Ce travail est soutenu par le BRC Imperial, l&#39;Institut national de recherche en santé, et de lutte contre le cancer avec une mention spéciale à Hilary Artisanat et Sir Douglas Myers.

Les procédures ci-dessous ont été éthique approuvé par l&#39;Imperial College, Londres. 1. Génération de mammospheres primaires du sein humain Cancer Cell Lines REMARQUE: Effectuez les étapes suivantes sous une hotte de culture stérile. <ol><li> Préparez mammosphere des milieux contenant du DMEM / F12 supplémenté avec 2 mM de L-glutamine, 100 U / ml de pénicilline, 100 U / ml de streptomycine. Préparer les médias complète immédiatement avant utilisation en ajoutant 20 facteur ng / ml recombinant de croissance épidermique humain (EGF; Sigma), 10 ng / ml de base facteur humain recombinant de croissance des fibroblastes (bFGF; R &amp; D Systems) et le supplément 1x B27. </li><li> Aspirer le milieu de flacon contenant adhérentes MCF-7 ou MDA-MB-231 cellules (ou une ligne de votre choix de cellules de cancer du sein; 70-80% de confluence), laver deux fois dans PBS 1x et Trypsiniser cellules. </li><li> Centrifuger les cellules à 200 xg à température ambiante pendant 5 min. Cellules surnageant et remettre décantation dans 1-5 ml de milieu mammosphere. Pipettede haut en bas et si nécessaire utiliser un filtre de plafonnement des tamis cellulaire de 40 um pour obtenir une suspension à cellule unique. Utiliser un hémocytomètre pour assurer une suspension cellulaire unique est formée (dans la négative, utiliser une aiguille G 25 à la seringue la suspension de cellules jusqu&#39;à 3 fois). </li><li> Si nécessaire isolat CD44 + CD24- sous-ensemble cellulaire via FACS en utilisant anti-CD24-phycoérythrine (PE) et l&#39;isothiocyanate (FITC) des anticorps monoclonaux anti-CD44 9-fluorescéine. Alternativement, isoler telle population en utilisant un système (MACS) avec anti-CD44 et les microbilles combinées anti-CD24-biotine selon les instructions du fabricant magnétique des cellules activées de tri. Effectuer une sélection positive en utilisant LS colonnes, et la sélection négative en utilisant des colonnes de LD et de confirmer les phénotypes de toutes les cellules isolées par cytométrie de flux 17. </li><li> Calculer le nombre de cellules viables par ml en utilisant du bleu trypan. REMARQUE: La viabilité des cellules est calculé comme le nombre de cellules viables, divisé par le nombre total de cellules dans les grilles sur la hemocyTometer. Les cellules qui prennent bleu trypan sont considérés comme non viable. La procédure suivante est utilisée pour déterminer avec précision la proportion de cellules viables. <ol><li> Préparer une solution à 0,4% de bleu trypan dans du PBS. Ajouter 0,1 ml de solution stock trypan bleu à 1 ml de cellules. Chargez un hémocytomètre et d&#39;examiner immédiatement sous un microscope à faible grossissement. Compter le nombre de cellules totales et du nombre de cellules à coloration bleue. Les cellules viables = [1,00 - (Nombre de cellules bleues ÷ Nombre de cellules totales)] × 100. </li><li> Pour calculer le nombre de cellules viables par ml de culture, utiliser la formule ci-dessous. Rappelez-vous pour corriger le facteur de dilution. Nombre de cellules viables × 10 × 1,1 = 4 cellules / ml de culture </li></ol></li><li> Reprendre un montant pré-déterminé de cellules dans 2 ml de milieu mammosphere complets dans chaque puits d&#39;une plaque adhérente à 6 puits ultra-faible. La densité de semis est normalement 500-4,000 cellules / cm 2 cellule par puits. Éventuellement utiliser low fixation des plaques 24 puits pendant l&#39;ensemencement des cellules à la même densité dans 0,5 ml de milieu. NOTE: Nous recommandons l&#39;optimisation de la densité et l&#39;heure de la culture ensemencement pour chaque lignées cellulaires d&#39;intérêt. </li><li> Incuber à faible fixation des plaques 6 puits ultra à 37 ° C et 5% de CO 2 pendant 5 à 10 jours (selon la lignée cellulaire et de la taille de mammospheres) sans perturber les plaques, en particulier pendant la phase des 5 premiers jours de croissance . </li></ol> 2. Génération de mammospheres primaires de cancer du sein humain échantillons cliniques REMARQUE: tissu de cancer du sein humain peut être obtenu à partir de patients subissant une intervention chirurgicale pour l&#39;élimination des tumeurs du sein. tissu de magasin sur de la glace pendant jusqu&#39;à 24 heures dans 50 ml dans des tubes stériles dans des milieux de culture contenant 100 U / ml de pénicilline et 100 U / ml de streptomycine. Effectuez les étapes suivantes sous une hotte de culture stérile. <ol><li> Transférer l&#39;échantillon dans une boîte de 100 mm tissus Petri avec un petit volume de médias. Remove du tissu adipeux avec des ciseaux stérile, scalpel et des pinces. </li><li> Ajouter 2-3 ml de DMEM / F12 et émincer l&#39;échantillon dans une mm 3 morceaux avec un scalpel stérile ou lame de rasoir jusqu&#39;à ce qu&#39;aucun gros morceaux restent. </li><li> Remettre en suspension les morceaux de tissu dans préchauffée 10 ml de DMEM contenant des enzymes protéolytiques (3000 U / ml de collagénase et 1000 U / ml hyaluronidase) et incuber à 37 ° C dans un agitateur rotatif jusqu&#39;à ce que tous les fragments de tissus sont digérés. Habituellement digestion complète prend 1-3 heures. Réglez le temps de digestion selon caractères pathologiques de tumeurs. (Par exemple adénocarcinome du sein est généralement plus difficile à digérer par rapport au carcinome mucineux qui est plus fragile et a besoin de plus courte durée de digestion). Évaluer le degré de digestion chaque demi-heure en observant 20 ul suspension en vertu hémocytomètre. </li><li> Autoriser les fragments dans les sédiments pendant 5 min, puis transférer le surnageant dans un tube en polypropylène de 15 ml conique et centrifuger à 200 g pendant 10 min à temtempérature. Décanter avec soin les cellules surnageant et remettre en suspension dans 1-5 ml de milieu de mammosphere. </li><li> Suivez les étapes décrites ci-dessus 01/01 au 01/04 pour les lignées cellulaires afin d&#39;obtenir et plaque suspensions de cellules isolées. Cellules passe à travers le G 25 seringue un maximum de deux fois si nécessaire pour limiter endommager les cellules. </li></ol> 3. mammosphere efficacité de formation (%) Calcul <ol><li> Après la période de culture, compter les mammospheres (supérieure à 40 um) de diamètre sous un microscope au grossissement de 40X. Image numériquement cinq domaines aléatoires en utilisant un appareil photo numérique sur un microscope optique et déterminent la taille des mammospheres l&#39;aide du logiciel d&#39;acquisition. Utilisez ne importe quel logiciel d&#39;analyse d&#39;images. </li><li> Calculer mammosphere efficacité Forming (MFE%) selon l&#39;équation suivante: MFE (%) = (nombre de mammospheres par puits) / (nombre de cellules ensemencées par puits) x 100 </li></ol> 4. Le passage en série de mammospheres pour l&#39;évaluation de l&#39;auto-renouvellement <ol><li&gt; Pipette le support contenant les mammospheres de chaque puits dans un tube de 15 ml. Laver les puits avec du PBS et ajouter aux médias recueillies. Centrifuger à 115 g pendant 10 min à température ambiante. </li><li> Rejeter le surnageant et remettre en suspension le culot dans 500 pi de 0,5% de trypsine / EDTA 0,2% préchauffé. Incuber pendant 2-3 min. </li><li> Ajouter 500 pi de FCS pour neutraliser la trypsine. Centrifuger à 500 g pendant 5 min. Rejeter le surnageant et remettre le culot dans 100 pi de mammospheres médias, pipetage de haut en bas de désagréger sphères. </li><li> Compter les cellules avec un hémocytomètre et déterminer si les cellules sont en suspension à une seule cellule. Si non passer par un G 25 seringue jusqu&#39;à trois fois pour obtenir des cellules individuelles. Ensemencer les cellules dans un nouveau plus bas attachement plaque ultra 6 puits à la même densité utilisé dans la génération primaire. </li><li> Après 5-10 jours, comptez sphères&gt; 40 um et de calculer l&#39;efficacité de la sphère de formation selon la formule rapportée auparavant. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of this article.

Évaluation positive des mammospheres primaires et secondaires se appuie sur les cellules étant étalées à suffisamment faibles densités qui mammospheres forme de clones uniques, avec une agrégation de la sphère minimale. Cependant, à des densités trop faibles, trop peu mammospheres peuvent former de distinguer les effets des traitements statistiquement. La densité de semis doit être optimisée pour chaque lignée cellulaire utilisée, car ils peuvent varier considérablement dans leur sphère formant efficaci...

L&#39;existence de lignées cellulaires tumorales dirigés par des cellules souches du cancer souches ressemblant a grandement ajouté à notre compréhension de l&#39;hétérogénéité tumorale. Alors que certains diversité phénotypique dans les tumeurs ne se pose de l&#39;excroissance clonale de clones génétiquement distinctes, une composante importante semble résulter de différences épigénétiques: les cellules cancéreuses peuvent transition (parfois réversible) entre la tige, l&#39;ancêtre, et les Etats différenciées via l&#39;activation ou la répression de gène spécifique les programmes d&#39;expression 1-3. Cela peut tenir compte de facteurs intrinsèques ou extrinsèques cellulaires, ce qui reflète le programme d&#39;expression génique actuellement être exprimé dans une cellule avec son signalisation autocrine résultant en liaison avec signalisation paracrine d&#39;un cancer, stromales ou les cellules immunitaires voisine délivrant facteurs modulateurs et les conditions microenviromental tels que le degré de hypoxie 2,4,5. Bien que la lignée traçage des approches novatricessont avancer notre capacité à étudier les cellules souches du cancer putatifs dans leur niche in vivo 6-8, les dosages de la sphère de formation restent une approche populaire et pratique pour estimer le potentiel des cellules de cancer du sein de se comporter comme des cellules souches, au moins dans les conditions de dosage utilisées. Il est souvent utilisé aux côtés méthodes rétrospectives pour les cellules souches du cancer de purification, par leur expression de marqueurs membranaires CD44 et CD24 9 et les niveaux de l&#39;enzyme ALDH (aldéhyde déshydrogénase) d&#39;activité 10, les marqueurs qui ont été proposés pour correspondre à plus mesenchymal- et épithélial -comme cellules respectivement 11 souches du cancer. L&#39;approche de la formation de la sphère a d&#39;abord été développé en tant que dosage de neurosphères, permettant la croissance de cellules souches putatives provenant de clones individuels dans non adhérentes, des conditions sans sérum avec l&#39;ajout de l&#39;épithélium du facteur de croissance (EGF) 12, puis est utilement appliquée à normaux et cancéreux tissus mammaires. <p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; L&#39;identité de la cellule fondateur sphère de formation, et les types de cellules mixtes qui composent la masse de la sphère, sont pertinentes pour les conclusions qui peuvent être fabriqués à partir de mammographie, ou autre sphère formant essais. Os repos cellules souches de bonne à long terme, la pensée de se reposer en phase G0, ne sera pas l&#39;expérience de la combinaison précise de facteurs qui favoriseraient activation in vivo. Le dosage de la place mammosphere permet la croissance des cellules soit prête pour la division mitotique ou déjà en division 13. Ces progéniteurs, mais pas véritablement une cellule de repos, peuvent être le stade de la cellule qui prolifère avec les mitogenes et EGF facteur de croissance basique des fibroblastes (bFGF) utilisés dans le dosage. Néanmoins, ils contiennent une gamme de la signalisation associée aux cellules souches activé cheminements de 14. En outre, la vitesse de leur formation se rapporte à la tumorigénicité de tissu ont été prélevés, lorsqu&#39;elle est mesurée par leur efficacité dans des essais de dilution limitée dans des xénogreffes de souris 2,15,16 &lt;/ Sup&gt;. Ici, nous fournissons des protocoles détaillés pour isoler des cellules individuelles et de générer mammospheres primaires des deux lignées cellulaires de cancer du sein humain et des échantillons cliniques de tumeurs du sein. Nous décrivons également comment effectuer des passages en série de mammospheres primaires pour évaluer l&#39;auto-renouvellement, et comment calculer sphère formant efficacité qui permet la comparaison entre les différentes densités de semis (voir schéma de la figure 1).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1049">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:625px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-3151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:625px;">2mM L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:625px;">100U/ml Penicillin &#38; Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:625px;">20ng/ml recombinant human epidermal growth factor (EGF)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E9644</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:625px;">20ng/ml recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td>233-FB-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:625px;">1x B27 supplement&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS);</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>12399902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;0.5% trypsin-0.2%EDTA;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>59418C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal Calf Serum</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">First Link UK</td>
			<td>02-00-850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Trypan Blue</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>93595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Low attachment 6 well plates</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Corning</td>
			<td>CLS3814</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagenase type 1A</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9891</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hyaluronidase</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile razor blades</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12443170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:625px;">Sterile scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11758353</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:625px;">Sterile micro-dissecting scissors</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mammosphere formation assay from human breast cancer tissues and cell lines

Similaires aux tissus sains, beaucoup de sang et de tumeurs solides sont maintenant pensés pour être organisée hiérarchiquement, avec un sous-ensemble de cellules cancéreuses souches ressemblant que l&#39;auto-renouveler tout en donnant naissance à une descendance plus différenciée. Comprendre et cibler ces cellules souches cancéreuses dans le cancer du sein, qui peuvent posséder amélioré chimio- et radio-résistance par rapport à la masse de la tumeur non-tige, est devenu un domaine de recherche important. Marqueurs y compris CD44, CD24, et l&#39;activité de l&#39;ALDH peut être évaluée en utilisant cellulaire activé par fluorescence (FACS) pour isoler de façon prospective les cellules qui affichent la tumorigénicité accrue lorsqu&#39;ils sont implantés dans des souris immunodéprimées: le dosage de mammosphere a également été largement utilisée pour sa capacité à identifier a posteriori SPHERE formant des cellules qui se développent à partir de souches unique clones de cellules comparables. Nous exposons ici approches pour la culture appropriée de mammospheres partir de lignées cellulaires ou d&#39;échantillons primaires des patients, de leur passages, et des calculs pour estimer la sphère fl&#39;efficacité ormer (SFE). D&#39;abord, nous discutons des considérations et des pièges clés dans la planification et l&#39;interprétation des expériences mammosphere appropriée.

Différents échantillons ou ceux qui sont soumis à des traitements différents peuvent varier dans le nombre de mammospheres&gt; 40 um qui se forment après la normalisation pour les cellules ensemencées initiales. Calculer mammosphere efficacité de formation (MFE) pour chaque traitement grandi en trois exemplaires. Cela permet des expériences avec différentes densités d&#39;ensemencement à comparer. Les données sont affichées sur un meilleur diagramme à barres, de préférence avec des contrôles positifs et...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines at JoVE.com

Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

Mammosphere Formation dosage du sein humain cancer des tissus et des lignées cellulaires

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that ...

mammosphere-formation-assay-from-human-breast-cancer-tissues-cell

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

33.0K vues.  Imperial College London. Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

Vidéo: Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

L&#39;homme neuroendocriniennes lignées cellulaires tumorales comme un modèle tridimensionnel pour l&#39;étude de la thérapie des tumeurs neuro-endocrines humaines

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

Recherche

Médecine

Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture

Experimental examination of normal human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) behavior, and how normal cells acquire abnormal properties, can be facilitated by in vitro culture systems that more accurately model in vivo biology. The use of human derived material for studying cellular differentiation, aging, senescence, and immortalization is particularly advantageous given the many significant molecular differences in these properties between human and commonly utilized rodent cells1-2. Mammary cells present a convenient model system because large quantities of normal and abnormal tissues are available due to the frequency of reduction mammoplasty and mastectomy surgeries.
The mammary gland consists of a complex admixture of many distinct cell types, e.g., epithelial, adipose, mesenchymal, endothelial. The epithelial cells are responsible for the differentiated mammary function of lactation, and are also the origin of the vast majority of human breast cancers. We have developed methods to process mammary gland surgical discard tissues into pure epithelial components as well as mesenchymal cells3. The processed material can be stored frozen indefinitely, or initiated into primary culture. Surgical discard material is transported to the laboratory and manually dissected to enrich for epithelial containing tissue. Subsequent digestion of the dissected tissue using collagenase and hyaluronidase strips stromal material from the epithelia at the basement membrane. The resulting small pieces of the epithelial tree (organoids) can be separated from the digested stroma by sequential filtration on membranes of fixed pore size. Depending upon pore size, fractions can be obtained consisting of larger ductal/alveolar pieces, smaller alveolar clusters, or stromal cells. We have observed superior growth when cultures are initiated as organoids rather than as dissociated single cells. Placement of organoids in culture using low-stress inducing media supports long-term growth of normal HMEC with markers of multiple lineage types (myoepithelial, luminal, progenitor)4-5. Sufficient numbers of cells can be obtained from one individual's tissue to allow extensive experimental examination using standardized cell batches, as well as interrogation using high throughput modalities.
Cultured HMEC have been employed in a wide variety of studies examining the normal processes governing growth, differentiation, aging, and senescence, and how these normal processes are altered during immortal and malignant transformation4-15,16. The effects of growth in the presence of extracellular matrix material, other cell types, and/or 3D culture can be compared with growth on plastic5,15. Cultured HMEC, starting with normal cells, provide an experimentally tractable system to examine factors that may propel or prevent human aging and carcinogenesis.

A method to process human mammary surgical discard material is described. Processed tissue, in the form of organoids, can be stored frozen indefinitely or placed in culture for long-term growth. This method enables experimental examination of normal human epithelial cell biology, and the effects of exogenous perturbations.

Traitement des mammoplastie de réduction et de tissus humains mastectomie pour Culture Cellulaire

Experimental  examination of normal human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) behavior, and how  normal cells acquire abnormal properties, can be facilitated ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

Imagerie time-lapse de primaires prénéoplasiques cellules épithéliales mammaires issues de modèles de souris génétiquement modifiées de cancer du sein

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

The Use of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) to Explore Protein Expression Variation within Individual Renal Cell Cancers

Currently there is no curative treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer, the commonest variant of the disease. A key factor in this treatment resistance is thought to be the molecular complexity of the disease 1. Targeted therapy such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-sunitinib have been utilized, but only 40% of patients will respond, with the overwhelming majority of these patients relapsing within 1 year 2. As such the question of intrinsic and acquired resistance in renal cell cancer patients is highly relevant 3.
In order to study resistance to TKIs, with the ultimate goal of developing effective, personalized treatments, sequential tissue after a specific period of targeted therapy is required, an approach which had proved successful in chronic myeloid leukaemia 4. However the application of such a strategy in renal cell carcinoma is complicated by the high level of both inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, which is a feature of renal cell carcinoma5,6 as well as other solid tumors 7. Intertumoral heterogeneity due to transcriptomic and genetic differences is well established even in patients with similar presentation, stage and grade of tumor. In addition it is clear that there is great morphological (intratumoral) heterogeneity in RCC, which is likely to represent even greater molecular heterogeneity. Detailed mapping and categorization of RCC tumors by combined morphological analysis and Fuhrman grading allows the selection of representative areas for proteomic analysis.
Protein based analysis of RCC8 is attractive due to its widespread availability in pathology laboratories; however, its application can be problematic due to the limited availability of specific antibodies 9. Due to the dot blot nature of the Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA), antibody specificity must be pre-validated; as such strict quality control of antibodies used is of paramount importance. Despite this limitation the dot blot format does allow assay miniaturization, allowing for the printing of hundreds of samples onto a single nitrocellulose slide. Printed slides can then be analyzed in a similar fashion to Western analysis with the use of target specific primary antibodies and fluorescently labelled secondary antibodies, allowing for multiplexing. Differential protein expression across all the samples on a slide can then be analyzed simultaneously by comparing the relative level of fluorescence in a more cost-effective and high-throughput manner.

The Use of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays RPPA to Explore Protein Expression Variation within Individual Renal Cell Cancers

RPPA enables the protein expression of hundreds of samples, printed on nitrocellulose slides to be interrogated simultaneously, using fluorescently labelled antibodies. This technique has been applied to study the effect of drug treatment heterogeneity within clear cell renal carcinoma.

L&#39;utilisation des puces à protéines de phase inversée (RPPA) Variation à explorer l&#39;expression des protéines dans les cancers à cellules rénales individuels

Currently there is no curative treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer, the commonest variant of the disease. A key factor in this treatment ...

Formation of Human Prostate Epithelium Using Tissue Recombination of Rodent Urogenital Sinus Mesenchyme and Human Stem Cells

Progress in prostate cancer research is severely limited by the availability of human-derived and hormone-na&iuml;ve model systems, which limit our ability to understand genetic and molecular events underlying prostate disease initiation. Toward developing better model systems for studying human prostate carcinogenesis, we and others have taken advantage of the unique pro-prostatic inductive potential of embryonic rodent prostate stroma, termed urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGSM). When recombined with certain pluripotent cell populations such as embryonic stem cells, UGSM induces the formation of normal human prostate epithelia in a testosterone-dependent manner. Such a human model system can be used to investigate and experimentally test the ability of candidate prostate cancer susceptibility genes at an accelerated pace compared to typical rodent transgenic studies. Since Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be genetically modified in culture using inducible gene expression or siRNA knock-down vectors prior to tissue recombination, such a model facilitates testing the functional consequences of genes, or combinations of genes, which are thought to promote or prevent carcinogenesis.
The technique of isolating pure populations of UGSM cells, however, is challenging and learning often requires someone with previous expertise to personally teach. Moreover, inoculation of cell mixtures under the renal capsule of an immunocompromised host can be technically challenging. Here we outline and illustrate proper isolation of UGSM from rodent embryos and renal capsule implantation of tissue mixtures to form human prostate epithelium. Such an approach, at its current stage, requires in vivo xenografting of embryonic stem cells; future applications could potentially include in vitro gland formation or the use of induced pluripotent stem cell populations (iPSCs).

To unravel the earliest molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer initiation, novel and innovative human model systems and approaches are desperately needed. The potential of pre-prostatic urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGSM) to induce pluripotent stem cell populations to form human prostate epithelium is a powerful experimental tool in prostate research.

Formation de l&#39;épithélium de la prostate humaine utilisant la recombinaison des tissus de rongeurs urogénital Mesenchyme des sinus et des cellules souches humaines

Progress in prostate cancer research is severely  limited by the availability of human-derived and hormone-na&iuml;ve model systems,  which limit our ...

Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen receptors (ERs), ER&#945;, and ER&#946;. ER&#945; is frequently upregulated in breast cancer and drives the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The ERs function as transcription factors and regulate gene expression. Whereas ER&#945;&#39;s regulation of protein-coding genes is well established, its regulation of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) is less explored. miRNAs play a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, inhibiting their translation or degrading their mRNA. miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors&#160;and are also promising biomarkers. Among the miRNA assays available, microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been extensively used to detect and quantify miRNA levels. To identify miRNAs regulated by estrogen signaling in breast cancer, their expression in ER&#945;-positive breast cancer cell lines were compared before and after estrogen-activation using both the &#181;Paraflo-microfluidic microarrays and Dual Labeled Probes-low density arrays. Results were validated using specific qPCR assays, applying both Cyanine dye-based and Dual Labeled Probes-based chemistry. Furthermore, a time-point assay was used to identify regulations over time. Advantages of the miRNA assay approach used in this study is that it enables a fast screening of mature miRNA regulations in numerous samples, even with limited sample amounts. The layout, including the specific conditions for cell culture and estrogen treatment, biological and technical replicates, and large-scale screening followed by in-depth confirmations using separate techniques, ensures a robust detection of miRNA regulations,&#160;and eliminates false positives and other artifacts. However, mutated or unknown miRNAs, or regulations at the primary and precursor transcript level, will not be detected. The method presented here represents a thorough investigation of estrogen-mediated miRNA regulation.

Molecular signaling through both estrogen and microRNAs are critical in breast cancer development and growth. Estrogen activates the estrogen receptors, which are transcription factors. Many transcription factors can regulate the expression of microRNAs, and estrogen-regulated microRNAs can be profiled using different large-scale techniques.

Profilage de microARN œstrogène réglementés dans les cellules du cancer du sein

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen ...

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo. The current approach of culturing cells on two-dimensional (2D), plastic surfaces results in the disturbance and loss of complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Through the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture assays, the conditions for cell-microenvironment interaction are established resembling the in vivo microenvironment. This article provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding environment. In addition, we discuss how these 3D assays have the potential to examine the loss of signaling molecules that regulate epithelial morphology by immunostaining procedures. These studies aid to identify important mechanistic details into the processes regulating invasion, required for the spread of breast cancer.

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

This article provides detailed methodologies for the use of three-dimensional (3D) assays to quantify breast cancer cell invasion. Specifically, we discuss the procedures required to set up such assays, quantification, and data analysis, as well as methods to examine the loss of membrane integrity that occurs when cells invade.

Quantification du cancer du sein cellulaire envahissement aide d&#39;un (3D) du modèle en trois dimensions

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

Enrichment for Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells from Human Cell Lines

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, invasive, and chemoresistant tumor cells. Therefore, CSCs are an attractive population of cells to target therapeutically. CSCs are predicted to contribute to a number of types of malignancies including those in the blood, brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, prostate, and ovary. Isolating and enriching a tumor cell population for CSCs will enable researchers to study the properties, genetics, and therapeutic response of CSCs. We generated a protocol that reproducibly enriches for ovarian cancer CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and OVCA429). Cell lines are treated with 20 &#181;M cisplatin for 3 days. Surviving cells are isolated and cultured in a serum-free stem cell media containing cytokines and growth factors. We demonstrate an enrichment of these purified CSCs by analyzing the isolated cells for known stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog, and Prom1 (CD133) and cell surface expression of CD177 and CD133. The CSCs exhibit increased chemoresistance. This method for isolation of CSCs is a useful tool for studying the role of CSCs in chemoresistance and tumor relapse.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are&#160;implicated in tumor relapse due to chemoresistance. We have optimized a protocol for selection and expansion of CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines. By treating cells with the chemotherapeutic cisplatin and culturing&#160;in a stem cell promoting media we enrich for non-adherent CSC cultures.

Enrichissement pour chimiorésistantes cancer de l&#39;ovaire des cellules souches à partir de lignées cellulaires humaines

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, ...

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial cells tend to lose hormone receptor expression. Widely used hormone receptor positive breast cancer cell lines are of limited relevance to the in vivo situation. Here, we describe an ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. Fresh human breast tissue specimens from surgical discard material such as reduction mammoplasties or mammectomies are mechanically and enzymatically digested to obtain tissue fragments containing ducts and lobules and multiple stromal cell types. These tissue microstructures kept in basal medium without growth factors preserve their intercellular contacts, the tissue architecture, and remain hormone responsive for several days. They are readily processed for RNA and protein extraction, histological analysis or stored in freezing medium. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) can be used to enrich for specific cell populations. This protocol provides a straightforward, standard approach for translational studies with highly complex, varied human specimens.

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

We have developed a novel ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. It is based on tissue microstructures isolated from surgical breast tissue specimens which preserve tissue architecture, intercellular interactions, and paracrine signaling.

Une<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Modèle pour étudier action hormone dans le sein humain

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial ...

Methods for Culturing Human Femur Tissue Explants to Study Breast Cancer Cell Colonization of the Metastatic Niche

Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis. Although it is widely accepted that the microenvironment influences cancer cell behavior, little is known about breast cancer cell properties and behaviors within the native microenvironment of human bone tissue.We have developed approaches to track, quantify and modulate human breast cancer cells within the microenvironment of cultured human bone tissue fragments isolated from discarded femoral heads following total hip replacement surgeries. Using breast cancer cells engineered for luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression, we are able to reproducibly quantitate migration and proliferation patterns using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), track cell interactions within the bone fragments using fluorescence microscopy, and evaluate breast cells after colonization with flow cytometry. The key advantages of this model include: 1) a native, architecturally intact tissue microenvironment that includes relevant human cell types, and 2) direct access to the microenvironment, which facilitates rapid quantitative and qualitative monitoring and perturbation of breast and bone cell properties, behaviors and interactions. A primary limitation, at present, is the finite viability of the tissue fragments, which confines the window of study to short-term culture. Applications of the model system include studying the basic biology of&#160;breast cancer and other bone-seeking malignancies within the metastatic niche, and developing therapeutic strategies to effectively target breast cancer cells in bone tissues.

Protocols are described for studying breast cancer cell migration, proliferation and colonization in a human bone tissue explant model system.

Méthodes pour explants de tissus en culture fémur humain pour étudier le cancer du sein cellulaire colonisation de la Niche métastatique

Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis. Although it is widely accepted that the microenvironment influences cancer cell behavior, little ...