עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי 1F31DC012985 NRSA predoctoral מענק (לRD) ועל ידי מענקי NIH כדי JC ברצוננו להודות לד&quot;ר Linnea וייס על הערות מועילות על כתב היד, ד&quot;ר יוסף ריאן לדמויות לעזרה באיסוף, וד&quot;ר פרדריק מריון-סקר לייעוץ טכני מועיל. אנחנו רוצים גם להכיר בהערות מועילות של ארבע ביקורות.

<ol>
	<li>Glendinning, J. I., Jerud, A., Reinherz, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hungry+caterpillar:+an+analysis+of+how+carbohydrates+stimulate+feeding+in+Manduca+sexta.">The hungry caterpillar: an analysis of how carbohydrates stimulate feeding in Manduca sexta.</a> The Journal of experimental biology. 210, 3054-3067 (2007).</li><li>Yarmolinsky, D. A., Zuker, C. S., Ryba, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+sense+about+taste:+from+mammals+to+insects.">Common sense about taste: from mammals to insects.</a> Cell. 139, 234-244 (2009).</li><li>Thistle, R., Cameron, P., Ghorayshi, A., Dennison, L., Scott, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contact+chemoreceptors+mediate+male-male+repulsion+and+male-female+attraction+during+Drosophila+courtship.">Contact chemoreceptors mediate male-male repulsion and male-female attraction during Drosophila courtship.</a> Cell. 149, 1140-1151 (2012).</li><li>Toda, H., Zhao, X., Dickson, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+female+aphrodisiac+pheromone+activates+ppk23(+)+sensory+neurons+to+elicit+male+courtship+behavior.">The Drosophila female aphrodisiac pheromone activates ppk23(+) sensory neurons to elicit male courtship behavior.</a> Cell reports. 1, 599-607 (2012).</li><li>Lu, B., LaMora, A., Sun, Y., Welsh, M. J., Ben-Shahar, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ppk23-Dependent+chemosensory+functions+contribute+to+courtship+behavior+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">ppk23-Dependent chemosensory functions contribute to courtship behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS Genet. 8, e1002587 (2012).</li><li>Stocker, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+organization+of+the+chemosensory+system+in+Drosophila+melanogaster:+a+review.">The organization of the chemosensory system in Drosophila melanogaster: a review.</a> Cell and tissue research. 275, 3-26 (1994).</li><li>Hiroi, M., Marion-Poll, F., Tanimura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiated+response+to+sugars+among+labellar+chemosensilla+in+Drosophila.">Differentiated response to sugars among labellar chemosensilla in Drosophila.</a> Zoological Science. 19, 1009-1018 (2002).</li><li>Weiss, L. A., Dahanukar, A., Kwon, J. Y., Banerjee, D., Carlson, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Molecular+and+Cellular+Basis+of+Bitter+Taste+in+Drosophila.">The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Bitter Taste in Drosophila.</a> Neuron. 69, 258-272 (2011).</li><li>Falk, R., Bleiser-Avivi, N., Atidia, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Labellar+taste+organs+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Labellar taste organs of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Journal of Morphology. 150, 327-341 (1976).</li><li>Hiroi, M., Meunier, N., Marion-Poll, F., Tanimura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+antagonistic+gustatory+receptor+neurons+responding+to+sweet-salty+and+bitter+taste+in+Drosophila.">Two antagonistic gustatory receptor neurons responding to sweet-salty and bitter taste in Drosophila.</a> Journal of neurobiology. 61, 333-342 (2004).</li><li>Clyne, P. J., Warr, C. G., Carlson, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candidate+taste+receptors+in+Drosophila.">Candidate taste receptors in Drosophila.</a> Science (New York, N.Y.). 287, 1830-1834 (2000).</li><li>Cameron, P., Hiroi, M., Ngai, J., Scott, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+basis+for+water+taste+in+Drosophila.">The molecular basis for water taste in Drosophila.</a> Nature. 465, 91-95 (2010).</li><li>Croset, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ancient+protostome+origin+of+chemosensory+ionotropic+glutamate+receptors+and+the+evolution+of+insect+taste+and+olfaction.">Ancient protostome origin of chemosensory ionotropic glutamate receptors and the evolution of insect taste and olfaction.</a> PLoS Genet. 6, e1001064 (2010).</li><li>Brand, A. H., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+gene+expression+as+a+means+of+altering+cell+fates+and+generating+dominant+phenotypes.">Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes.</a> Development (Cambridge, England). 118, 401-415 (1993).</li><li>Parks, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+generation+of+high-resolution+deletion+coverage+of+the+Drosophila+melanogaster+genome.">Systematic generation of high-resolution deletion coverage of the Drosophila melanogaster genome.</a> Nature genetics. 36, 288-292 (2004).</li><li>Hodgson, E. S., Lettvin, J. Y., Roeder, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiology+of+a+primary+chemoreceptor+unit.">Physiology of a primary chemoreceptor unit.</a> Science (New York, N.Y.). 122, 417-418 (1955).</li><li>Dahanukar, A., Lei, Y. T., Kwon, J. Y., Carlson, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+Gr+genes+underlie+sugar+reception+in+Drosophila.">Two Gr genes underlie sugar reception in Drosophila.</a> Neuron. 56, 503-516 (2007).</li><li>Lee, Y., Kim, S. H., Montell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Avoiding+DEET+through+insect+gustatory+receptors.">Avoiding DEET through insect gustatory receptors.</a> Neuron. 67, 555-561 (2010).</li><li>Descoins, C., Marion-Poll, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+responses+of+gustatory+sensilla+of+Mamestra+brassicae+(Lepidoptera,+Noctuidae)+larvae+to+three+ecdysteroids:+ecdysone,+20-hydroxyecdysone+and+ponasterone.">Electrophysiological responses of gustatory sensilla of Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) larvae to three ecdysteroids: ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone and ponasterone.</a> A. J Insect Physiol. 45, 871-876 (1999).</li><li>Glendinning, J. I., Davis, A., Ramaswamy, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+different+taste+cells+and+signaling+pathways+to+the+discrimination+of+"bitter"+taste+stimuli+by+an+insect.">Contribution of different taste cells and signaling pathways to the discrimination of "bitter" taste stimuli by an insect.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 22, 7281-7287 (2002).</li><li>Sanford, J. L., Shields, V. D., Dickens, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gustatory+receptor+neuron+responds+to+DEET+and+other+insect+repellents+in+the+yellow-fever+mosquito,+Aedes+aegypti.">Gustatory receptor neuron responds to DEET and other insect repellents in the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.</a> Die Naturwissenschaften. 100, 269-273 (2013).</li><li>Merivee, E., Must, A., Milius, M., Luik, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+identification+of+the+sugar+cell+in+antennal+taste+sensilla+of+the+predatory+ground+beetle+Pterostichus+aethiops.">Electrophysiological identification of the sugar cell in antennal taste sensilla of the predatory ground beetle Pterostichus aethiops.</a> J Insect Physiol. 53, 377-384 (2007).</li><li>Popescu, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Function+and+central+projections+of+gustatory+receptor+neurons+on+the+antenna+of+the+noctuid+moth+Spodoptera+littoralis.">Function and central projections of gustatory receptor neurons on the antenna of the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis.</a> Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology. 199, 403-416 (2013).</li><li>Marion-Poll, F., Der Pers, J. V. a. n. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Un-filtered+recordings+from+insect+taste+sensilla.">Un-filtered recordings from insect taste sensilla.</a> Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 80, 113-115 (1996).</li><li>Wieczorek, H., Wolff, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+labellar+sugar+receptor+of+Drosophila.">The labellar sugar receptor of Drosophila.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. Neuroethol Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 164, 825-834 (1989).</li><li>Morita, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initiation+of+spike+potentials+in+contact+chemosensory+hairs+of+insects.+III.+D.C.+stimulation+and+generator+potential+of+labellar+chemoreceptor+of+calliphora.">Initiation of spike potentials in contact chemosensory hairs of insects. III. D.C. stimulation and generator potential of labellar chemoreceptor of calliphora.</a> Journal of cellular and comparative physiology. 54, 189-204 (1959).</li><li>Lacaille, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+inhibitory+sex+pheromone+tastes+bitter+for+Drosophila+males.">An inhibitory sex pheromone tastes bitter for Drosophila males.</a> PLoS One. 2, e661 (2007).</li><li>Benton, R., Dahanukar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+recording+from+Drosophila+taste+sensilla.">Electrophysiological recording from Drosophila taste sensilla.</a> Cold Spring Harbor protocols. 2011, 839-850 (2011).</li><li>Pellegrino, M., Nakagawa, T., Vosshall, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+sensillum+recordings+in+the+insects+Drosophila+melanogaster+and+Anopheles+gambiae.">Single sensillum recordings in the insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , e1725 (2010).</li><li>Axon Instruments. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Axon Guide for Electrophysiology &amp; Biophysics Laboratory Techniques. , (1993).</li><li>Fujishiro, N., Kijima, H., Morita, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulse+frequency+and+action+potential+amplitude+in+labellar+chemosensory+neurones+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Impulse frequency and action potential amplitude in labellar chemosensory neurones of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Journal of insect physiology. 30, 317-325 (1984).</li><li>Marion-Poll, F., Tobin, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Software+filter+for+detecting+spikes+superimposed+on+a+fluctuating+baseline.">Software filter for detecting spikes superimposed on a fluctuating baseline.</a> Journal of neuroscience. 37, 1-6 (1991).</li><li>Meunier, N., Marion-Poll, F., Lansky, P., Rospars, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimation+of+the+individual+firing+frequencies+of+two+neurons+recorded+with+a+single+electrode.">Estimation of the individual firing frequencies of two neurons recorded with a single electrode.</a> Chem Senses. 28, 671-679 (2003).</li><li>Meunier, N., Marion-Poll, F., Rospars, J. P., Tanimura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+coding+of+bitter+taste+in+Drosophila.">Peripheral coding of bitter taste in Drosophila.</a> Journal of neurobiology. 56, 139-152 (2003).</li></ol>

יש המחברים אין לחשוף.

sensilla Labellar להשתנות בקלות ההקלטה, בשל הבדלים במורפולוגיה וארגון אנטומיים. לפעמים Sensillum אינו מגיב לכל tastants, אפילו אחד, כי ידוע כדי לעורר תגובה חיובית. התדירות שבה זה קורה משתנה בהתאם לסוג Sensillum. sensilla L הם הכי מגיב באופן עקבי וקלים יחסית לגשת בשל אורכם. באופן כללי, sensilla S מגי?...

חוש הטעם מאפשר חרקים כדי לזהות מגוון רחב של כימיקלים מסיסים וממלא תפקיד חשוב בקבלה של חומר מזין, או הדחייה של אחד מזיק או רעיל. טעם הוא חשב גם לשחק תפקיד בבחירת בן זוג, באמצעות זיהוי של פרומונים 1-5. תפקידים חשובים ומגוונים אלה הפכו את מערכת טעם החרקים יעד משכנע של חקירה כיצד מערכות חושיות לתרגם אותות סביבתיים לתפוקות התנהגותי רלוונטיות. היחידה העיקרית של מערכת טעם melanogaster דרוזופילה היא שיער הטעם, או Sensillum. מולקולות להיכנס Sensillum דרך נקבובית ב2,6 קצהו. Sensilla נמצא על labellum, הרגליים, מרווח הכנף, והלוע 6. על labellum, המספר והמיקום של sensilla הוא סטריאוטיפי. ישנם שלושה סוגים מורפולוגיים של sensilla מבוססים על אורך: הארוך (L), בינוני (אני), וקצר (S<html> ) Sensilla 7,8. כל Sensillum מכיל או שניים (אני מסוג) או ארבעה (L-ו-S-type) נוירונים קולט התעורר אצלם (GRNs) 9. GRNs שונה מגיב לסוגים שונים של גירויי טעם: מריר, סוכר, מלח וosmolarity 7,10 ולהביע תת שונה של קולטנים התעוררו אצל 8,11-13. רק אני וsensilla S-הסוג להכיל GRNs המר מגיב 8,10. פרויקט GRNs לגנגליון subesophageal (SOG) וההפעלה שלהם על ידי מולקולות טעם מועבר למערכת העצבים המרכזית גבוהה יותר לפענוח, וכתוצאה מכך תגובה התנהגותית 6. המספר הקטן יחסית של תאי עצב ורמת המוכנות לניתוח מולקולרי והתנהגותיות להפוך את המערכת לטעם דרוזופילה מודל מצוין לחקירה של מערכות התעוררו אצלם באופן כללי. קלות היחסית שבי המערכת ניתן להשפיע באמצעות מערכת ביטוי GAL4-כטב&quot;מ מוטציה גנטית או משמשת גם ככלי רב ערך 14,15. ontent &quot;&gt; בגלל sensilla אלה בולטים מפני שטח של labellum, הם עושים מטרות מעולים לאלקטרופיזיולוגיה. ירי GRNs ניתן לנטר באמצעות הקלטה תאית. מבחינה היסטורית, שיטת ההקלטה בצד הקיר, אשר משתמשת באלקטרודת זכוכית מוכנסת לתוך Sensillum להקליט פעילות עצבית, 26 כבר בשימוש. עם זאת, שיטה זו היא מאתגרת מבחינה טכנית לביצוע, וקשה להקליט במשך זמן רב מהכנה. שיטת טיפ ההקלטה, המודדת את התגובה של נוירונים עם אלקטרודה ש בו זמנית מספק tastant, הפכה מאז את שיטת הבחירה 9,16. זה נוצל כדי לחקור את מערכת הטעם של melanogaster דרוזופילה 8,10,17,18 כמו גם מספר מיני חרקים האחרים 19-23. יש לו כבר הקל באופן משמעותי על ידי הפיתוח של מגבר tastePROBE, שהתגבר על אחד החסרונות העיקריים של שיטת טיפ ההקלטה ידי פיצוי עבורההבדל הגדול בין פוטנציאל אלקטרודה ההשוואתית וSensillum החרקים, המאפשר לפוטנציאל פעולת GRN שיירשם בלי הגברה או סינון 24 מוגזמות. התפתחות חשובה נוספת הייתה השימוש בציטרט tricholine כאלקטרוליט הקלטת 25. TCC מדכא תגובות מGRN osmolarity רגיש ולא לעורר את GRN מלח רגיש, מה שהופך את תגובות שנוצרו על ידי tastants המר וסוכר הרבה יותר קל לנתח 25. כאן אנו מתארים כיצד הקלטת קצה sensilla labellar דרוזופילה מתבצעת כיום במעבדה קרלסון. פרוטוקול זה יסביר כיצד להקים מתקן מתאים אלקטרופיזיולוגיה, כיצד להכין את הזבוב, וכיצד לבצע הקלטות טעם. אנו מציגים גם כמה נתונים נציג מתקבלים על ידי הקלטה מתת קבוצות של sensilla דרוזופילה, כמו גם כמה מבעיות נפוצות ופתרונות אפשריים שעשויים להיות נתקלו בעת שימוש זהטכניקה.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="783">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:168px;">Stereo Zoom Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Olympus&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">SZX12 DFPLFL1.6x PF eyepieces: WHN10x-H/22</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">capable of ~150x magnification with long working distance table mount stand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Anti-vibration Table</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Kinetic Systems</td>
			<td>BenchMate2210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Micromanipulators</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Narishige</td>
			<td>NMN-21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Magnetic stands</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">ENCO</td>
			<td>Model #625-0930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Reference Electrode Holder</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ESP/W-F10N</td>
			<td>Can be mounted on 5ml serological pipette for extended range</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">&#160;Silver Wire</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">AGW1510</td>
			<td>0.3-0.5mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Retort Stand</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>generic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Outlet Plastic Tube</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>generic, 1cm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Flexible Plastic Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Nalgene&#160;</td>
			<td>8000-0060</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">VI grade 1/4 in internal diameter&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">500 ml Conical Flask</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>generic,&#160; with side arm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Aquarium Pump</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Aquatic Gardens</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Airpump 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Fiber Optic Light Source</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Dolan-Jenner Industries</td>
			<td>Fiber-Lite 2100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">White Card/Paper</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">1001-110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Digital Acquisition System</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Syntech</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">IDAC-4</td>
			<td>Alternative: National Instruments NI-6251 &#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Headstage</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Syntech</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">DTP-1</td>
			<td>Tasteprobe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Tasteprobe Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Syntech</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">DTP-1</td>
			<td>Tasteprobe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Alligator Clips</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Grainger</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">1XWN7</td>
			<td>Any brand is fine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Insulated Electrical Wire</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>Generic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Gold Connector Pins</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:211px;">5482</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Personal Computer</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Dell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Vostro</td>
			<td>Check for compatibility with digital acquisition system and software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Acquisition Software</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Syntech</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Autospike</td>
			<td>Autospike works with IDAC-4; alternatively, use Labview with NI-6251</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Aluminum Foil and/or Faraday Cage</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>Electro-magnetic noise shielding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Borosilicate Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">1B100F-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Pipette Puller</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sutter Instrument Company</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Model P-87 Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Beadle and Ephrussi Ringer Solution</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>See recipe in protocol section</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Tricholine citrate, 65%&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">T0252-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">VMZ 1x-4x</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Capable of 10x-40x magnification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Ice Bucket</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>Generic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">p200 Pipette Tips</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>Generic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Spinal Needle</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">SN*2590</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">1ml Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Beckton-Dickenson</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:211px;">301025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Fly Aspirator</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>Assembled from P1000 pipette tips, flexible plastic tubing, and mesh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Modeling Clay</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td>Generic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:168px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fine Science Tools By Dumont</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">11252-00</td>
			<td>#5SF (super-fine tips)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">10ml Syringe&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Beckton-Dickinson</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:211px;">301029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:168px;">Plastic Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Tygon</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">R-3603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrophysiological recording from drosophila labellar taste sensilla

תגובת הטעם ההיקפית של חרקים יכולה להיחקר בעוצמה עם טכניקות אלקטרו. השיטה המתוארת כאן מאפשרת לחוקר כדי למדוד את תגובות התעוררו אצלם באופן ישיר וכמותית, המשקף את הקלט החושי שמערכת העצבים של החרקים מקבלת מגירויי טעם בסביבתו. פרוטוקול זה מתאר את כל השלבים העיקריים בביצוע טכניקה זו. השלבים הקריטיים בהרכבת מתקן אלקטרופיזיולוגיה, כגון מבחר של ציוד דרוש וסביבה מתאימה להקלטה, מסומנים. אנו גם מתארים כיצד להתכונן להקלטה על ידי ביצוע אלקטרודות התייחסות והקלטה מתאימות, ופתרונות tastant. אנו מתארים בפירוט את השיטה המשמשת להכנת החרקים על ידי החדרת אלקטרודה התייחסות זכוכית לתוך הזבוב על מנת לשתק את חוטם. אנחנו מראים עקבות של הדחפים החשמליים שנורו על ידי נוירונים טעם בתגובה לסוכר ומתחם מרים. היבטים של הפרוטוקול הם לאechnically מאתגר וכוללים תיאור נרחב של כמה אתגרים משותפים טכניים שעשויים להיות נתקלו, כגון חוסר אות או רעש מוגזם במערכת, ופתרונות אפשריים. הטכניקה יש מגבלות, כגון חוסר היכולת לספק גירויי temporally מורכבים, להתבונן ברקע הירי מייד לפני גירוי משלוח, או להשתמש בתרכובות טעם לא מסיסים במים בנוחות. למרות מגבלות אלה, בטכניקה זו (כולל שינויים קלים בהפניה בפרוטוקול) היא תקן, הליך מקובל באופן רחב להקלטת תגובות עצביות דרוזופילה לטעום תרכובות.

איור 5 א מציג את התגובה של Sensillum L לסוכר, סוכרוז. אותו Sensillum אינו מגיב למתחם המר, berberine. איור 5 מראה כי Sensillum סוג I, אשר מכיל תאי עצב מגיב מרים, מציג קוצים גדולים המשרעת בתגובה לberberine, וקוצי משרעת קטנים יותר בתגובה לסוכרוז. L sensilla להציג תגובת רקע מינימאלית לש...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla at JoVE.com

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

פרוטוקול זה מתאר הקלטה תאית מתגובות פוטנציאל הפעולה שנורו על ידי נוירונים טעם labellar בדרוזופילה.

הקלטת אלקטרו מ<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; Labellar טעם Sensilla

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the ...

electrophysiological-recording-from-drosophila-labellar-taste-sensilla

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

16.2K Views.  Yale University.  פרוטוקול זה מתאר הקלטה תאית מתגובות פוטנציאל הפעולה שנורו על ידי נוירונים טעם labellar בדרוזופילה. 

Video: Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

Electrophysiological Measurements from a Moth Olfactory System

Insect olfactory systems provide unique opportunities for recording odorant-induced responses in the forms of electroantennograms (EAG) and single sensillum recordings (SSR), which are summed responses from all odorant receptor neurons (ORNs) located on the antenna and from those housed in individual sensilla, respectively. These approaches have been exploited for getting a better understanding of insect chemical communication. The identified stimuli can then be used as either attractants or repellents in management strategies for insect pests.

Insect olfactory systems provide unique opportunities for recording odorant-induced responses in the forms of electroantennograms (EAG) and single sensillum recordings (SSR), which are summed responses from all odorant receptor neurons (ORNs) located on the antenna and from those housed in individual sensilla, respectively.

מדידות אלקטרו ממערכת עש חוש הריח

Insect olfactory systems provide unique opportunities for recording odorant-induced responses in the forms of electroantennograms (EAG) and single ...

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated. Thus, simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity and behavior are essential to correlate brain activity to behavior. For such behavioral analyses, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, allows us to incorporate genetically encoded calcium indicators such as GCaMP1, to monitor neuronal activity, and to use sophisticated genetic manipulations for optogenetic or thermogenetic techniques to specifically activate identified neurons2-5. Use of a thermogenetic technique has led us to find critical neurons for feeding behavior (Flood et al., under revision). As a main part of feeding behavior, a Drosophila adult extends its proboscis for feeding6 (proboscis extension response; PER), responding to a sweet stimulus from sensory cells on its proboscis or tarsi. Combining the protocol for PER7 with a calcium imaging technique8 using GCaMP3.01, 9, I have established an experimental system, where we can monitor activity of neurons in the feeding center &#x2013; the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), simultaneously with behavioral observation of the proboscis. I have designed an apparatus ("Fly brain Live Imaging and Electrophysiology Stage": "FLIES") to accommodate a Drosophila adult, allowing its proboscis to freely move while its brain is exposed to the bath for Ca2+ imaging through a water immersion lens. The FLIES is also appropriate for many types of live experiments on fly brains such as electrophysiological recording or time lapse imaging of synaptic morphology. Because the results from live imaging can be directly correlated with the simultaneous PER behavior, this methodology can provide an excellent experimental system to study information processing of neuronal networks, and how this cellular activity is coupled to plastic processes and memory.

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, extends its proboscis for feeding, responding to a sugar stimulus from its proboscis or tarsus. I have combined observations of the proboscis extension response (PER) with a calcium imaging technique, allowing us to monitor the activity of neurons in the brain, simultaneously with behavioral observation.

הקלטה בו זמנית של אותות סידן מתא עצב לזהות התנהגות האכלה של תסיסנית melanogaster</em

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated.  Thus, ...

Forebrain Electrophysiological Recording in Larval Zebrafish

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked seizures, epilepsy can be acquired as a result of an insult to the brain or a genetic mutation. Efforts to model seizures in animals have primarily utilized acquired insults (convulsant drugs, stimulation or brain injury) and genetic manipulations (antisense knockdown, homologous recombination or transgenesis) in rodents. Zebrafish are a vertebrate model system1-3 that could provide a valuable alternative to rodent-based epilepsy research. Zebrafish are used extensively in the study of vertebrate genetics or development, exhibit a high degree of genetic similarity to mammals and express homologs for ~85% of known human single-gene epilepsy mutations. Because of their small size (4-6 mm in length), zebrafish larvae can be maintained in fluid volumes as low as 100 &mu;l during early development and arrayed in multi-well plates. Reagents can be added directly to the solution in which embryos develop, simplifying drug administration and enabling rapid in vivo screening of test compounds4. Synthetic oligonucleotides (morpholinos), mutagenesis, zinc finger nuclease and transgenic approaches can be used to rapidly generate gene knockdown or mutation in zebrafish5-7. These properties afford zebrafish studies an unprecedented statistical power analysis advantage over rodents in the study of neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Because the "gold standard" for epilepsy research is to monitor and analyze the abnormal electrical discharges that originate in a central brain structure (i.e., seizures), a method to efficiently record brain activity in larval zebrafish is described here. This method is an adaptation of conventional extracellular recording techniques and allows for stable long-term monitoring of brain activity in intact zebrafish larvae. Sample recordings are shown for acute seizures induced by bath application of convulsant drugs and spontaneous seizures recorded in a genetically modified fish.

A simple method to record extracellular field potentials in the larval zebrafish forebrain is described. The method provides a robust in vivo read-out of seizure-like activity. This technique can be used with genetically modified zebrafish larvae carrying epilepsy-related genes or seizures evoked by administration of convulsant drugs.

הקלטת אלקטרו מוח קדמי בזחל דג זברה

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked ...

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

Much information about the coupling of presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained from invertebrate preparations, most notably the squid giant synapse1. However, except for the preparation described here, few vertebrate preparations exist in which it is possible to make simultaneous measurements of neurotransmitter release and presynaptic ionic currents. Embryonic Xenopus motoneurons and muscle cells can be grown together in simple culture medium at room temperature; they will form functional synapses within twelve to twenty-four hours, and can be used to study nerve and muscle cell development and synaptic interactions for several days (until overgrowth occurs). Some advantages of these co-cultures over other vertebrate preparations include the simplicity of preparation, the ability to maintain the cultures and work at room temperature, and the ready accessibility of the synapses formed2-4. The preparation has been used widely to study the biophysical properties of presynaptic ion channels and the regulation of transmitter release5-8. In addition, the preparation has lent itself to other uses including the study of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis9-12, molecular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release13-15, the role of diffusible messengers in neuromodulation16,17, and in vitro synaptic plasticity18-19.

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

This video demonstrates the procedures used to grow primary cultures of embryonic Xenopus nerve and muscle cells and the usefulness of this preparation for making simultaneous pre- and post-synaptic patch clamp recordings.

סימולטני טרום והקלטת אלקטרו פוסט סינפטי מ<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; עצבי שרירי Co-תרבויות

Much information about the coupling of  presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained  from invertebrate preparations, ...

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Calcium Imaging of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in regulating the intracellular calcium concentration. Changing environmental conditions, such as the light-dark cycle, can modify neuronal and neural network activity and the expression of a family of circadian clock genes within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the location of the master circadian clock in the mammalian brain. Excitatory synaptic transmission leads to an increase in the postsynaptic Ca2+ concentration that is believed to activate the signaling pathways that shifts the rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes. Hypothalamic slices containing the SCN were patch clamped using microelectrodes filled with an internal solution containing the calcium indicator bis-fura-2. After a seal was formed between the microelectrode and the SCN neuronal membrane, the membrane was ruptured using gentle suction and the calcium probe diffused into the neuron filling both the soma and dendrites. Quantitative ratiometric measurements of the intracellular calcium concentration were recorded simultaneously with membrane potential or current. Using these methods it is possible to study the role of changes of the intracellular calcium concentration produced by synaptic activity and action potential firing of individual neurons. In this presentation we demonstrate the methods to simultaneously record electrophysiological activity along with intracellular calcium from individual SCN neurons maintained in brain slices.

Procedures are described to perform simultaneous recordings of membrane potential or current and changes of intracellular calcium concentration. Suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are filled with the calcium indicator bis-fura-2 using a patch clamp electrode in the whole cell patch clamp configuration.

אלקטרו הקלטה בו זמנית ובסידן הדמיה של suprachiasmatic גרעין נוירונים

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in ...

Membrane Potential Dye Imaging of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Neurons From Adult Mice to Study Glucose Sensing

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with increasing connective tissue and decreased neuronal viability that occur with age. Here, we describe a methodology for the dissociation of healthy hypothalamic neurons from adult-aged mice. The ability to study neurons from adult-aged mice allows the use of disease models that manifest at a later age and might be more developmentally accurate for certain studies. Fluorescence imaging of dissociated neurons can be used to study the activity of a population of neurons, as opposed to using electrophysiology to study a single neuron. This is particularly useful when studying a heterogeneous neuronal population in which the desired neuronal type is rare such as for hypothalamic glucose sensing neurons. We utilized membrane potential dye imaging of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons to study their responses to changes in extracellular glucose. Glucose sensing neurons are believed to play a role in central regulation of energy balance. The ability to study glucose sensing in adult rodents is particularly useful since the predominance of diseases related to dysfunctional energy balance (e.g.&#160;obesity) increase with age.

The activity of single neurons from adult-aged mice can be studied by dissociating neurons from specific brain regions and using fluorescent membrane potential dye imaging. By testing responses to changes in glucose, this technique can be used to study the glucose sensitivity of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons.

ממברנה דיי הדמיה אפשרית של ventromedial היפותלמוס נוירונים מעכברים בוגרים ללמוד גלוקוז חישה

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram recordings. This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments, allowing recording of neural activity. Immobilization of the adult requires a mechanism to deliver dissolved oxygen to the gills in lieu of buccal and opercular movement. With our technique, animals are immobilized and perfused with habitat water to fulfill this requirement. A craniotomy is performed under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; tricaine) anesthesia to provide access to the brain. The primary electrode is then positioned within the craniotomy window to record extracellular brain activity. Through the use of a multitube perfusion system, a variety of pharmacological compounds can be administered to the adult fish and any alterations in the neural activity can be observed. The methodology not only allows for observations to be made regarding changes in neurological activity, but it also allows for comparisons to be made between larval and adult zebrafish. This gives researchers the ability to identify the alterations in neurological activity due to the introduction of various compounds at different life stages.

This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments to allow recordings and manipulation of neural activity in an intact animal.

הקלטת אלקטרו במוח של דג הזברה למבוגר שלמה

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram ...

A Method for Systematic Electrochemical and Electrophysiological Evaluation of Neural Recording Electrodes

New materials and designs for neural implants are typically tested separately, with a demonstration of performance but without reference to other implant characteristics.&#160;This precludes a rational selection of a particular implant as optimal for a particular application and the development of new materials based on the most critical performance parameters.&#160;This article develops a protocol for in vitro and in vivo testing of neural recording electrodes.&#160;Recommended parameters for electrochemical and electrophysiological testing are documented with the key steps and potential issues discussed.&#160;This method eliminates or reduces the impact of many systematic errors present in simpler in vivo testing paradigms, especially variations in electrode/neuron distance and between animal models.&#160;The result is a strong correlation between the critical in vitro and in vivo responses, such as impedance and signal-to-noise ratio.&#160;This protocol can easily be adapted to test other electrode materials and designs.&#160;The in vitro techniques can be expanded to any other nondestructive method to determine further important performance indicators.&#160;The principles used for the surgical approach in the auditory pathway can also be modified to other neural regions or tissue.

Different electrode coatings affect neural recording performance through changes to electrochemical, chemical and mechanical properties. Comparison of electrodes in vitro is relatively simple, however comparison of in vivo response is typically complicated by variations in electrode/neuron distance and between animals. This article provides a robust method to compare neural recording electrodes.

שיטה לאלקטרוכימי שיטתי ואלקטרו הערכה של אלקטרודות הקלטה עצביות

New materials and designs for neural implants are typically tested separately, with a demonstration of performance but without reference to other implant ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

שיטת אלקטרו עבור תגובות מתח תאיים הקלטה של<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; קולטני אור ו interneurons יאירו גירויים<em&gt; In vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival. The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to distinguish good food sources from potentially dangerous food sources. Gustation requires physical contact with a chemical compound which is able to signal through taste receptors that are expressed on the surface of neurons. In insects, these gustatory neurons can be located across the animal's body allowing taste to play an important role in many different behaviors. Insects typically prefer compounds containing sugars, while compounds that are considered bitter tasting are avoided. Given the basic biological importance of taste, there is intense interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this sensory modality. We describe an adult Drosophila taste assay which reflects the preference of the animals for a given tastant compound. This assay may be applied to animals of any genetic background to examine the taste preference for a desired soluble compound.

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Taste is an important sensory process which facilitates attraction to beneficial substances and avoidance of toxic substances. This protocol describes a simple ingestion assay for determining Drosophila gustatory preference for a given chemical compound.

Assay העדפות טעם למבוגרים<em&gt; תסיסנית</em

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival.  The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to ...

הקלטת אלקטרו מ

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video

מדידות אלקטרו ממערכת עש חוש הריח

הקלטה בו זמנית של אותות סידן מתא עצב לזהות התנהגות האכלה של תסיסנית melanogaster

הקלטת אלקטרו מוח קדמי בזחל דג זברה

סימולטני טרום והקלטת אלקטרו פוסט סינפטי מ

אלקטרו הקלטה בו זמנית ובסידן הדמיה של suprachiasmatic גרעין נוירונים

ממברנה דיי הדמיה אפשרית של ventromedial היפותלמוס נוירונים מעכברים בוגרים ללמוד גלוקוז חישה

הקלטת אלקטרו במוח של דג הזברה למבוגר שלמה

שיטה לאלקטרוכימי שיטתי ואלקטרו הערכה של אלקטרודות הקלטה עצביות

שיטת אלקטרו עבור תגובות מתח תאיים הקלטה של

Assay העדפות טעם למבוגרים