aneurysm, which will allow an appropriate length of aorta below the aneurysm for an easy stentgraft introduction, and with adequate proximal and distal neck to prevent endoleaks. Lots of failure can result to stentgraft introduction which sometimes lead to aorta tear with pain and troubles to stitch it, and endothelial damage with post op aorta thrombosis. Giving aspirin to rats before stentgraft implantation decreases failure rate without major hemorrhage. Clamping time activates neutrophils, endothelium and platelets, and may interfere with biological analysis.

Histological and biochemical modifications after aneurysm endograft exclusion are still unclear. We describe a new model of endograft implantation on a murine aneurysm. Through thrombus analysis with and without persistant circulating blood stream interface, and new endovascular biomaterials evaluation, this model will help to better understand endovascular aneurysm exclusion pathobiology.

Ein neues Mausmodell der endovaskuläre Aortenaneurysma Repair

Endovascular aneurysm exclusion is a validated technique to prevent aneurysm rupture. Long-term results highlight technique limitations and new aspects of ...

A Surgical Procedure for Resecting the Mouse Rib: A Model for Large-Scale Long Bone Repair

This protocol introduces researchers to a new model for large-scale bone repair utilizing the mouse rib. The procedure details the following: preparation of the animal for surgery, opening the thoracic body wall, exposing the desired rib from the surrounding intercostal muscles, excising the desired section of rib without inducing a pneumothorax, and closing the incisions. Compared to the bones of the appendicular skeleton, the ribs are highly accessible. In addition, no internal or external fixator is necessary since the adjacent ribs provide a natural fixation. The surgery uses commercially available supplies, is straightforward to learn, and well-tolerated by the animal. The procedure can be carried out with or without removing the surrounding periosteum, and therefore the contribution of the periosteum to repair can be assessed. Results indicate that if the periosteum is retained, robust repair occurs in 1 - 2 months. We expect that use of this protocol will stimulate research into rib repair and that the findings will facilitate the development of new ways to stimulate bone repair in other locations around the body.

The overall goal of this procedure is to successfully resect a portion of bone from the rib of a mouse. The procedure was developed as a model to study large-scale long bone repair.

Ein chirurgischer Eingriff zur Resektion der Maus Rib: Ein Modell für Großlangknochenreparatur

This protocol introduces researchers to a new model for large-scale bone repair utilizing the mouse rib. The procedure details the following: preparation ...

Demonstration of the Rat Ischemic Skin Wound Model

The propensity for chronic wounds in humans increases with ageing, disease conditions such as diabetes and impaired cardiovascular function, and unrelieved pressure due to immobility. Animal models have been developed that attempt to mimic these conditions for the purpose of furthering our understanding of the complexity of chronic wounds. The model described herein is a rat ischemic skin flap model that permits a prolonged reduction of blood flow resulting in wounds that become ischemic and resemble a chronic wound phenotype (reduced vascularization, increased inflammation and delayed wound closure). It consists of a bipedicled dorsal flap with 2 ischemic wounds placed centrally and 2 non-ischemic wounds lateral to the flap as controls. A novel addition to this ischemic skin flap model is the placement of a silicone sheet beneath the flap that functions as a barrier and a splint to prevent revascularization and reduce contraction as the wounds heal. Despite the debate of using rats for wound healing studies due to their quite distinct anatomic and physiologic differences compared to humans (i.e., the presence of a panniculus carnosus muscle, short life-span, increased number of hair follicles, and their ability to heal infected wounds) the modifications employed in this model make it a valuable alternative to previously developed ischemic skin flap models.

The rat, due to its size, availability, and rather docile behavior, has been utilized as a research model for many years. The goal of this protocol is to utilize the rat as an ischemic skin wound healing model to provide valuable insight into the pathophysiology of chronic wounds.