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	<li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine Position on Rodent Surgery. , .</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Animal Welfare, 9 CFR, Parts 1, 2, and 3. , .</li><li>Bradfield, J. F., Schachtman, T. R., McLaughlin, R. M., Steffen, E. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+physiologic+effects+of+inapparent+wound+infection+in+rats.">Behavioral and physiologic effects of inapparent wound infection in rats.</a> Lab Anim Sci. 42, 572-578 (1992).</li><li>Brown, M. J., Pearson, P. T., Tomson, F. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+animal+surgery+in+research+and+teaching.+AVMA+Panel+on+Animal+Surgery+in+Research+and+Teaching,+and+the+ASLAP+(American+Society+of+Laboratory+Animal+Practitioners).">Guidelines for animal surgery in research and teaching. AVMA Panel on Animal Surgery in Research and Teaching, and the ASLAP (American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners).</a> Am J Vet Res. 54, 1544-1559 (1993).</li><li>Brown, P. A., Hoogstraten-Miller, S., Reuter, J. D., Suckow, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+Aseptic+Rodent+Survival+Surgery:+Parts+I+&#38;+2.">Principles of Aseptic Rodent Survival Surgery: Parts I &#38; 2.</a> Laboratory Animal Medicine and Management. , (2004).</li><li>Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. , 556-570 (1996).</li><li>Popp, M. B., Brennan, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+vascular+access+in+the+rat:+importance+of+asepsis.">Long-term vascular access in the rat: importance of asepsis.</a> Am J Physiol. 241, H606-H612 (1981).</li><li>Rutala, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=APIC+guideline+for+selection+and+use+of+disinfectants.">APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants.</a> Am J Infect Control. 24, 313-342 (1996).</li></ol>

המחברים כל עבודה צ&#39;ארלס ריבר, ספקית גדולה של בעלי חיים בניתוח שינו למחקר.

ניתוח ניסיוני על מכרסמים נעשית לעתים רחוקות על ידי וטרינרים או רופאים. במקום זאת, היא בד&quot;כ מבוצעת על ידי החוקרים ביו הכשרה פורמלית עם מעט או ללא בעקרונות ניתוח בטכניקה aseptic. במסגרת מחקר, ניתוח הוא בדרך כלל למדתי מעמיתים, את עצמם בדרך כלל לא רשמית או הכשרה. הניתוח מבוצע במעבדת המחקר עשוי גם להיות שנצפו בעיקר כשיטה להכנת מודל חיה עם המטרה של יצירת קבוצה של בעלי חיים למחקר. בעוד כל ניתוח מסוים היא בדרך כלל עניין של תיאום עין יד ומיומנות טכנית, אשר שניהם ניתן לרכוש דרך, עקרונות תרגול מיומנויות הקשורות למושג הטכניקה aseptic (ובכך ניתוח ללא זיהום), לא ניתן לרכוש אך ורק באמצעות תרגול הם בדרך כלל לא העביר במלואם לחוקרים. העדר הכשרה פורמלית עקרונות הניתוח יכול להוביל חוסר הבנה של המשמעות של הניתוח הן שוות נכון מבחינה טכנית, טיפול לפני ואחרי הניתוח של בעלי חיים. בחינת הניתוח הן עצמו את הטיפול פרי פעולה של בעלי חיים יביא לעלייה רווחת בעלי החיים ואת איכות הנתונים המתקבלים מהמודל כירורגית. לדוגמה, דלקת תת קלינית לאחר ניתוח התוצאות יכול לבלבל, כמו שינויים בהתנהגות ופיזיולוגיה לראות עם הכאב יכול. כמו מינים טורפים, רוב המכרסמים הם סטואית מפתיע ולמרות הסובלים מכאבים לאחר ניתוח או זיהום עלולים להראות סימנים קליניים מעטים. סימנים עדינים של כאב או מצוקה מכרסמים הם מוסתרים עוד יותר חוסר הכללית של הכשרה של החוקרים ביו הכרה של סימנים כאלה במכרסמים. בנוסף, מכרסמים הם הפעילים ביותר במהלך המחזור כהה, כאשר הצוות הם בדרך כלל לא ניתן להציג סימנים קליניים והתנהגותיים של כאב לאחר הניתוח. וידאו זה אינו תחליף הכשרה כירורגית נאותה, אשר באופן אידיאלי להיות גם על הידיים ו המסופקים על ידי המוסד שלהם, אלא נועד לתת החוקרים סקירה של חששות נפוצים הפגנה החזותי של נהלים aseptic קיבל וטכניקות נדרשים לפתח מיומנות מינימלית בביצוע של ניתוח הישרדות במכרסמים.

A correction to author list has been made for article Principles of Rodent Surgery for the New Surgeon.

Erratum: Principles of Rodent Surgery for the New Surgeon.

principles of rodent surgery for the new surgeon

מסיבות הרווחה הן מדעיים בעלי חיים, הכשרה כירורגית מושגים טכניקות בסיסיות צריך להתבצע לפני מתמיד המבקשים לנתח מכרסם. סטודנטים, פוסט דוקטורט מלומדים, ואחרים מעוניינים לביצוע ניתוחים מכרסמים במסגרת פרוטוקול מחקר אולי לא היתה הכשרה כירורגית פורמלי כחלק הקורסים הנדרשים שלהם. הניתוח עצמו הוא המיומנות הטכנית, ואחד שישפרו עם התרגול. העקרונות של הטכניקה aseptic עם זאת, לעתים קרובות להישאר בלתי מוסברים או untaught. עבור המנתחים החדש ביותר, מידע חיוני זה מוצג באופן הדרגתי או למדו בעבודה, אף לא אחד מהם הוא אידיאלי. היא עשויה גם לגרום ללמוד כיצד לבצע ניתוח קשה במיוחד, כמו המנתח חדש לומד גם טכניקה כירורגית עקרונות asepsis באותו זמן. מאמר זה מסכם ועושה המלצות מיומנויות בסיסיות וטכניקות כירורגיות הכרחי לניתוח מוצלח מכרסם. מאמר זה נועד להשלים את הידיים על ידי מוסד הכשרה של המשתמש.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Principles of Rodent Surgery for the New Surgeon at JoVE.com

Principles of Rodent Surgery for the New Surgeon

לפני שתנסה ניתוח, מנתח חדש צריך הכשרה בטכניקות ניתוח מושגי יסוד. מאמר זה יציג שיקולים כירורגי בסיסי בדגש על מכרסמים.

עקרונות של ניתוח מכרסמים למנתח חדש

For both scientific and animal welfare reasons, training in basic surgical concepts and techniques should be undertaken before ever seeking to perform ...

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112.1K Views.  Research Models and Services. לפני שתנסה ניתוח, מנתח חדש צריך הכשרה בטכניקות ניתוח מושגי יסוד. מאמר זה יציג שיקולים כירורגי בסיסי בדגש על מכרסמים.

Video: Principles of Rodent Surgery for the New Surgeon

Ole Isacson: Development of New Therapies for Parkinson's Disease

Ole Isacson gives a concise overview of Parkinsons's disease, its causes, therapeutic strategies, and advances in Parkinson's research.

אולה Isacson: פיתוח טיפולים חדשים עבור מחלת פרקינסון

Principles of Site-Specific Recombinase (SSR) Technology

Site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology allows the manipulation of gene structure to explore gene function and has become an integral tool of molecular biology. Site-specific recombinases are proteins that bind to distinct DNA target sequences. The Cre/lox system was first described in bacteriophages during the 1980's. Cre recombinase is a Type I topoisomerase that catalyzes site-specific recombination of DNA between two loxP (locus of X-over P1) sites. The Cre/lox system does not require any cofactors. LoxP sequences contain distinct binding sites for Cre recombinases that surround a directional core sequence where recombination and rearrangement takes place. When cells contain loxP sites and express the Cre recombinase, a recombination event occurs. Double-stranded DNA is cut at both loxP sites by the Cre recombinase, rearranged, and ligated ("scissors and glue"). Products of the recombination event depend on the relative orientation of the asymmetric sequences.
SSR technology is frequently used as a tool to explore gene function. Here the gene of interest is flanked with Cre target sites loxP ("floxed"). Animals are then crossed with animals expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of a tissue-specific promoter. In tissues that express the Cre recombinase it binds to target sequences and excises the floxed gene. Controlled gene deletion allows the investigation of gene function in specific tissues and at distinct time points. Analysis of gene function employing SSR technology --- conditional mutagenesis -- has significant advantages over traditional knock-outs where gene deletion is frequently lethal.

Principles of Site-Specific Recombinase SSR Technology

The advent of site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology and the Cre/lox system has led to numerous advances in molecular biology, and has proven itself as a valuable tool for assessing gene function in transgenic animals. This interview discusses the mechanism of site specific recombination by Cyclization recombinase (Cre) and how the use of this enzyme has led to the development of conditional mutagenesis, which has significant advantages over traditional knock out strategies.

עקרונות אתר ספציפיות recombinase (SSR) טכנולוגיה

Site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology allows the manipulation of gene structure to explore gene function and has become an integral tool of molecular ...

Supported Planar Bilayers for the Formation of Study of Immunological Synapses and Kinapse

Supported planar bilayers are powerful tools that can be used to model the molecular interactions in an immunological synapse.   To mimic the interactions between lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells, we use Ni2+-chelating lipids to anchor recombinant cell adhesion and MHC proteins to the upper leaflet of a bilayer with poly-histidine tags. Planar bilayers are generated by preparing lipid, treating the glass surfaces where the bilayer will form, and then forming the bilayer in a specialized chamber containing a flow-cell where the lymphocytes will be added.  Then, bilayers are charged with Ni and his-tagged recombinant proteins are added.  Finally,  lymphocytes are injected into the flow cell and TIRF microscopy can be used to image synapse formation and the mechanisms that control T cell locomotion, sites of receptor sorting,  and sites of receptor degradation.

Supported planar bilayers are powerful tools that can be used to model the molecular interactions in an immunological synapse. Here, we show methods for anchoring cell adhesion proteins known to modulate synapse formation to the upper leaflet of the lipid bilyer and visualize synapse formation using TIRF microscopy.

Bilayers מישורי נתמכות עבור תצורת לימוד של סינפסות החיסונית Kinapse

Supported planar bilayers are powerful tools that can be used to model the molecular interactions in an immunological synapse.   To mimic the interactions ...

The Method of Rodent Whole Embryo Culture using the Rotator-type Bottle Culture System

Whole embryo culture (WEC) technique has been developed in 1950's by New and his colleagues, and applied for developmental biology 1. Although development and growth of mammalian embryos are critically dependent on the function of the placenta, WEC technique allows us to culture mouse and rat embryos ex vivo condition during limited periods corresponding to midgestation stages during embryonic day (E) 6.5-E12.5 in the mouse or E8.5-E14.5 in the rat 2, 3, 4. In WEC, we can directly target desired areas of embryos using fine glass capillaries because embryos can be manipulated under the microscope. Therefore, rodent WEC is very useful technique when we want to study dynamic developmental processes of postimplanted mammalian embryos. Up to date, several types of WEC systems have been developed 1. Among those, the rotator-type bottle culture system is most popular and suitable for long-term culture of embryos at midgestation, i.e., after E9.5 and E11.5 in the mouse and rat, respectively 1. In this video protocol, we demonstrate our standard procedures of rat WEC after E12.5 using a refined model of the original rotator system, which was designed by New and Cockroft 5, 6, and introduce various applications of WEC technique for studies in mammalian developmental biology.

Whole embryo culture technique allows us to culture mouse and rat embryos ex vivo condition during limited periods corresponding to midgestation stages. In this video protocol, we demonstrate our standard procedures of rat whole embryo culture after E12.5 using the rotator-type bottle culture system.

שיטת התרבות העובר שלמים מכרסמים באמצעות Rotator מסוג התרבות מערכת בקבוק

Whole embryo culture (WEC) technique has been developed in 1950's by New and his colleagues, and applied for developmental biology 1. Although development ...

Modified Yeast-Two-Hybrid System to Identify Proteins Interacting with the Growth Factor Progranulin

Progranulin (PGRN), also known as granulin epithelin precursor (GEP), is a 593-amino-acid autocrine growth factor. PGRN is known to play a critical role in a variety of physiologic and disease processes, including early embryogenesis, wound healing 1, inflammation 2, 3, and host defense 4. PGRN also functions as a neurotrophic factor 5, and mutations in the PGRN gene resulting in partial loss of the PGRN protein cause frontotemporal dementia 6, 7. Our recent studies have led to the isolation of PGRN as an important regulator of cartilage development and degradation 8-11. Although PGRN, discovered nearly two decades ago, plays crucial roles in multiple physiological and pathological conditions, efforts to exploit the actions of PGRN and understand the mechanisms involved have been significantly hampered by our inability to identify its binding receptor(s). To address this issue, we developed a modified yeast two-hybrid (MY2H) approach based on the most commonly used GAL4 based 2-hybrid system. Compared with the conventional yeast two-hybrid screen, MY2H dramatically shortens the screen process and reduces the number of false positive clones. In addition, this approach is reproducible and reliable, and we have successfully employed this system in isolating the binding proteins of various baits, including ion channel 12, extracellular matrix protein 10, 13, and growth factor14. In this paper, we describe this MY2H experimental procedure in detail using PGRN as an example that led to the identification of TNFR2 as the first known PGRN-associated receptor 14, 15.

We have modified the conventional yeast two-hybrid screening, an effective genetic tool in identifying protein interaction. This modification markedly shortens the process, reduces the workload, and most importantly, reduces the number of false positives. In addition, this approach is reproducible and reliable.

השתנה שמרים-Two-Hybrid System כדי לזהות חלבונים אינטראקציה עם גורם הגדילה Progranulin

Progranulin (PGRN), also known as granulin epithelin precursor (GEP), is a 593-amino-acid autocrine growth factor. PGRN is known to play a critical role ...

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans

Double-strand RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an effective strategy to knock down target gene expression1-3. It has been applied to many model systems including plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. There are various methods to achieve RNAi in vivo4,5. For example, the target gene may be transformed into an RNAi vector, and then either permanently or transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to achieve gene knockdown effects; alternatively synthesized double-strand oligonucleotides from specific target genes (RNAi oligos) may be transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to silence target genes; or synthesized double-strand RNA molecules may be microinjected into an organism. Since the nematode C. elegans uses bacteria as a food source, feeding the animals with bacteria expressing double-strand RNA against target genes provides a viable strategy6. Here we present an RNAi feeding method to score body size phenotype. Body size in C. elegans is regulated primarily by the TGF- &beta; - like ligand DBL-1, so this assay is appropriate for identification of TGF-&beta; signaling components7. We used different strains including two RNAi hypersensitive strains to repeat the RNAi feeding experiments. Our results showed that rrf-3 strain gave us the best expected RNAi phenotype. The method is easy to perform, reproducible, and easily quantified. Furthermore, our protocol minimizes the use of specialized equipment, so it is suitable for smaller laboratories or those at predominantly undergraduate institutions.

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans

We demonstrate how to use the RNAi feeding technique to knock down target genes and score body size phenotype in C. elegans. This method could be used for a large scale screen to identify potential genetic components of interest, such as those involved in body size regulation by DBL-1/TGF-&beta; signaling.

באמצעות אסטרטגית האכלת התערבות RNA בתיווך למסך לגנים מעורבים בויסות משקל גוף בנמטודות<em&gt; ג elegans</em

Double-strand RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an effective strategy to knock down target gene expression1-3. It has been applied to many model systems ...

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated including macromolecular synthesis, metabolism and ultimately, commitment to the cell division cycle. The chemostat, a method of experimentally controlling cell growth rate, provides a powerful means of systematically studying how growth rate impacts cellular processes - including gene expression and metabolism - and the regulatory networks that control the rate of cell growth. When maintained for hundreds of generations chemostats can be used to study adaptive evolution of microbes in environmental conditions that limit cell growth. We describe the principle of chemostat cultures, demonstrate their operation and provide examples of their various applications. Following a period of disuse after their introduction in the middle of the twentieth century, the convergence of genome-scale methodologies with a renewed interest in the regulation of cell growth and the molecular basis of adaptive evolution is stimulating a renaissance in the use of chemostats in biological research.

Cell growth rate is a regulated process and a primary determinant of cell physiology. Continuous culturing using chemostats enables extrinsic control of cell growth rate by nutrient limitation facilitating the study of molecular networks that control cell growth and how those networks evolve to optimize cell growth.

השימוש בChemostats בביולוגיה מיקרוביאלית מערכות

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated ...

High-throughput Image Analysis of Tumor Spheroids: A User-friendly Software Application to Measure the Size of Spheroids Automatically and Accurately

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to large-scale screening formats in every step of a drug screen, including large-scale image analysis. Currently there is no ready-to-use and free image analysis software to meet this large-scale format. Most existing methods involve manually drawing the length and width of the imaged 3D spheroids, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. This study presents a high-throughput image analysis software application &#8211; SpheroidSizer, which measures the major and minor axial length of the imaged 3D tumor spheroids automatically and accurately; calculates the volume of each individual 3D tumor spheroid; then outputs the results in two different forms in spreadsheets for easy manipulations in the subsequent data analysis. The main advantage of this software is its powerful image analysis application that is adapted for large numbers of images. It provides high-throughput computation and quality-control workflow. The estimated time to process 1,000 images is about 15 min&#160;on a minimally configured laptop, or around 1 min&#160;on a multi-core performance workstation. The graphical user interface (GUI) is also designed for easy quality control, and users can manually override the computer results. The key method used in this software is adapted from the active contour algorithm, also known as Snakes, which is especially suitable for images with uneven illumination and noisy background that often plagues automated imaging processing in high-throughput screens. The complimentary &#8220;Manual Initialize&#8221; and &#8220;Hand Draw&#8221; tools provide the flexibility to SpheroidSizer in dealing with various types of spheroids and diverse quality images. This high-throughput image analysis software remarkably reduces labor and speeds up the analysis process. Implementing this software is beneficial for 3D tumor spheroids to become a routine in vitro model for drug screens in industry and academia.

We present a high-throughput image analysis software application to measure the size of three-dimensional tumor spheroids imaged with bright-field microscopy. This application provides a fast and effective way to examine the effects of therapeutic drugs on spheroids, which is beneficial for researchers who wish to use spheroids in drug screens.

ניתוח תפוקה גבוהה תמונה של spheroids גידול: יישום תוכנה ידידותי למשתמש כדי למדוד את גודל של spheroids באופן אוטומטי ומדויק

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to ...

Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assay in tobacco epidermal cells, from testing protein-protein interaction to monitoring spatial distribution of signal transduction in plant cells. In this protocol, we used the BiFC assay to show that the interaction and the signaling between the Arabidopsis MAPKKK YODA and MAPK6 occur at the plasma membrane. When the scaffold protein BASL was co-expressed, the YODA-MAPK interaction redistributed and spatially co-polarized with CFP-BASL. This modified tobacco expression system allows for quick examination of signaling localization and dynamic changes (less than 4 days) and can accommodate multiple of fluorescent protein colors (at least three). We also presented detailed methods to quantify protein distribution (asymmetric spatial localization, or &#34;polarization&#34;) in tobacco cells. This advanced tobacco expression system has a potential to be used widely for quick testing of dynamic signaling events in live plant cells.

At the subcellular level, signaling events are dynamically modulated by developmental and environmental cues. Here we describe a protocol that employs the tobacco transient expression system to monitor dynamic protein-protein interaction and to disclose spatial organization of signal transduction in plant cells.

הדמית ארגון מחדש מרחבית של מסלול איתות MAPK שימוש במערכת הביטוי החולפת הטבק

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular ...

Rodent Working Heart Model for the Study of Myocardial Performance and Oxygen Consumption

Isolated working heart models have been used to understand the effects of loading conditions, heart rate and medications on myocardial performance in ways that cannot be accomplished in vivo. For example, inotropic medications commonly also affect preload and afterload, precluding load-independent assessments of their myocardial effects in vivo. Additionally, this model allows for sampling of coronary sinus effluent without contamination from systemic venous return, permitting assessment of myocardial oxygen consumption. Further, the advent of miniaturized pressure-volume catheters has allowed for the precise quantification of markers of both systolic and diastolic performance. We describe a model in which the left ventricle can be studied while performing both volume and pressure work under controlled conditions. 
In this technique, the heart and lungs of a Sprague-Dawley rat (weight 300-500 g) are removed en bloc under general anesthesia. The aorta is dissected free and cannulated for retrograde perfusion with oxygenated Krebs buffer. The pulmonary arteries and veins are ligated and the lungs removed from the preparation. The left atrium is then incised and cannulated using a separate venous cannula, attached to a preload block. Once this is determined to be leak-free, the left heart is loaded and retrograde perfusion stopped, creating the working heart model. The pulmonary artery is incised and cannulated for collection of coronary effluent and determination of myocardial oxygen consumption. A pressure-volume catheter is placed into the left ventricle either retrograde or through apical puncture. If desired, atrial pacing wires can be placed for more precise control of heart rate. This model allows for precise control of preload (using a left atrial pressure block), afterload (using an afterload block), heart rate (using pacing wires) and oxygen tension (using oxygen mixtures within the perfusate).

Isolated working heart models can be used to measure the effect of loading conditions, heart rate, and medications on myocardial performance and oxygen consumption. We describe methods for preparation of a rodent left heart working model that permits study of systolic and diastolic performance and oxygen consumption under various conditions.

מכרסם עבודת לב דגם לחקר ביצועי שריר לב ואת צריכת חמצן

Isolated working heart models have been used to understand the effects of loading conditions, heart rate and medications on myocardial performance in ways ...