We thank members of the Hainer Lab for reading and comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. This project used the NextSeq500 available at the University of Pittsburgh Health Sciences Sequencing Core at UPMC Children&#39;s Hospital of Pittsburgh for sequencing with special thanks to its director, William MacDonald. This research was supported in part by the University of Pittsburgh Center for Research Computing through the computer resources provided. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health Grant Number R35GM133732 (to S.J.H.).

Ethics statement: All studies were approved by the Institutional Biosafety Office of Research Protections at the University of Pittsburgh.
1. Prepare magnetic beads
NOTE: Perform prior to cell sorting and hold on ice until use.
<ol>
	<li>Pipette 30 &#181;L of ConA-conjugated paramagnetic microspheres bead slurry mix per reaction to a fresh 1.5 mL microfuge tube and add 850 &#181;L of Binding Buffer, pipetting gently to mix. 
	NOTE: ConA-conju...

<ol>
	<li>Gilmour, D. S., Lis, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+interactions+of+RNA+polymerase+II+with+genes+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">In vivo interactions of RNA polymerase II with genes of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 5 (8), 2009-2018 (1985).</li><li>Solomon, M. J., Varshavsky, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formaldehyde-mediated+DNA-protein+crosslinking:+a+probe+for+in+vivo+chromatin+structures.">Formaldehyde-mediated DNA-protein crosslinking: a probe for in vivo chromatin structures.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 82 (19), 6470-6474 (1985).</li><li>Irvine, R. A., Lin, I. G., Hsieh, C. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+methylation+has+a+local+effect+on+transcription+and+histone+acetylation.">DNA methylation has a local effect on transcription and histone acetylation.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 22 (19), 6689-6696 (2002).</li><li>Albert, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+and+rotational+settings+of+H2A.Z+nucleosomes+across+the+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+genome.">Translational and rotational settings of H2A.Z nucleosomes across the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome.</a> Nature. 446 (7135), 572-576 (2007).</li><li>Blat, Y., Kleckner, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cohesins+bind+to+preferential+sites+along+yeast+chromosome+III,+with+differential+regulation+along+arms+versus+the+centric+region.">Cohesins bind to preferential sites along yeast chromosome III, with differential regulation along arms versus the centric region.</a> Cell. 98 (2), 249-259 (1999).</li><li>Ren, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+location+and+function+of+DNA+binding+proteins.">Genome-wide location and function of DNA binding proteins.</a> Science. 290 (5500), 2306-2309 (2000).</li><li>Rhee, H. S., Pugh, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+genome-wide+protein-DNA+interactions+detected+at+single-nucleotide+resolution.">Comprehensive genome-wide protein-DNA interactions detected at single-nucleotide resolution.</a> Cell. 147 (6), 1408-1419 (2011).</li><li>He, Q., Johnston, J., Zeitlinger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP-nexus+enables+improved+detection+of+in+vivo+transcription+factor+binding+footprints.">ChIP-nexus enables improved detection of in vivo transcription factor binding footprints.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 33 (4), 395-401 (2015).</li><li>O'Neill, L. P., Turner, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoprecipitation+of+native+chromatin:+NChIP.">Immunoprecipitation of native chromatin: NChIP.</a> Methods. 31 (1), 76-82 (2003).</li><li>Schmidl, C., Rendeiro, A. F., Sheffield, N. C., Bock, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIPmentation:+fast,+robust,+low-input+ChIP-seq+for+histones+and+transcription+factors.">ChIPmentation: fast, robust, low-input ChIP-seq for histones and transcription factors.</a> Nature Methods. 12 (10), 963-965 (2015).</li><li>Cao, Z., Chen, C., He, B., Tan, K., Lu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microfluidic+device+for+epigenomic+profiling+using+100+cells.">A microfluidic device for epigenomic profiling using 100 cells.</a> Nature Methods. 12 (10), 959-962 (2015).</li><li>Shankaranarayanan, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-tube+linear+DNA+amplification+(LinDA)+for+robust+ChIP-seq.">Single-tube linear DNA amplification (LinDA) for robust ChIP-seq.</a> Nature Methods. 8 (7), 565-567 (2011).</li><li>Rotem, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+ChIP-seq+reveals+cell+subpopulations+defined+by+chromatin+state.">Single-cell ChIP-seq reveals cell subpopulations defined by chromatin state.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 33 (11), 1165-1172 (2015).</li><li>Grosselin, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+single-cell+ChIP-seq+identifies+heterogeneity+of+chromatin+states+in+breast+cancer.">High-throughput single-cell ChIP-seq identifies heterogeneity of chromatin states in breast cancer.</a> Nature Genetics. 51 (6), 1060-1066 (2019).</li><li>Adli, M., Bernstein, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-genome+chromatin+profiling+from+limited+numbers+of+cells+using+nano-ChIP-seq.">Whole-genome chromatin profiling from limited numbers of cells using nano-ChIP-seq.</a> Nature Protocols. 6 (10), 1656-1668 (2011).</li><li>Zwart, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+carrier-assisted+ChIP-seq+method+for+estrogen+receptor-chromatin+interactions+from+breast+cancer+core+needle+biopsy+samples.">A carrier-assisted ChIP-seq method for estrogen receptor-chromatin interactions from breast cancer core needle biopsy samples.</a> BMC Genomics. 14, 232 (2013).</li><li>Valensisi, C., Liao, J. L., Andrus, C., Battle, S. L., Hawkins, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=cChIP-seq:+a+robust+small-scale+method+for+investigation+of+histone+modifications.">cChIP-seq: a robust small-scale method for investigation of histone modifications.</a> BMC Genomics. 16, 1083 (2015).</li><li>Brind'Amour, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ultra-low-input+native+ChIP-seq+protocol+for+genome-wide+profiling+of+rare+cell+populations.">An ultra-low-input native ChIP-seq protocol for genome-wide profiling of rare cell populations.</a> Nature Communications. 6, 6033 (2015).</li><li>Schmid, M., Durussel, T., Laemmli, U. K. C. h. I. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChlC+and+ChEC;+genomic+mapping+of+chromatin+proteins.">ChlC and ChEC; genomic mapping of chromatin proteins.</a> Molecular Cell. 16 (1), 147-157 (2004).</li><li>Zentner, G. E., Kasinathan, S., Xin, B., Rohs, R., Henikoff, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChEC-seq+kinetics+discriminates+transcription+factor+binding+sites+by+DNA+sequence+and+shape+in+vivo.">ChEC-seq kinetics discriminates transcription factor binding sites by DNA sequence and shape in vivo.</a> Nature Communications. 6, 8733 (2015).</li><li>Skene, P. J., Henikoff, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+targeted+nuclease+strategy+for+high-resolution+mapping+of+DNA+binding+sites.">An efficient targeted nuclease strategy for high-resolution mapping of DNA binding sites.</a> eLife. 6, 21856 (2017).</li><li>Meers, M. P., Bryson, T. D., Henikoff, J. G., Henikoff, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+CUT&amp;RUN+chromatin+profiling+tools.">Improved CUT&amp;RUN chromatin profiling tools.</a> eLife. 8, 46314 (2019).</li><li>Hainer, S. J., Bo&#353;kovi&#263;, A., McCannell, K. N., Rando, O. J., Fazzio, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+of+pluripotency+factors+in+single+cells+and+early+embryos.">Profiling of pluripotency factors in single cells and early embryos.</a> Cell. 177 (5), 1319-1329 (2019).</li><li>Kaya-Okur, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CUT&amp;Tag+for+efficient+epigenomic+profiling+of+small+samples+and+single+cells.">CUT&amp;Tag for efficient epigenomic profiling of small samples and single cells.</a> Nature Communications. 10 (1), 1930 (2019).</li><li>Carter, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+histone+modifications+in+low+cell+number+and+single+cells+using+antibody-guided+chromatin+tagmentation+(ACT-seq).">Mapping histone modifications in low cell number and single cells using antibody-guided chromatin tagmentation (ACT-seq).</a> Nature Communications. 10 (1), 3747 (2019).</li><li>Gopalan, S., Wang, Y., Harper, N. W., Garber, M., Fazzio, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+profiling+of+multiple+chromatin+proteins+in+the+same+cells.">Simultaneous profiling of multiple chromatin proteins in the same cells.</a> Molecular Cell. 81 (22), 4736-4746 (2021).</li><li>Patty, B. J., Hainer, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+factor+chromatin+profiling+genome-wide+using+uliCUT&amp;RUN+in+single+cells+and+individual+blastocysts.">Transcription factor chromatin profiling genome-wide using uliCUT&amp;RUN in single cells and individual blastocysts.</a> Nature Protocols. 16 (5), 2633-2666 (2021).</li><li>Zheng, X. -. Y., Gehring, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-input+chromatin+profiling+in+Arabidopsis+endosperm+using+CUT&amp;RUN.">Low-input chromatin profiling in Arabidopsis endosperm using CUT&amp;RUN.</a> Plant Reproduction. 32 (1), 63-75 (2019).</li><li>Buenrostro, J. D., Giresi, P. G., Zaba, L. C., Chang, H. Y., Greenleaf, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transposition+of+native+chromatin+for+fast+and+sensitive+epigenomic+profiling+of+open+chromatin,+DNA-binding+proteins+and+nucleosome+position.">Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position.</a> Nature Methods. 10 (12), 1213-1218 (2013).</li><li>Buenrostro, J. 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The authors declare no competing interests related to this project.

CUT&#38;RUN is an effective protocol to determine protein localization on chromatin. It has many advantages relative to other protocols, including: 1) high signal-to-noise ratio, 2) rapid protocol, and 3) low sequencing read coverage required thus leading to cost savings. The use of Protein A- or Protein A/G-MNase enables CUT&#38;RUN to be applied with any available antibody; therefore, it has the potential to quickly and easily profile many proteins. However, adaptation to single-cell for any protein profiling on chroma...

Many nuclear proteins function by interacting with chromatin to promote or prevent DNA-templated activities. To determine the function of these chromatin-interacting proteins, it is important to identify the genomic locations at which these proteins are bound. Since its development in 1985, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) has been the gold standard for identifying where a protein binds to chromatin1,2. The traditional ChIP technique has the following basic workflow: cells are harvested and crosslinked (usually with formaldehyde), chromatin is sheared (usually with harsh sonication methods, necessitating crosslinking), the protein of interest is immunoprecipitated using an antibody that targets the protein (or tagged protein) followed by a secondary antibody (coupled to agarose or magnetic beads), crosslinking is reversed, protein and RNA are digested to purify DNA, and this ChIP enriched-DNA is used as the template for analysis (using radiolabeled probes1,2, qPCR3, microarrays5,6, or sequencing4). With the advent of microarrays and massively parallel deep sequencing, ChIP-chip5,6 and ChIP-seq4 have more recently been developed and allow for genome-wide identification of protein localization on chromatin. Crosslinking ChIP has been a powerful and reliable technique since its advent with major advances in resolution by ChIP-exo7 and ChIP-nexus8. In parallel to the development of ChIP-seq, native (non-crosslinking) protocols for ChIP (N-ChIP) have been established, which utilize nuclease digestion (often using&#160;micrococcal nuclease or MNase) to fragment the chromatin, as opposed to sonication performed in traditional crosslinking ChIP techniques9. However, one major drawback to both crosslinking ChIP and N-ChIP technologies has been the requirement for high cell numbers due to low DNA yield following the experimental manipulation. Therefore, in more recent years, many efforts have been toward optimizing ChIP technologies for low cell input. These efforts have resulted in the development of many powerful ChIP-based technologies that vary in their applicability and input requirements10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18. However, single-cell ChIP-seq based technologies have been lacking, especially for non-histone proteins.
In 2004, an alternative technology was developed to determine protein occupancy on chromatin termed Chromatin Endogenous Cleavage (ChEC) and Chromatin Immunocleavage (ChIC)19. These single-locus techniques utilize a fusion of MNase to either the protein of interest (ChEC) or to protein A (ChIC) for direct cutting of DNA adjacent to the protein of interest. In more recent years, both ChEC and ChIC have been optimized for genome-wide protein profiling on chromatin (ChEC-seq and CUT&#38;RUN, respectively)20,21. While ChEC-seq is a powerful technique for determining factor localization, it requires developing MNase-fusion proteins for each target, whereas ChIC and its genome-wide variation, CUT&#38;RUN, rely on an antibody directed toward the protein of interest (as with ChIP) and recombinant Protein A-MNase, where the Protein A can recognize the IgG constant region of the antibody. As an alternative, a fusion Protein A/Protein G-MNase (pA/G-MNase) has been developed that can recognize a broader range of antibody constant regions22. CUT&#38;RUN has rapidly become a popular alternative to ChIP-seq for determining protein localization on chromatin genome-wide.
Ultra-low input CUT&#38;RUN (uliCUT&#38;RUN), a variation of CUT&#38;RUN that enables the use of low and single-cell inputs, was described in 201923. Here, the methodology for a manual 96-well format single-cell application is described. It is important to note that since the development of uliCUT&#38;RUN, two alternatives for histone profiling, CUT&#38;Tag and iACT-seq have been developed, providing robust and highly parallel profiling of histone proteins24,25. Furthermore, scCUT&#38;Tag has been optimized for profiling multiple factors in a single cell (multiCUT&#38;Tag) and for application to non-histone proteins26. Together, CUT&#38;RUN provides an attractive alternative to low input ChIP-seq where uliCUT&#38;RUN can be performed in any molecular biology lab that has access to a cell sorter and standard equipment.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL clear microfuge tubes</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>90410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL tube magnetic rack</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12321D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL tube-compatible cold centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5404000537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm sterile tissue culture plates</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>150464</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X T4 DNA Ligase buffer</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>B0202S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89039-656</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X TE buffer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12090015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 &#181;L PCR tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>951010022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X quick ligase buffer</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M2200</td>
			<td>Ligase Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5X KAPA HiFi buffer</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>7958889001</td>
			<td>5X high fidelity PCR buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7-Amino-Actinomycin D (7-AAD)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BDB559925</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well magnetic rack</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12027 or 12331D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82006-636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMPure XP beads</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A63881</td>
			<td>polystyrene-magnetite beads; Due to potential variability between AMPure XP bead lots, it is recommended that your AMPure bead solution be calibrated. See manufacturer&#8217;s instructions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody to protein of interest</td>
			<td>varies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R0441</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioMag Plus Concanavalin A beads</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>86057-10</td>
			<td>ConA-conjugated paramagnetic microspheres</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AAJ62905AP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell sorter</td>
			<td>BD FACSAria II cell sorter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Requires training</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell-specific media for cell culture</td>
			<td>Varies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C298-500</td>
			<td>Chloroform is a skin irritant and harmful if swallowed; handle in a chemical fume hood using gloves, a lab coat, and goggles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer with 64-bit processer and access to a super computing cluster</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For computational analyses of resulting sequencing datasets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA spin columns</td>
			<td>Epoch Life Sciences</td>
			<td>1920-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP set</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>N0446S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E3889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophoresis equipment</td>
			<td>varies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22032601</td>
			<td>100% vol/vol ethanol is highly flammable; handle in a chemical fume hood using gloves, a lab coat, and goggles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid&#160; (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP2482100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F2442</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP229-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycogen</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97063-256</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP310-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heterologous S. cerevisiae DNA spike-in</td>
			<td>homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prepared from crosslinked, MNase-digested, and agarose gel extracted genomic DNA purified of protein/RNA and diluted to 10 ng/mL. We recommend yeast genomic DNA, but other organisms can be used if needed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric Acid&#160; (HCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A144-212</td>
			<td>Hydrochloric Acid is very corrosive; handle in a chemical fume hood using gloves, a lab coat, and goggles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice Bucket</td>
			<td>varies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Illumina Sequencing platform (e.g., NextSeq500)</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator with temperature and atmosphere control</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>51030284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KAPA HotStart HiFi DNA Polymerase with 5X KAPA HiFi buffer</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>7958889001</td>
			<td>hotstart high fidelity polymerase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminar flow hood</td>
			<td>Bakery Company</td>
			<td>SG404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manganese Chloride (MnCl2)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>244589</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette set</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>30386597</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minifuge</td>
			<td>Benchmark Scientific</td>
			<td>C1012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEB Adaptor</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>E6612AVIAL</td>
			<td>Adaptor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEB Universal primer</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>E6611AVIAL</td>
			<td>Universal Primer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEBNext Multiplex Oligos for Illumina kit</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>E7335S/L, E7500S/L, E7710S/L, E7730S/L</td>
			<td>Indexed Primers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Negative control antibody</td>
			<td>Antibodies-Online</td>
			<td>ABIN101961</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclease Free water</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>B1500S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR thermocycler</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>2231000666</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phase lock tubes</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>129046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol/Chloroform/Isoamyl Alcohol (PCI)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15593049</td>
			<td>Phenol is harmful if swallowed or upon skin contact; handle in a chemical fume hood using gloves, a lab coat, and goggles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phsophate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10814010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette aid</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific</td>
			<td># 4-000-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>A16151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P250-1</td>
			<td>CAUTION KOH is an eye/skin irritant as a solid and corrosive in solution. Handle in a chemical fume hood using gloves, a lab coat, and goggles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Inhibitors</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>78430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProteinA/G-MNase</td>
			<td>Epicypher</td>
			<td>15-1016</td>
			<td>pA/G-MNase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProteinA-MNase, purified from pK19pA-MN</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>86973</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>P8107S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit 1X dsDNA HS Assay Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Q33230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit Assay tubes</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Q32856</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit Fluorometer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Q33238</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quick Ligase with 2X Quick Ligase buffer</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M2200S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase A</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>T3010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Acetate&#160; (NaOAc)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP333-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5150-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP166-500</td>
			<td>SDS is poisonous if inhaled; handle with care in well ventilated spaces using gloves, eye protection, and an N95-grade respirator when handling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S318-1</td>
			<td>NaOH is an eye/skin irritant as a solid and corrosive in solution. Handle in a chemical fume hood using gloves, a lab coat, and goggles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spermidine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard Inverted Light Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>11526213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard lab agarose gel materials</td>
			<td>Varies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard lab materials such as serological pipettes and pipette tips</td>
			<td>Varies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0202S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0203S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 PNK</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0201S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tabletop vortexer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>2215414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0273S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermomixer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5384000020</td>
			<td>Alternatively, can use a waterbath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>9002-93-1</td>
			<td>Triton X-100 is hazardous; use a lab coat, gloves, and goggles when handling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MT25052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube rotator</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10136084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USER enzyme</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M5505S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

single-cell factor localization on chromatin using ultra-low input cleavage under targets and release using nuclease

Determining the binding locations of a protein on chromatin is essential for understanding its function and potential regulatory targets. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) has been the gold standard for determining protein localization for over 30 years and is defined by the use of an antibody to pull out the protein of interest from sonicated or enzymatically digested chromatin. More recently, antibody tethering techniques have become popular for assessing protein localization on chromatin due to their increased sensitivity. Cleavage Under Targets &amp; Release Under Nuclease (CUT&amp;RUN) is the genome-wide derivative of Chromatin Immunocleavage (ChIC) and utilizes recombinant Protein A tethered to micrococcal nuclease (pA-MNase) to identify the IgG constant region of the antibody targeting a protein of interest, therefore enabling site-specific cleavage of the DNA flanking the protein of interest. CUT&amp;RUN can be used to profile histone modifications, transcription factors, and other chromatin-binding proteins such as nucleosome remodeling factors. Importantly, CUT&amp;RUN can be used to assess the localization of either euchromatic- or heterochromatic-associated proteins and histone modifications. For these reasons, CUT&amp;RUN is a powerful method for determining the binding profiles of a wide range of proteins. Recently, CUT&amp;RUN has been optimized for transcription factor profiling in low populations of cells and single cells and the optimized protocol has been termed ultra-low input CUT&amp;RUN (uliCUT&amp;RUN). Here, a detailed protocol is presented for single-cell factor profiling using uliCUT&amp;RUN in a manual 96-well format.

Here, a detailed protocol is presented for single-cell protein profiling on chromatin using a 96-well manual format uliCUT&#38;RUN. While results will vary based on the protein being profiled (due to protein abundance and antibody quality), cell type, and other contributing factors, anticipated results for this technique are discussed here. Cell quality (cell appearance and percent of viable cells) and single-cell sorting should be assessed prior to or at the time of live-cell sorting into the NE buffer. An example of ES...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-Cell Factor Localization on Chromatin using Ultra-Low Input Cleavage Under Targets and Release using Nuclease at JoVE.com

Single-Cell Factor Localization on Chromatin using Ultra-Low Input Cleavage Under Targets and Release using Nuclease

CUT&#38;RUN and its variants can be used to determine protein occupancy on chromatin. This protocol describes how to determine protein localization on chromatin using single-cell uliCUT&#38;RUN.

Determining the binding locations of a protein on chromatin is essential for understanding its function and potential regulatory targets. Chromatin ...

CUT&RUN is a powerful technique for determining protein localization on chromatin, and here we describe a single-cell version of this technique in a manual 96-well format. Most protein localization techniques, like ChIP-seq, require high cell input and take approximately three days to complete. CUT&RUN, because of the high signal and low background, has been optimized for low-cell and single-cell application, and can be completed in a single day.We envision that this technique can be applied to almost any biological sample and can be especially powerful to determine factor localization in rare and low-abundance samples, such as precious patient samples. Before performing any single-cell experiments, test the antibody and technique on a high number of non-precious cells. The main limitation of this experiment is the dependence on a robust antibody.Demonstrating the procedure is Santana Lardo, an experienced research specialist from my laboratory. After sorting single cells and binding nuclei to beads, place the 96-well plate onto a 96-well magnetic rack and allow the beads to bind for a minimum of five minutes. Then, remove and discard the supernatant.Add 100 microliters of blocking buffer to the nucleus-bound beads, mix with gentle pipetting, and incubate for five minutes at room temperature. Place the plate on a 96-well magnetic rack and allow the supernatant to clear for a minimum of five minutes. Then, remove and discard the supernatant without disturbing the beads.Remove the plate from the magnetic rack and resuspend the beads in 100 microliters of wash buffer per reaction with gentle pipetting. Place the plate back on the 96-well magnetic rack, allow the supernatant to clear, and then remove and discard the supernatant. Resuspend the beads in 25 microliters of wash buffer per reaction with gentle pipetting.Make a primary antibody master mixture by aliquoting 25 microliters of wash buffer per reaction and then add 0.5 microliters of antibody per reaction. Add 25.5 microliters of the antibody wash buffer mix, followed by gentle pipetting to each sample being treated with an antibody targeting the protein of interest. Incubate for one hour at room temperature.Then, again place the samples back on the 96-well magnetic rack. Once the supernatant is clear, remove and discard it without disturbing beads. After removing the plate from the magnetic rack, wash the beads with 100 microliters of wash buffer and resuspend by pipetting.After placing the plate back on a 96-well magnetic rack and discarding supernatant as demonstrated previously, resuspend each sample in 25 microliters of wash buffer. Make a protein A MNase master mixture by adding 25 microliters of wash buffer and an optimized amount of protein A MNase per reaction. Add 25 microliters of protein A MNase master mixture to each sample, including the control samples.Incubate the samples for 30 minutes at room temperature. Place the plate on a 96-well magnetic rack. Allow the supernatant to clear for a minimum of five minutes and then remove and discard the supernatant without disturbing the beads.After removing the plate from the magnetic rack, wash the beads with 100 microliters of wash buffer and resuspend by gentle pipetting. Place the plate on a 96-well magnetic rack and discard the supernatant as demonstrated previously. Then, remove the samples from the magnetic rack and resuspend the beads in 50 microliters of wash buffer by gentle pipetting.Equilibrate the samples to zero degrees Celsius in an ice water mixture for five minutes and then remove the samples from the ice water bath. Add one microliter of 100-millimolar calcium chloride using a multichannel pipette. Mix well three to five times with gentle pipetting using a large-volume multichannel pipette and then return the samples to zero degrees Celsius.Start a 10 minute timer as soon as the plate is back in the ice water bath. Stop the reaction by pipetting 50 microliters of a solution containing twice the concentration of RSTOP+and buffer into each well in the same order as the calcium chloride was added. Incubate the samples for 20 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius.Spin the plate at 16, 000 times G for five minutes at four degrees Celsius. Place the plate on a 96-well magnetic rack. Allow the supernatant to clear for a minimum of five minutes.Then, transfer supernatants to a fresh 96-well plate and discard the beads. For DNA extraction, add one microliter of 10%SDS and 0.83 microliters of 20 milligrams per milliliter proteinase K to each sample and mix the samples by gentle pipetting. Incubate the samples for 10 minutes at 70 degrees Celsius.Return the plate to room temperature. Add 46.6 microliters of five-molar sodium chloride and 90 microliters of 50%PEG4000 and mix by gentle pipetting. Add 33 microliters of polystyrene magnetite beads to each sample and incubate for 10 minutes at room temperature.Place the plate on a magnetic rack and allow the supernatant to clear for around five minutes. Then, carefully discard the supernatant without disturbing the beads. Rinse twice with 150 microliters of 80%ethanol without disturbing the beads.Spin the plate briefly at 1000 times G for 30 seconds. Place the plate back on a 96-well magnetic rack and remove all residual ethanol without disturbing the beads. Air dry the samples for around two to five minutes.Resuspend the beads in 37.5 microliters of 10-millimolar TRIS hydrochloride of pH 8 and incubate for five minutes at room temperature. Place the plate back on a magnetic rack and allow the beads to bind for five minutes. Transfer 36.5 microliters of the supernatant to a fresh thermocycler-compatible 96-well plate and discard the beads.After performing cell quality assessment, cell appearance and percentage were examined, demonstrating that low-quality embryonic stem cells should not be used. Single-cell sorting was performed using Hoechst 33342 stain, and the test cells were counted to assure either zero or one cell is found in each well. Agarose gel analysis revealed a low molecular weight ladder and individual single-cell uliCUT&RUN libraries.Suboptimal and optimal library analysis show a low-molecular weight ladder, suboptimal library due to inefficient Mnase digestion, and successful library with appropriate digestion. Fragment analyzer distribution shows that the expected size of single-cell ranges from 150 to 500 base pairs. However, in large proteins, DNA will have around 270 base pairs.Protein occupancy using single-locus genome browser depicting high cell number or negative control and single-cell CTCF uliCUT&RUN revealed that single-cell largely represented strong peaks, similar to high-cell uliCUT&RUN. Heat maps of single-cell CTCF or negative control revealed a clear pattern of read enrichment directly over established CTCF binding sites in the cells. One-dimensional heat maps show a higher read density over established CTCF binding sites in single-cell libraries relative to surrounding regions and no-antibody controls, demonstrating antibody-specific enrichment at established binding sites.Equilibrating the bead-bound nuclei on the ice water bath and not overheating the sample upon calcium chloride addition is important to prevent over-digestion of the chromatin.

single-cell-factor-localization-on-chromatin-using-ultra-low-input

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

2.5K vues.  University of Pittsburgh. CUT&RUN est une technique puissante pour déterminer la localisation des protéines sur la chromatine, et nous décrivons ici une version unicellulaire de cette technique dans un format manuel à 96 puits. La plupart des techniques de localisation des protéines, comme ChIP-seq, nécessitent un apport cellulaire élevé et prennent environ trois jours. CUT&RUN, en raison du signal élevé et de l’arrière-plan faible, a été optimisé pour les applications à cellules basses et à cellule ...