Name: adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of crispr for cardiac gene editing in mice
Uploaded: 2018-08-02T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Delivery of CRISPR for Cardiac Gene Editing in Mice Video at JoVE.com

R.H. is supported by US National Institutes of Health grants (R01HL116546 and R01 AR064241).

The animals used in this protocol were maintained at The Ohio State University Laboratory Animal Resources in accordance with animal use guidelines. All animal studies were authorized by the Institutional Animal Care, Use, and Review Committee of the Ohio State University.
1. Design and Cloning of gRNAs into the CRISPR Vector
<ol>
	<li>Select 2 gRNAs targeting dystrophin intron 20 and intron 23 (i20 and i23) for SaCas9: i20: 5&#39;-GGGCGTTGAAATTCTCATTAC CAGAGT and i23: 5&#39;-CACCGA...

<ol>
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Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+of+muscular+dystrophy+in+mice+by+CRISPR/Cas9-mediated+editing+of+germline+DNA.">Prevention of muscular dystrophy in mice by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of germline DNA.</a> Science. 345, 1184-1188 (2014).</li><li>Nelson, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+genome+editing+improves+muscle+function+in+a+mouse+model+of+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy.">In vivo genome editing improves muscle function in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</a> Science. 351, 403-407 (2016).</li><li>Ousterout, D. G. K., Thakore, A. M., Majoros, P. I., Reddy, T. E. W. H., Gersbach, C. 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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle-specific+CRISPR/Cas9+dystrophin+gene+editing+ameliorates+pathophysiology+in+a+mouse+model+for+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy.">Muscle-specific CRISPR/Cas9 dystrophin gene editing ameliorates pathophysiology in a mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</a> Nat Commun. 8, 14454 (2017).</li><li>Hoffman, E. P., Brown, R. H., Kunkel, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dystrophin:+the+protein+product+of+the+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy+locus.">Dystrophin: the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus.</a> Cell. 51, 919-928 (1987).</li><li>Nowak, K. J., Davies, K. 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R., Lloyd-Puryear, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Report+of+MDA+muscle+disease+symposium+on+newborn+screening+for+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy.">Report of MDA muscle disease symposium on newborn screening for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</a> Muscle Nerve. 48, 21-26 (2013).</li><li>Spurney, C. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eteplirsen.">Eteplirsen.</a> Hosp Pharm. 52, 302-305 (2017).</li><li>Sicinski, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+basis+of+muscular+dystrophy+in+the+mdx+mouse:+a+point+mutation.">The molecular basis of muscular dystrophy in the mdx mouse: a point mutation.</a> Science. 244, 1578-1580 (1989).</li><li>Xu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR-mediated+Genome+Editing+Restores+Dystrophin+Expression+and+Function+in+mdx+Mice.">CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing Restores Dystrophin Expression and Function in mdx Mice.</a> Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 24, 564-569 (2016).</li><li>El Refaey, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vivo+Genome+Editing+Restores+Dystrophin+Expression+and+Cardiac+Function+in+Dystrophic+Mice.">In Vivo Genome Editing Restores Dystrophin Expression and Cardiac Function in Dystrophic Mice.</a> Circ Res. 121, 923-929 (2017).</li><li>Tabebordbar, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+gene+editing+in+dystrophic+mouse+muscle+and+muscle+stem+cells.">In vivo gene editing in dystrophic mouse muscle and muscle stem cells.</a> Science. 351, 407-411 (2016).</li><li>Pozsgai, E. R., Griffin, D. A., Heller, K. N., Mendell, J. R., Rodino-Klapac, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=beta-Sarcoglycan+gene+transfer+decreases+fibrosis+and+restores+force+in+LGMD2E+mice.">beta-Sarcoglycan gene transfer decreases fibrosis and restores force in LGMD2E mice.</a> Gene therapy. 23, 57-66 (2016).</li><li>Chicoine, L. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmapheresis+eliminates+the+negative+impact+of+AAV+antibodies+on+microdystrophin+gene+expression+following+vascular+delivery.">Plasmapheresis eliminates the negative impact of AAV antibodies on microdystrophin gene expression following vascular delivery.</a> Mol Ther. 22, 338-347 (2014).</li><li>Chicoine, L. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+delivery+of+rAAVrh74.MCK.GALGT2+to+the+gastrocnemius+muscle+of+the+rhesus+macaque+stimulates+the+expression+of+dystrophin+and+laminin+alpha2+surrogates.">Vascular delivery of rAAVrh74.MCK.GALGT2 to the gastrocnemius muscle of the rhesus macaque stimulates the expression of dystrophin and laminin alpha2 surrogates.</a> Mol Ther. 22, 713-724 (2014).</li><li>Vouillot, L., Thelie, A., Pollet, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+T7E1+and+surveyor+mismatch+cleavage+assays+to+detect+mutations+triggered+by+engineered+nucleases.">Comparison of T7E1 and surveyor mismatch cleavage assays to detect mutations triggered by engineered nucleases.</a> G3. 5, 407-415 (2015).</li><li>Tsai, S. 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In this protocol, we detail all the steps necessary to achieve in vivo cardiac gene editing in postnatal mice using rAAVrh.74-mediated delivery of SaCas9 and two gRNAs. As previously noted, this approach can be used to restore dystrophin expression in dystrophic mice as described in our work27, but it could also enable rapid reverse genetics studies of cardiac-related genes in mice without the lengthy process of the traditional knockout approach to generate and breed knockout mouse models...

The clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technology represents the most recent advancement in genome engineering and has revolutionized the current practice of genetics in cells and organisms. CRISPR-based genome editing utilizes a single guide RNA (gRNA) to direct a CRISPR-associated endonuclease such as CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) and Cpf1 to a genomic DNA target that is complementary in sequence to the protospacer encoded by the gRNA with a specific protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)1,2. The PAM varies depending on the bacterial species of the Cas9 or Cpf1 gene. The most commonly used Cas9 nuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) recognizes a PAM sequence of NGG that is found directly downstream of the target sequence in the genomic DNA, on the non-target strand. At the target site, the Cas9 and Cpf1 proteins generate a double-strand break (DSB), which is then repaired via intrinsic cellular DNA repair mechanisms including non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways3,4. In the absence of a DNA template for homologous recombination, the DSB is primarily repaired by the error-prone NHEJ pathway, which can result in insertions or deletions (indels) of nucleotides causing frameshift mutations if the DSB were created in the coding region of a gene5,6. Thus, the CRISPR system has been widely used to engineer loss-of-function mutations in various cellular models and whole organisms, in order to investigate the function of a gene. Moreover, the catalytically inactive Cas9 and Cpf1 have been developed to transcriptionally and epigenetically modulate the expression of target genes7,8.
More recently, both SpCas9 and SaCas9 (derived from Staphylococcus aureus) have been packaged into recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors for postnatal gene correction in the animal model of human diseases, particularly, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)9,10,11,12,13,14,15. DMD is a fatal X-linked recessive disease caused by mutations in the DMD gene, which encodes dystrophin protein16,17, affecting approximately one in 3500 male births according to newborn screening18,19. It is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting. The DMD patients usually lose the ability to walk between 10 and 12 years of age and die of respiratory and/or cardiac failure by the age of 20-30 years20. Notably, cardiomyopathy develops in &#62;90% of DMD patients and represents the leading cause of death in DMD patients21,22. Although Deflazacort (an anti-inflammation drug) and Eteplirsen (an exon skipping medicine for skipping exon 51) have recently been approved for DMD by Food and Drug Administration (FDA)23,24, none of these treatments correct the genetic defect at the genomic DNA level. The mdx mouse, which carries a point mutation at exon 23 of the dystrophin gene, has been widely used as a DMD model25. Furthermore, we previously demonstrated that the functional dystrophin expression was restored by in-frame deletion of the genomic DNA covering exons 21, 22 and 23 in skeletal muscles of mdx mice using intramuscular Ad-SpCas9/gRNA delivery9, and in the heart muscles of mdx/utrophin+/- mice using intravenous and intraperitoneal rAAVrh.74-SaCas9/gRNA delivery26.
In this protocol, we describe in detail every step in postnatal cardiac gene editing to restore dystrophin in mdx/utrophin+/- mice using rAAVrh.74-SaCas9/gRNA vectors, from gRNA design to dystrophin analysis in the heart muscle sections.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 555 goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-21428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzonase Nuclease</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E1014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio Safety Cabinets</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1347</td>
			<td>1300 Series A2 Class II, Type A2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BsaI</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs Inc</td>
			<td>RO535S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Competent cells</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>200314</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dishes, 150mm</td>
			<td>Nest Scientific USA</td>
			<td>715001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Leica CM3050S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MT10017CV</td>
			<td>Corning cellgro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dystrophin antibody</td>
			<td>Spring Bioscience</td>
			<td>E2660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast-Ion Midi Plasmdi Kits</td>
			<td>IBI Scientific</td>
			<td>IB47111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>26-140-079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter Unit, 0.45&#956;m</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>166-0045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GoTaq Master Mixes</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M7122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-speed plasmid mini kit</td>
			<td>IBI Scientific</td>
			<td>IB47102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse serum</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab139501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isotemp 2239 Water Bath</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-460-11Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isotemp Heat Block</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-718</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>LSM 780</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LightCycler 480 instrument</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>5015243001</td>
			<td>LightCycler 480 Instrument II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large Capacity Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>46-910</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Sorvall RC 6 Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>75002445</td>
			<td>Sorvall Legend Micro 21R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop spectrophotometers</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>ND2000CLAPTOP</td>
			<td>NanoDrop&#8482; 2000/2000c</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligos for i20-F</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CACCgGGCGTTGAAATTCTCATTAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligos for i20-R</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>AAAC GTAATGAGAATTTCAACGCCc;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligos for i23-F</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CACCgCACCGATGAGAGGGAAAGGTC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligos for i23-R</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>GACCTTTCCCTCTCATCGGTGc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligos</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OptiPrep Density Gradient Medium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1556-250ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OptiMEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEG8000</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>89510-1kg-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylenimine</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>23966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P2308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quick-Seal centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter Inc</td>
			<td>342414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAquick Gel Extraction kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Radiant SYBR Green Hi-ROX qPCR Kits</td>
			<td>Alkali Scientific</td>
			<td>QS2005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RevertAid RT Reverse Transcription Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>K1691</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter Inc</td>
			<td>337922</td>
			<td>Type 70Ti</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA ligase</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs Inc</td>
			<td>M0202S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>1861096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIzol Reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15596026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter Inc</td>
			<td>8043-30-1192</td>
			<td>Optima le-80k</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra centrifugal filter unit</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>UFC510096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VECTASHIELD Mounting Medium with DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories, Inc</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of crispr for cardiac gene editing in mice

The clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system has greatly facilitated genome engineering in both cultured cells and living organisms from a wide variety of species. The CRISPR technology has also been explored as novel therapeutics for a number of human diseases. Proof-of-concept data are highly encouraging as exemplified by recent studies that demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of gene editing-based therapeutic approach for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) using a murine model. In particular, intravenous and intraperitoneal injection of the recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) serotype rh.74 (rAAVrh.74) has enabled efficient cardiac delivery of the Staphylococcus aureus CRISPR-associated protein 9 (SaCas9) and two guide RNAs (gRNA) to delete a genomic region with a mutant codon in exon 23 of mouse Dmd gene. This same approach can also be used to knock out the gene-of-interest and study their cardiac function in postnatal mice when the gRNA is designed to target the coding region of the gene. In this protocol, we show in detail how to engineer rAAVrh.74-CRISPR vector and how to achieve highly efficient cardiac delivery in neonatal mice.

The efficacy of the gRNAs to induce the deletion of the target genomic DNA region should be evaluated in cell cultures before packaging into rAAV for in vivo studies. To this end, the gRNAs and SaCas9-expressing constructs were electroporated into C2C12 cells and the genomic DNA was analyzed by PCR with the primers flanking the target sites (Figure 1). A PCR product of ~500 bp indicates successful deletion of the target genomic DNA resulting from gene editing...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Delivery of CRISPR for Cardiac Gene Editing in Mice Video at JoVE.com

Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Delivery of CRISPR for Cardiac Gene Editing in Mice Video (Video) | JoVE

Here we provide a detailed protocol to carry out in vivo cardiac gene editing in mice using recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus(rAAV)-mediated delivery of CRISPR. This protocol offers a promising therapeutic strategy to treat dystrophic cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and can be used to generate cardiac-specific knockout in postnatal mice.

Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Delivery of CRISPR for Cardiac Gene Editing in Mice

The clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system has greatly facilitated genome engineering in both cultured cells and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Ex Vivo Culture of Patient Tissue &amp; Examination of Gene Delivery

Ex Vivo Culture of Patient Tissue & Examination of Gene Delivery Video (Video) | JoVE

This video describes the use of patient tissue as an ex vivo model for the study of gene delivery.  Fresh patient tissue obtained at the time of surgery ...

High-Efficiency Transduction of Liver Cancer Cells by Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 3 Vectors 

High-Efficiency Transduction of Liver Cancer Cells by Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 3 Vectors  Video (Video) | JoVE

Recombinant vectors based on a non-pathogenic human parvovirus, the adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) have been developed, and are currently in use in a ...

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice Video (Video) | JoVE

Culturing retinoblastoma tumor cells in defined stem cell media gives rise to primary tumorspheres that can be grown and maintained for only a limited ...

Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers

Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species ROS in Cancers Video (Video) | JoVE

Reactive oxygen species include a number of molecules that damage DNA and RNA and oxidize proteins and lipids (lipid peroxydation). These reactive ...

Cardiac Stress Test Induced by Dobutamine and Monitored by Cardiac Catheterization in Mice

Cardiac Stress Test Induced by Dobutamine and Monitored by Cardiac Catheterization in Mice Video (Video) | JoVE

Dobutamine is a &beta;-adrenergic agonist with an affinity higher for receptor expressed in the heart (&beta;1) than for receptors expressed in the ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies Video (Video) | JoVE

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are ...

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis Video (Video) | JoVE

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well ...

Using Adeno-associated Virus as a Tool to Study Retinal Barriers in Disease

Using Adeno-associated Virus as a Tool to Study Retinal Barriers in Disease Video (Video) | JoVE

M&#252;ller cells are the principal glial cells of the retina. Their end-feet form the limits of the retina at the outer and inner limiting membranes ...

Development of an Alpha-synuclein Based Rat Model for Parkinson's Disease via Stereotactic Injection of a Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vector

Development of an Alpha-synuclein Based Rat Model for Parkinson's Disease via Stereotactic Injection of a Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vector Video (Video) | JoVE

In order to study the molecular pathways of Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) and to develop novel therapeutic strategies, scientific investigators rely on ...

Myocardial Infarction in Neonatal Mice, A Model of Cardiac Regeneration

Myocardial Infarction in Neonatal Mice, A Model of Cardiac Regeneration Video (Video) | JoVE

Myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation has been used in many animal models as a tool to study the mechanisms of cardiac repair and ...