עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי 1F31DC012985 NRSA predoctoral מענק (לRD) ועל ידי מענקי NIH כדי JC ברצוננו להודות לד&quot;ר Linnea וייס על הערות מועילות על כתב היד, ד&quot;ר יוסף ריאן לדמויות לעזרה באיסוף, וד&quot;ר פרדריק מריון-סקר לייעוץ טכני מועיל. אנחנו רוצים גם להכיר בהערות מועילות של ארבע ביקורות.

<ol>
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יש המחברים אין לחשוף.

sensilla Labellar להשתנות בקלות ההקלטה, בשל הבדלים במורפולוגיה וארגון אנטומיים. לפעמים Sensillum אינו מגיב לכל tastants, אפילו אחד, כי ידוע כדי לעורר תגובה חיובית. התדירות שבה זה קורה משתנה בהתאם לסוג Sensillum. sensilla L הם הכי מגיב באופן עקבי וקלים יחסית לגשת בשל אורכם. באופן כללי, sensilla S מגי?...

חוש הטעם מאפשר חרקים כדי לזהות מגוון רחב של כימיקלים מסיסים וממלא תפקיד חשוב בקבלה של חומר מזין, או הדחייה של אחד מזיק או רעיל. טעם הוא חשב גם לשחק תפקיד בבחירת בן זוג, באמצעות זיהוי של פרומונים 1-5. תפקידים חשובים ומגוונים אלה הפכו את מערכת טעם החרקים יעד משכנע של חקירה כיצד מערכות חושיות לתרגם אותות סביבתיים לתפוקות התנהגותי רלוונטיות. היחידה העיקרית של מערכת טעם melanogaster דרוזופילה היא שיער הטעם, או Sensillum. מולקולות להיכנס Sensillum דרך נקבובית ב2,6 קצהו. Sensilla נמצא על labellum, הרגליים, מרווח הכנף, והלוע 6. על labellum, המספר והמיקום של sensilla הוא סטריאוטיפי. ישנם שלושה סוגים מורפולוגיים של sensilla מבוססים על אורך: הארוך (L), בינוני (אני), וקצר (S<html> ) Sensilla 7,8. כל Sensillum מכיל או שניים (אני מסוג) או ארבעה (L-ו-S-type) נוירונים קולט התעורר אצלם (GRNs) 9. GRNs שונה מגיב לסוגים שונים של גירויי טעם: מריר, סוכר, מלח וosmolarity 7,10 ולהביע תת שונה של קולטנים התעוררו אצל 8,11-13. רק אני וsensilla S-הסוג להכיל GRNs המר מגיב 8,10. פרויקט GRNs לגנגליון subesophageal (SOG) וההפעלה שלהם על ידי מולקולות טעם מועבר למערכת העצבים המרכזית גבוהה יותר לפענוח, וכתוצאה מכך תגובה התנהגותית 6. המספר הקטן יחסית של תאי עצב ורמת המוכנות לניתוח מולקולרי והתנהגותיות להפוך את המערכת לטעם דרוזופילה מודל מצוין לחקירה של מערכות התעוררו אצלם באופן כללי. קלות היחסית שבי המערכת ניתן להשפיע באמצעות מערכת ביטוי GAL4-כטב&quot;מ מוטציה גנטית או משמשת גם ככלי רב ערך 14,15. ontent &quot;&gt; בגלל sensilla אלה בולטים מפני שטח של labellum, הם עושים מטרות מעולים לאלקטרופיזיולוגיה. ירי GRNs ניתן לנטר באמצעות הקלטה תאית. מבחינה היסטורית, שיטת ההקלטה בצד הקיר, אשר משתמשת באלקטרודת זכוכית מוכנסת לתוך Sensillum להקליט פעילות עצבית, 26 כבר בשימוש. עם זאת, שיטה זו היא מאתגרת מבחינה טכנית לביצוע, וקשה להקליט במשך זמן רב מהכנה. שיטת טיפ ההקלטה, המודדת את התגובה של נוירונים עם אלקטרודה ש בו זמנית מספק tastant, הפכה מאז את שיטת הבחירה 9,16. זה נוצל כדי לחקור את מערכת הטעם של melanogaster דרוזופילה 8,10,17,18 כמו גם מספר מיני חרקים האחרים 19-23. יש לו כבר הקל באופן משמעותי על ידי הפיתוח של מגבר tastePROBE, שהתגבר על אחד החסרונות העיקריים של שיטת טיפ ההקלטה ידי פיצוי עבורההבדל הגדול בין פוטנציאל אלקטרודה ההשוואתית וSensillum החרקים, המאפשר לפוטנציאל פעולת GRN שיירשם בלי הגברה או סינון 24 מוגזמות. התפתחות חשובה נוספת הייתה השימוש בציטרט tricholine כאלקטרוליט הקלטת 25. TCC מדכא תגובות מGRN osmolarity רגיש ולא לעורר את GRN מלח רגיש, מה שהופך את תגובות שנוצרו על ידי tastants המר וסוכר הרבה יותר קל לנתח 25. כאן אנו מתארים כיצד הקלטת קצה sensilla labellar דרוזופילה מתבצעת כיום במעבדה קרלסון. פרוטוקול זה יסביר כיצד להקים מתקן מתאים אלקטרופיזיולוגיה, כיצד להכין את הזבוב, וכיצד לבצע הקלטות טעם. אנו מציגים גם כמה נתונים נציג מתקבלים על ידי הקלטה מתת קבוצות של sensilla דרוזופילה, כמו גם כמה מבעיות נפוצות ופתרונות אפשריים שעשויים להיות נתקלו בעת שימוש זהטכניקה.

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		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:168px;">Stereo Zoom Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Olympus&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">SZX12 DFPLFL1.6x PF eyepieces: WHN10x-H/22</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">capable of ~150x magnification with long working distance table mount stand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Anti-vibration Table</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Kinetic Systems</td>
			<td>BenchMate2210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Micromanipulators</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Narishige</td>
			<td>NMN-21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Magnetic stands</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">ENCO</td>
			<td>Model #625-0930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Reference Electrode Holder</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ESP/W-F10N</td>
			<td>Can be mounted on 5ml serological pipette for extended range</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">&#160;Silver Wire</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">AGW1510</td>
			<td>0.3-0.5mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Retort Stand</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>generic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Outlet Plastic Tube</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>generic, 1cm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Flexible Plastic Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Nalgene&#160;</td>
			<td>8000-0060</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">VI grade 1/4 in internal diameter&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">500 ml Conical Flask</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>generic,&#160; with side arm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Aquarium Pump</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Aquatic Gardens</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Airpump 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Fiber Optic Light Source</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Dolan-Jenner Industries</td>
			<td>Fiber-Lite 2100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">White Card/Paper</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">1001-110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Digital Acquisition System</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Syntech</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">IDAC-4</td>
			<td>Alternative: National Instruments NI-6251 &#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Headstage</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Syntech</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">DTP-1</td>
			<td>Tasteprobe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Tasteprobe Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Syntech</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">DTP-1</td>
			<td>Tasteprobe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Alligator Clips</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Grainger</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">1XWN7</td>
			<td>Any brand is fine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Insulated Electrical Wire</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>Generic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Gold Connector Pins</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:211px;">5482</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Personal Computer</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Dell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Vostro</td>
			<td>Check for compatibility with digital acquisition system and software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Acquisition Software</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Syntech</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Autospike</td>
			<td>Autospike works with IDAC-4; alternatively, use Labview with NI-6251</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Aluminum Foil and/or Faraday Cage</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>Electro-magnetic noise shielding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Borosilicate Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">1B100F-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Pipette Puller</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sutter Instrument Company</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Model P-87 Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Beadle and Ephrussi Ringer Solution</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>See recipe in protocol section</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Tricholine citrate, 65%&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">T0252-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">VMZ 1x-4x</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Capable of 10x-40x magnification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Ice Bucket</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>Generic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">p200 Pipette Tips</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>Generic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Spinal Needle</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">SN*2590</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">1ml Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Beckton-Dickenson</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:211px;">301025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Fly Aspirator</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>Assembled from P1000 pipette tips, flexible plastic tubing, and mesh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Modeling Clay</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>Generic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fine Science Tools By Dumont</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">11252-00</td>
			<td>#5SF (super-fine tips)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">10ml Syringe&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Beckton-Dickinson</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:211px;">301029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Plastic Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Tygon</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">R-3603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrophysiological recording from drosophila labellar taste sensilla

תגובת הטעם ההיקפית של חרקים יכולה להיחקר בעוצמה עם טכניקות אלקטרו. השיטה המתוארת כאן מאפשרת לחוקר כדי למדוד את תגובות התעוררו אצלם באופן ישיר וכמותית, המשקף את הקלט החושי שמערכת העצבים של החרקים מקבלת מגירויי טעם בסביבתו. פרוטוקול זה מתאר את כל השלבים העיקריים בביצוע טכניקה זו. השלבים הקריטיים בהרכבת מתקן אלקטרופיזיולוגיה, כגון מבחר של ציוד דרוש וסביבה מתאימה להקלטה, מסומנים. אנו גם מתארים כיצד להתכונן להקלטה על ידי ביצוע אלקטרודות התייחסות והקלטה מתאימות, ופתרונות tastant. אנו מתארים בפירוט את השיטה המשמשת להכנת החרקים על ידי החדרת אלקטרודה התייחסות זכוכית לתוך הזבוב על מנת לשתק את חוטם. אנחנו מראים עקבות של הדחפים החשמליים שנורו על ידי נוירונים טעם בתגובה לסוכר ומתחם מרים. היבטים של הפרוטוקול הם לאechnically מאתגר וכוללים תיאור נרחב של כמה אתגרים משותפים טכניים שעשויים להיות נתקלו, כגון חוסר אות או רעש מוגזם במערכת, ופתרונות אפשריים. הטכניקה יש מגבלות, כגון חוסר היכולת לספק גירויי temporally מורכבים, להתבונן ברקע הירי מייד לפני גירוי משלוח, או להשתמש בתרכובות טעם לא מסיסים במים בנוחות. למרות מגבלות אלה, בטכניקה זו (כולל שינויים קלים בהפניה בפרוטוקול) היא תקן, הליך מקובל באופן רחב להקלטת תגובות עצביות דרוזופילה לטעום תרכובות.

איור 5 א מציג את התגובה של Sensillum L לסוכר, סוכרוז. אותו Sensillum אינו מגיב למתחם המר, berberine. איור 5 מראה כי Sensillum סוג I, אשר מכיל תאי עצב מגיב מרים, מציג קוצים גדולים המשרעת בתגובה לberberine, וקוצי משרעת קטנים יותר בתגובה לסוכרוז. L sensilla להציג תגובת רקע מינימאלית לש...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla at JoVE.com

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

פרוטוקול זה מתאר הקלטה תאית מתגובות פוטנציאל הפעולה שנורו על ידי נוירונים טעם labellar בדרוזופילה.

הקלטת אלקטרו מ<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; Labellar טעם Sensilla

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the ...

electrophysiological-recording-from-drosophila-labellar-taste-sensilla

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

16.2K Views.  Yale University.  פרוטוקול זה מתאר הקלטה תאית מתגובות פוטנציאל הפעולה שנורו על ידי נוירונים טעם labellar בדרוזופילה. 

Video: Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

Forebrain Electrophysiological Recording in Larval Zebrafish

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked seizures, epilepsy can be acquired as a result of an insult to the brain or a genetic mutation. Efforts to model seizures in animals have primarily utilized acquired insults (convulsant drugs, stimulation or brain injury) and genetic manipulations (antisense knockdown, homologous recombination or transgenesis) in rodents. Zebrafish are a vertebrate model system1-3 that could provide a valuable alternative to rodent-based epilepsy research. Zebrafish are used extensively in the study of vertebrate genetics or development, exhibit a high degree of genetic similarity to mammals and express homologs for ~85% of known human single-gene epilepsy mutations. Because of their small size (4-6 mm in length), zebrafish larvae can be maintained in fluid volumes as low as 100 &mu;l during early development and arrayed in multi-well plates. Reagents can be added directly to the solution in which embryos develop, simplifying drug administration and enabling rapid in vivo screening of test compounds4. Synthetic oligonucleotides (morpholinos), mutagenesis, zinc finger nuclease and transgenic approaches can be used to rapidly generate gene knockdown or mutation in zebrafish5-7. These properties afford zebrafish studies an unprecedented statistical power analysis advantage over rodents in the study of neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Because the "gold standard" for epilepsy research is to monitor and analyze the abnormal electrical discharges that originate in a central brain structure (i.e., seizures), a method to efficiently record brain activity in larval zebrafish is described here. This method is an adaptation of conventional extracellular recording techniques and allows for stable long-term monitoring of brain activity in intact zebrafish larvae. Sample recordings are shown for acute seizures induced by bath application of convulsant drugs and spontaneous seizures recorded in a genetically modified fish.

A simple method to record extracellular field potentials in the larval zebrafish forebrain is described. The method provides a robust in vivo read-out of seizure-like activity. This technique can be used with genetically modified zebrafish larvae carrying epilepsy-related genes or seizures evoked by administration of convulsant drugs.

הקלטת אלקטרו מוח קדמי בזחל דג זברה

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked ...

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

Much information about the coupling of presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained from invertebrate preparations, most notably the squid giant synapse1. However, except for the preparation described here, few vertebrate preparations exist in which it is possible to make simultaneous measurements of neurotransmitter release and presynaptic ionic currents. Embryonic Xenopus motoneurons and muscle cells can be grown together in simple culture medium at room temperature; they will form functional synapses within twelve to twenty-four hours, and can be used to study nerve and muscle cell development and synaptic interactions for several days (until overgrowth occurs). Some advantages of these co-cultures over other vertebrate preparations include the simplicity of preparation, the ability to maintain the cultures and work at room temperature, and the ready accessibility of the synapses formed2-4. The preparation has been used widely to study the biophysical properties of presynaptic ion channels and the regulation of transmitter release5-8. In addition, the preparation has lent itself to other uses including the study of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis9-12, molecular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release13-15, the role of diffusible messengers in neuromodulation16,17, and in vitro synaptic plasticity18-19.

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

This video demonstrates the procedures used to grow primary cultures of embryonic Xenopus nerve and muscle cells and the usefulness of this preparation for making simultaneous pre- and post-synaptic patch clamp recordings.

סימולטני טרום והקלטת אלקטרו פוסט סינפטי מ<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; עצבי שרירי Co-תרבויות

Much information about the coupling of  presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained  from invertebrate preparations, ...

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Calcium Imaging of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in regulating the intracellular calcium concentration. Changing environmental conditions, such as the light-dark cycle, can modify neuronal and neural network activity and the expression of a family of circadian clock genes within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the location of the master circadian clock in the mammalian brain. Excitatory synaptic transmission leads to an increase in the postsynaptic Ca2+ concentration that is believed to activate the signaling pathways that shifts the rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes. Hypothalamic slices containing the SCN were patch clamped using microelectrodes filled with an internal solution containing the calcium indicator bis-fura-2. After a seal was formed between the microelectrode and the SCN neuronal membrane, the membrane was ruptured using gentle suction and the calcium probe diffused into the neuron filling both the soma and dendrites. Quantitative ratiometric measurements of the intracellular calcium concentration were recorded simultaneously with membrane potential or current. Using these methods it is possible to study the role of changes of the intracellular calcium concentration produced by synaptic activity and action potential firing of individual neurons. In this presentation we demonstrate the methods to simultaneously record electrophysiological activity along with intracellular calcium from individual SCN neurons maintained in brain slices.

Procedures are described to perform simultaneous recordings of membrane potential or current and changes of intracellular calcium concentration. Suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are filled with the calcium indicator bis-fura-2 using a patch clamp electrode in the whole cell patch clamp configuration.

אלקטרו הקלטה בו זמנית ובסידן הדמיה של suprachiasmatic גרעין נוירונים

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram recordings. This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments, allowing recording of neural activity. Immobilization of the adult requires a mechanism to deliver dissolved oxygen to the gills in lieu of buccal and opercular movement. With our technique, animals are immobilized and perfused with habitat water to fulfill this requirement. A craniotomy is performed under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; tricaine) anesthesia to provide access to the brain. The primary electrode is then positioned within the craniotomy window to record extracellular brain activity. Through the use of a multitube perfusion system, a variety of pharmacological compounds can be administered to the adult fish and any alterations in the neural activity can be observed. The methodology not only allows for observations to be made regarding changes in neurological activity, but it also allows for comparisons to be made between larval and adult zebrafish. This gives researchers the ability to identify the alterations in neurological activity due to the introduction of various compounds at different life stages.

This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments to allow recordings and manipulation of neural activity in an intact animal.

הקלטת אלקטרו במוח של דג הזברה למבוגר שלמה

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

שיטת אלקטרו עבור תגובות מתח תאיים הקלטה של<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; קולטני אור ו interneurons יאירו גירויים<em&gt; In vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival. The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to distinguish good food sources from potentially dangerous food sources. Gustation requires physical contact with a chemical compound which is able to signal through taste receptors that are expressed on the surface of neurons. In insects, these gustatory neurons can be located across the animal's body allowing taste to play an important role in many different behaviors. Insects typically prefer compounds containing sugars, while compounds that are considered bitter tasting are avoided. Given the basic biological importance of taste, there is intense interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this sensory modality. We describe an adult Drosophila taste assay which reflects the preference of the animals for a given tastant compound. This assay may be applied to animals of any genetic background to examine the taste preference for a desired soluble compound.

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Taste is an important sensory process which facilitates attraction to beneficial substances and avoidance of toxic substances. This protocol describes a simple ingestion assay for determining Drosophila gustatory preference for a given chemical compound.

Assay העדפות טעם למבוגרים<em&gt; תסיסנית</em

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival.  The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to ...

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, enabling the use of D. melanogaster molecular genetics to study inositol-lipid signaling and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels at the single-molecule level. A handful of labs have mastered this powerful technique, which enables the analysis of the physiological responses to light under highly controlled conditions. This technique allows control over the intracellular and extracellular media; the membrane voltage; and the fast application of pharmacological compounds, such as a variety of ionic or pH indicators, to the intra- and extracellular media. With an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, this method enables the measurement of dark spontaneous and light-induced unitary currents (i.e.&#160;spontaneous and quantum bumps) and macroscopic Light-induced Currents (LIC) from single D. melanogaster photoreceptors. This protocol outlines, in great detail, all the key steps necessary to perform this technique, which includes both electrophysiological and optical recordings. The fly retina dissection procedure for the attainment of intact and viable ex vivo isolated ommatidia in the bath chamber is described. The equipment needed to perform whole-cell and fluorescence imaging measurements are also detailed. Finally, the pitfalls in using this delicate preparation during extended experiments are explained.

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors enable the measurement of spontaneous dark bumps, quantum bumps, macroscopic responses to light, and current-voltage relationships under various conditions. In combination with D. melanogaster genetic manipulation tools, this method enables the study of the ubiquitous inositol-lipid signaling pathway and its target, the TRP channel.

שיטה אלקטרו-קולית לקולקציית מתח מלא<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; פוטורספטורים

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, ...

Electrophysiological Recording from Drosophila Trichoid Sensilla in Response to Odorants of Low Volatility

Insects rely on their sense of smell to guide a wide range of behaviors that are critical for their survival, such as food-seeking, predator avoidance, oviposition, and mating. Myriad chemicals of varying volatilities have been identified as natural odorants that activate insect Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs). However, studying the olfactory responses to low-volatility odorants has been hampered by an inability to effectively present such stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods. Here, we describe a procedure that permits the effective presentation of low-volatility odorants for in vivo Single-Sensillum Recording (SSR). By minimizing the distance between the odor source and the target tissue, this method allows for the application of biologically salient but hitherto inaccessible odorants, including palmitoleic acid, a stimulatory pheromone with a demonstrated effect on ORNs involved in courtship and mating behavior1. Our procedure thus affords a new avenue to assay a host of low-volatility odorants for the study of insect olfaction and pheromone communication.

Electrophysiological Recording from Drosophila Trichoid Sensilla in Response to Odorants of Low Volatility

The overall goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to present odorants of low volatility for single-sensillum recording from Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons that respond to long-chain cuticular pheromones.

הקלטה אלקטרופיזיולוגית מ<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; Trichoid Sensilla בתגובה ריחות של תנודתיות נמוכה

Insects rely on their sense of smell to guide a wide range of behaviors that are critical for their survival, such as food-seeking, predator avoidance, ...

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar Drosophila Melanogaster

The majority of the currently available insecticides target the nervous system and genetic mutations of invertebrate neural proteins oftentimes yield deleterious consequences, yet the current methods for recording nervous system activity of an individual animal is costly and laborious. This suction electrode preparation of the third-instar larval central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, is a tractable system for testing the physiological effects of neuroactive agents, determining the physiological role of various neural pathways to CNS activity, as well as the influence of genetic mutations to neural function. This ex vivo preparation requires only moderate dissecting skill and electrophysiological expertise to generate reproducible recordings of insect neuronal activity. A wide variety of chemical modulators, including peptides, can then be applied directly to the nervous system in solution with the physiological saline to measure the influence on the CNS activity. Further, genetic technologies, such as the GAL4/UAS system, can be applied independently or in tandem with pharmacological agents to determine the role of specific ion channels, transporters, or receptors to arthropod CNS function. In this context, the assays described herein are of significant interest to insecticide toxicologists, insect physiologists, and developmental biologists for which D. melanogaster is an established model organism. The goal of this protocol is to describe an electrophysiological method to enable the measurement of electrogenesis of the central nervous system in the model insect, Drosophila melanogaster, which is useful for testing a diversity of scientific hypotheses.

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar  Drosophila Melanogaster

This protocol describes a method to record the descending electrical activity of the Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system to enable the cost-efficient and convenient testing of pharmacological agents, genetic mutations of neural proteins, and/or the role of unexplored physiological pathways.

הקלטה אלקטרופיזיולוגיות של פעילות מערכת העצבים המרכזית השלישית-לחלל דרוזופילה Melanogaster

The majority of the currently available insecticides target the nervous system and genetic mutations of invertebrate neural proteins oftentimes yield ...

Electrophysiological Methods for Measuring Photopigment Levels in Drosophila Photoreceptors

The Drosophila G-protein-coupled photopigment rhodopsin (R) is composed of a protein (opsin) and a chromophore. The activation process of rhodopsin is initiated by photon absorption-inducing isomerization of the chromophore, promoting conformational changes of the opsin and resulting in a second dark-stable photopigment state (metarhodopsin, M). Investigation of this bi-stable photopigment using random mutagenesis requires simple and robust methods for screening mutant flies. Therefore, several methods for measuring reductions in functional photopigment levels have been designed. One such method exploits the charge displacements within the photopigment following photon absorption and the huge amounts of photopigment molecules expressed in the photoreceptors. This electrical signal, named the early receptor potential (or early receptor current), is measured by a variety of electrophysiological methods (e.g., electroretinogram and whole-cell recordings) and is linearly proportional to functional photopigment levels. The advantages of this method are the high signal-to-noise ratio, direct linear measurement of photopigment levels, and independence of phototransduction mechanisms downstream to rhodopsin or metarhodopsin activation. An additional electrophysiological method called prolonged depolarizing afterpotential (PDA) exploits the bi-stability of Drosophila photopigment and the absorption-spectral differences of fly R and M pigment states. The PDA is induced by intense blue light, converting saturating amounts of rhodopsin to metarhodopsin, resulting in the failure of light-response termination for an extended time in darkness, but it can be terminated by metarhodopsin to rhodopsin conversion using intense orange light. Since the PDA is a robust signal that requires massive photopigment conversion, even small defects in the biogenesis of the photopigment lead to readily detected abnormal PDA. Indeed, defective PDA mutants led to the identification of novel signaling proteins important for phototransduction.

Electrophysiological Methods for Measuring Photopigment Levels in Drosophila Photoreceptors

We present a protocol to electrophysiologically characterize bi-stable photopigments: (i) exploiting the charge displacements within the photopigment molecules following photon-absorption and their huge amount in the photoreceptors, and (ii) exploiting the absorption-spectra differences of rhodopsin and metarhodopsin photopigment states. These protocols are useful to screen for mutations affecting bi-stable photopigment systems.&#160;

שיטות אלקטרופיזיולוגיות למדידת רמות פוטופיגמנט בדרוזופילה פוטורצפטורים

The Drosophila G-protein-coupled photopigment rhodopsin (R) is composed of a protein (opsin) and a chromophore. The activation process of rhodopsin is ...