עבודה זו נתמכה בחלקו על ידי המכון הלאומי לבריאות מעניקה 5T32AI7493-20 ו5R01AI089337-03. היו הממנים לא היה תפקיד בעיצוב מחקר, איסוף נתונים וניתוח, החלטה לפרסם, או הכנה של כתב היד.

<ol>
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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fine+definition+of+the+epitope+on+the+gp41+glycoprotein+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+for+the+neutralizing+monoclonal+antibody+2F5.">Fine definition of the epitope on the gp41 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 for the neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2F5.</a> Journal of virology. 75, 10906-10911 (2001).</li><li>Farrow, A. 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יש המחברים אין לחשוף.

היישום של אסטרטגית transgene המסורתית על שינוי Ad5 לפיתוח של חיסונים כבר פחת בעיקר בשל צוואר הבקבוק הקשורים לAd5 PEI 4,6. צוואר בקבוק זה יכול להצטמצם באופן חלקי על ידי יישום של האסטרטגיה החלופית Antigen capsid על-התאגדות (איור 1 א), שכן אסטרטגיה זו יכולה להתחמק נטרול על י...

אדנווירוס אדם (מודעות) הוא וירוס עם nucleocapsid icosahedral מכיל הגנום DNA גדילים כפול בגודל בינוני, שאינו-עטף. מודעות שייכת למשפחת adenoviridae, עם סיווג לשבע קבוצות (עד G). כל קבוצה מכילה וירוס של סרוטיפים שונים. מזה, אדנווירוס סרוטיפ 5 (Ad5) מהקבוצה C כבר בהרחבה הנחקרת ביותר ומיושמים באופן נרחב ביותר לגישות וקטורים כמו ריפוי גנטי וחיסונים. אסטרטגית transgene המסורתית פותחה ומיושמת לשינויים Ad5, המתאפיין בתזוזה של גנים המוקדמים הווירוס עם גן-של-עניין, והביטוי הממוקד של הגן-של-עניין במארח. דוגמאות לכך הן הבנייה של pENV9 / Ad5hrΔE3 ידי החלפת גנים מוקדמים 3 (E3) עם גן rev של קופי וירוס כשל חיסוני 1, בניית AdCMVGag ידי החלפת גנים מוקדמים 1 (E1) עם גן איסור הפרסום של כשל חיסוני אנושיוירוס (HIV) 2, והבנייה של Z לאק מודעות על ידי החלפת E1 עם גן Z אק 3. היישום הרחב של אסטרטגית transgene המסורתית על Ad5 תלוי בגוף הבא: מגוון הרחב של מארחים לAd5, ההנדסה הגנטית אפשרית בנגיף והתפשטות וירוס, האירוח הגדול של הכנס גן זר והבטיחות של Ad5 4,5. עם זאת, efficacies המופחת של טיפולים קליניים וקטורים-Ad5 על ידי שימוש באסטרטגיה זו היה צוואר בקבוק עיקרי, אשר מופה להיות קשורות בעיקר עם Ad5 PEI, מאז Ad5 היא כל כך נפוץ בקרב רוב הילדים ומבוגרים 4,6. כדי להתגבר על צוואר הבקבוק העיקרי של Ad5, המטרה העיקרית היא לפתח אסטרטגיה חלופית עקיפת Ad5 PEI. חסינות מולדת 7, חסינות אדפטיבית כגון נוגדנים מנטרלים תגובות תא (nabs) 8-10 וCD8 + T 10 נגד Ad5 הוכחו שיתוףntribute לAd5 PEI, עם Ad5 nabs מופיע לשחק את התפקיד הדומיננטי בתרומות לAd5 PEI 10,11. יתר על כן, Ad5 nabs epitopes היעד ממוקמת בחלבוני קפסיד, כולל hexon העיקרי החלבון, סיבים ובסיס פנטון. מזה, hexon הוא היעד העיקרי של Ad5 nabs 8,11-13. בהתבסס על ממצאים אלה, אסטרטגית Antigen capsid על-התאגדות חדשנית כבר הציגה. אסטרטגית רומן זה מדגישה את ההחלפה או שילוב של חלבונים של ריבית על חלבוני קפסיד Ad5, שעוברים או מסכות epitopes Ad5 נטרול, שמובילה להכרה ירד ב nabs וממשלי וקטור Ad5 יעילים. ראוי לציין כי אסטרטגיה זו היא תחרותית כי זה גם יכול לעזור מארחים לעורר חסינות הלחות חזקה וחסינות תאית חזקה ישירות על ידי הצגת אנטיגנים של עניין למערכת החיסונית 4,14,15. בהתבסס על אסטרטגיה זו, השיבוט המולקולרי והצלת וקטור נגיפי מודעות רקומביננטי ניתן לחלק מבנילארבעה שלבים עיקריים: (א) הכנת בר הגן-של-עניין מתגובה או שרשרת פולימרז (PCR) או סינתזה; (ב) קשירה של בר הגן לפלסמיד הסעות המכיל את קטע הגן-של-עניין וזרועות הומולוגיות לשדרת אדנווירוס; רקומבינציה ההומולוגית על ידי (ג) פלסמיד ההסעות המכיל בר הגן-של-עניין עם פלסמיד עמוד השדרה לינארית pAd5 / ΔH5 (GL) 16 הפיכת שותף; (ד) transfection של פלסמיד adenoviral רקומביננטי לינארית כדי להציל את וקטור מודעות רקומביננטי משולב עם אנטיגנים של עניין. הקבוצה ועוד כמה שלנו הרחיבו את האסטרטגיה זו חלופת מודעות התאגדות לפיתוח חיסון וקטורי מודעות נגד פתוגנים זיהומיות שונים. דיווחנו הדור של וקטור רקומביננטי מודעת מודעה-HVR1-LGS-6 -V3 על ידי שילוב אנטיגן HIV-1 מתויג V3 לאזור HVR1 של hexon Ad5 (hexon5). וקטור שנוצר זה מופעל על strתגובת אונג הלחות חיסון ספציפית לאפיטופ V3 4. אנחנו גם דיווחו על ההתפתחות של Ad5 / HVR2-MPER-L15ΔE1 על ידי שילוב אזור HIV-1 קרום ectodomain הפרוקסימלי (MPER) לאזור HVR2 של hexon5 2. בנוסף, קבוצתו של ד&quot;ר ג &#39;והשתמשה ביתרונות של אסטרטגית התאגדות מודעות זו לפתח מודעות סרוטיפ 3 (Ad3) חיסוני וקטורים, כלומר., הדור של R1SP70A3 וקטור הנגיפי על ידי שילוב SP70 epitope נטרול של Enterovirus 71 לHVR1 של Ad3 hexon (hexon3). R1SP70A3 נוצר nabs חזק וייצור IFN-γ הספציפי לSP70 epitope, שיוביל לשיעור הגבוה של הגנה מפני Enterovirus 71 אתגר 15. לצורך ההתייחסות הטכנית, המחקר שלנו ניצל את אסטרטגית Antigen capsid על-ההתאגדות האיכותית להתמקד בדור של וקטור Ad5 דו ערכי Ad5 / H5-HVR1-קוואס-HVR5-6 על ידי שילוב אנטיגן HIV-1 לHVR1דה תגו לHVR5 של hexon5. הווקטור הנגיפי שנוצר היה גם הערכת מערכת חיסון. אסטרטגית Antigen capsid על-ההתאגדות יכולה להיות מנוצלת לפיתוח גישות חיסון וקטורים-Ad5 נגד מחלות זיהומיות שונות.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1x DPBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30256.01</td>
			<td>for cell spliting&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x DPBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30378.02</td>
			<td>for dialysis buffer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glycerol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>G5516-1L</td>
			<td>for dialysis buffer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>161-0301</td>
			<td>for virus lysis buffer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30910.03</td>
			<td>component of culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100X Non-Essential Amino Acids&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30238.01</td>
			<td>component of culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200mM/L L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>25-005-CI</td>
			<td>component of culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>penicillin/streptomycin solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td>component of culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM with high glucose</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30081.01</td>
			<td>for HEK293 cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum Essential Medium Eagle</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>M5650</td>
			<td>for HeLa cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol&#160;</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>P3803-100ML</td>
			<td>for large size of DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cesium chloride&#160;</td>
			<td>Research Products International Corp.</td>
			<td>C68050</td>
			<td>for virus purificiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>25-060-CI</td>
			<td>for CsCl solution preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK293</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>51-0036</td>
			<td>for virus rescue and upscale</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-2</td>
			<td>for neutralization assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-25 flask</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>156367</td>
			<td>for cell culture&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-75 flask</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>430641</td>
			<td>for cell culture&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-175 flask</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>159910</td>
			<td>for cell culture&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>BECKMAN</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>for virus purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tube</td>
			<td>BECKMAN</td>
			<td>344059</td>
			<td>for virus purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dialysis cassette&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>66380</td>
			<td>for virus dialysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISA plate</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>442404</td>
			<td>for ELISA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>human anti-gp41 (2F5) mAb</td>
			<td>NIH AIDS Reagent Program</td>
			<td>1475</td>
			<td>for immunological assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse anti-His tag mAb</td>
			<td>GenScript</td>
			<td>A00186</td>
			<td>for immunological assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOC medium</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>46-003-CR</td>
			<td>for transformation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR master mix solution</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>201445</td>
			<td>for PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal lancet (point length at 5mm)</td>
			<td>MEDIpoint</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for mice bleeding&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biophotometer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for virus physical titer titration</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing the antigen capsid-incorporation strategy for the development of adenovirus serotype 5-vectored vaccine approaches

סרוטיפ אדנווירוס 5 (Ad5) השתנה באופן נרחב בשיטות מסורתיות transgene לפיתוח החיסון. Efficacies המופחת של וקטורי Ad5 שונה באופן מסורתי אלה בניסויים קליניים יכול להיות מתואם בעיקר עם חסינות Ad5 קיימים מראש (PEI) בקרב רוב האוכלוסייה. כדי לקדם את פיתוח חיסון-וקטורי Ad5 על ידי פתרון הדאגה של Ad5 PEI, אסטרטגית Antigen capsid על-ההתאגדות החדשנית כבר מועסק. על ידי הכשרון של אסטרטגיה זו, Ad5-וקטורים שנבנינו מעבורת hexon ראשונה פלסמיד HVR1-קוואס-HVR5-6 / pH5S ידי subcloning אזור hypervariable (HVR) 1 של hexon לפלסמיד הסעות נבנה בעבר HVR5-6 / pH5S, שהיה לו תג 6 שולב HVR5. בר זה HVR1 DNA המכיל HIV epitope ELDKWAS היה מסונתז. HVR1-קוואס-HVR5-6 / pH5S היה אז לינארית ושיתוף הפך עם pAd5 פלסמיד עמוד השדרה לינארית / ΔH5 (GL),לרקומבינציה ההומולוגית. פלסמיד recombined זה pAd5 / H5-HVR1-קוואס-HVR5-6 היה transfected לתאים לייצר הווקטור הנגיפי Ad5 / H5-HVR1-קוואס-HVR5-6. וקטור זו קיבל תוקף יש כושר איכותי שצוין על ידי כייל פיזי (סמנכ&quot;ל / מיליליטר) נגיפי, כייל זיהומיות (IP / מיליליטר) וסמנכ&quot;ל יחס / IP מתאים. שני epitope HIV והתג 6 שלו היו בקפסיד Ad5 משטח חשוף, ושמר על antigenicity epitope הספציפי משלהם. Assay נטרול הצביע על היכולת של וקטור דו ערכי זה לעקוף נטרול על ידי סרה Ad5 חיובית במבחנה. חיסון עכברים הוכיח את הדור של ספציפי חסינות הלחות החזקה לאפיטופ HIV ו -6. מחקר ההוכחה של עיקרון זה הציע כי הפרוטוקול הקשורים לאסטרטגית Antigen capsid על-ההתאגדות יכול להיות מנוצל יתכן עבור הדור של חיסוני וקטורים-Ad5 ידי שינוי חלבוני קפסיד שונים. פרוטוקול זה יכול אפילו להיות further שונה עבור הדור של חיסונים-וקטורי אדנווירוס נדיר-סרוטיפ.

אסטרטגית Antigen capsid על-ההתאגדות (איור 1 א) נוצלה ליצירה דו הערכי הווקטור הנגיפי Ad5 Ad5 / H5-HVR1-קוואס-HVR5-6. ראשית, הסעות פלסמיד HVR1-קוואס-HVR5-6 / pH5S נבנה על ידי subcloning בר HVR1-קוואס לפלסמיד ההסעות נבנו הקודם HVR5-6 / pH5S 17. שנית, pAd5 פלסמיד / H5-HVR1-קוואס-HVR5-6</su...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches at JoVE.com

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול ליצור וקטור הוכחה של עיקרון סוג אדנווירוס דו הערכי 5 (Ad5) Ad5 / H5-HVR1-קוואס-HVR5-6 על ידי ניצול אסטרטגית Antigen capsid על-ההתאגדות. וקטור זה הודגם להפגין כושר איכותי, היכולת להימלט סרה Ad5 חיובית במבחנה, וantigenicity כמו גם חיסונית לאנטיגנים המשולבים.

ניצול capsid על-התאגדות האסטרטגיה Antigen לפיתוח גישות Adenovirus סרוטיפ 5-וקטורי חיסון

Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) has been extensively modified with traditional transgene methods for the vaccine development. The reduced efficacies of these ...

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

10.3K Views.  University of Alabama at Birmingham.  כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול ליצור וקטור הוכחה של עיקרון סוג אדנווירוס דו הערכי 5 (Ad5) Ad5 / H5-HVR1-קוואס-HVR5-6 על ידי ניצול אסטרטגית Antigen capsid על-ההתאגדות. וקטור זה הודגם להפגין כושר איכותי, היכולת להימלט סרה Ad5 חיובית במבחנה, וantigenicity כמו גם חי?...

Video: Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Efficient Recombinant Parvovirus Production with the Help of Adenovirus-derived Systems

Rodent parvoviruses (PV) such as rat H-1PV and MVM, are small icosahedral, single stranded, DNA viruses. Their genome includes two promoters P4 and P38 which regulate the expression of non-structural (NS1 and NS2) and capsid proteins (VP1 and VP2) respectively1. They attract high interest as anticancer agents for their oncolytic and oncosuppressive abilities while being non-pathogenic for humans2. NS1 is the major effector of viral cytotoxicity3. In order to further enhance their natural antineoplastic activities, derivatives from these vectors have been generated by replacing the gene encoding for the capsid proteins with a therapeutic transgene (e.g. a cytotoxic polypeptide, cytokine, chemokine, tumour suppressor gene etc.)4. The recombinant parvoviruses (recPVs) vector retains the NS1/2 coding sequences and the PV genome telomeres which are necessary for viral DNA amplification and packaging. Production of recPVs occurs only in the producer cells (generally HEK293T), by co-transfecting the cells with a second vector (pCMV-VP) expressing the gene encoding for the VP proteins (Fig. 1)4. The recPV vectors generated in this way are replication defective. Although recPVs proved to possess enhanced oncotoxic activities with respect to the parental viruses from which they have been generated, their production remains a major challenge and strongly hampers the use of these agents in anti-cancer clinical applications.
We found that introduction of an Ad-5 derived vector containing the E2a, E4(orf6) and the VA RNA genes (e.g. pXX6 plasmid) into HEK293T improved the production of recPVs by more than 10 fold in comparison to other protocols in use. Based on this finding, we have constructed a novel Ad-VP-helper that contains the genomic adenoviral elements necessary to enhance recPVs production as well as the parvovirus VP gene unit5. The use of Ad-VP-helper, allows production of rec-PVs using a protocol that relies entirely on viral infection steps (as opposed to plasmid transfection), making possible the use of cell lines that are difficult to transfect (e.g. NB324K) (Fig. 2). We present a method that greatly improves the amount of recombinant virus produced, reducing both the production time and costs, without affecting the quality of the final product5. In addition, large scale production of recPV (in suspension cells and bioreactors) is now conceivable.

Here we describe a protocol based only on cell infection, which improves the efficiency of recombinant parvovirus production by more than 100 fold in comparison to other protocols in use. This protocol relies on the use of a novel adenovirus 5-based helper containing the parvovirus VP transcription unit (Ad-VP).

ייצור יעיל Parvovirus רקומביננטי בעזרת adenovirus הנגזרות מערכות

Rodent parvoviruses (PV) such as rat H-1PV and MVM, are small icosahedral, single stranded, DNA viruses. Their genome includes two promoters P4 and P38 ...

Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells

The development and implementation of arenavirus reverse genetics represents a significant breakthrough in the arenavirus field 4. The use of cell-based arenavirus minigenome systems together with the ability to generate recombinant infectious arenaviruses with predetermined mutations in their genomes has facilitated the investigation of the contribution of viral determinants to the different steps of the arenavirus life cycle, as well as virus-host interactions and mechanisms of arenavirus pathogenesis 1, 3, 11 . In addition, the development of trisegmented arenaviruses has permitted the use of the arenavirus genome to express additional foreign genes of interest, thus opening the possibility of arenavirus-based vaccine vector applications 5 . Likewise, the development of single-cycle infectious arenaviruses capable of expressing reporter genes provides a new experimental tool to improve the safety of research involving highly pathogenic human arenaviruses 16 . The generation of recombinant arenaviruses using plasmid-based reverse genetics techniques has so far relied on the use of rodent cell lines 7,19 , which poses some barriers for the development of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-licensed vaccine or vaccine vectors. To overcome this obstacle, we describe here the efficient generation of recombinant arenaviruses in FDA-approved Vero cells.

Rescue of recombinant arenaviruses from cloned cDNAs, an approach referred to as reverse genetics, allows researchers to investigate the role of specific viral gene products, as well as the contribution of their different specific domains and residues, to many different aspects of the biology of arenavirus. Likewise, reverse genetics techniques in FDA-approved cell lines (Vero) for vaccine development provides novel possibilities for the generation of effective and safe vaccines to combat human pathogenic arenaviruses.

דור של Arenavirus רקומביננטי לפיתוח חיסון בתאי Vero-FDA

The development and implementation of arenavirus reverse genetics represents a significant breakthrough in the arenavirus field  4. The use of cell-based ...

Using Click Chemistry to Measure the Effect of Viral Infection on Host-Cell RNA Synthesis

Many RNA viruses have evolved the ability to inhibit host cell transcription as a means to circumvent cellular defenses. For the study of these viruses, it is therefore important to have a quick and reliable way of measuring transcriptional activity in infected cells. Traditionally, transcription has been measured either by incorporation of radioactive nucleosides such as 3H-uridine followed by detection via autoradiography or scintillation counting, or incorporation of halogenated uridine analogs such as 5-bromouridine (BrU) followed by detection via immunostaining. The use of radioactive isotopes, however, requires specialized equipment and is not feasible in a number of laboratory settings, while the detection of BrU can be cumbersome and may suffer from low sensitivity.
The recently developed click chemistry, which involves a copper-catalyzed triazole formation from an azide and an alkyne, now provides a rapid and highly sensitive alternative to these two methods. Click chemistry is a two step process in which nascent RNA is first labeled by incorporation of the uridine analog 5-ethynyluridine (EU), followed by detection of the label with a fluorescent azide. These azides are available as several different fluorophores, allowing for a wide range of options for visualization.
This protocol describes a method to measure transcriptional suppression in cells infected with the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) strain MP-12 using click chemistry. Concurrently, expression of viral proteins in these cells is determined by classical intracellular immunostaining. Steps 1 through 4 detail a method to visualize transcriptional suppression via fluorescence microscopy, while steps 5 through 8 detail a method to quantify transcriptional suppression via flow cytometry. This protocol is easily adaptable for use with other viruses.

This method describes the use of click chemistry to measure changes in host cell transcription after infection with the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) strain MP-12. Results can be visualized qualitatively via fluorescence microscopy or obtained quantitatively through flow cytometry. This method is adaptable for use with other viruses.

שימוש בכימיה לחץ כדי למדוד את ההשפעה של זיהום ויראלי בסינתזת RNA Host-Cell

Many RNA viruses have evolved the ability to inhibit host cell transcription as a means to circumvent cellular defenses. For the study of these viruses, ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in mice. Recently, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling was shown to be important for initial T cell priming and memory T cell development during WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection. In this study, two flow cytometry-based methods &#8211; an in vitro T cell priming assay and an intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) &#8211; were utilized to assess dendritic cells (DCs) and T cell functions. In the T cell priming assay, cell proliferation was analyzed by flow cytometry following co-culture of DCs from both groups of mice with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) - labeled CD4+ T cells of OTII transgenic mice. This approach provided an accurate determination of the percentage of proliferating CD4+ T cells with significantly improved overall sensitivity than the traditional assays with radioactive reagents. A microcentrifuge tube system was used in both cell culture and cytokine staining procedures of the ICS protocol. Compared to the traditional tissue culture plate-based system, this modified procedure was easier to perform at biosafety level (BL) 3 facilities. Moreover, WNV- infected cells were treated with paraformaldehyde in both assays, which enabled further analysis outside BL3 facilities. Overall, these in vitro immunological assays can be used to efficiently assess cell-mediated immune responses during WNV infection.

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Two flow cytometry-based methods &#8211; an in vitro T cell priming assay and intracellular cytokine staining were utilized to measure antigen presenting capacity of dendritic cells and antigen-specific T cell responses to a West Nile virus mutant infection in mice.

בניתוח חוץ גופייה של תיווך Myd88 הסלולרי תגובה החיסונית לוירוס הנילוס המערבי זיהום הזנים Mutant

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Detection of Human Leukocyte Antigen Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Utilizing Label-free Biosensor Technology

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 200,000 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year and approximately 40,000 will die from the disease. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I samples peptides derived from proteasomal degradation of cellular proteins and presents these fragments on the cell surface for interrogation by circulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Generation of T-cell receptor mimic (TCRm) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which recognize breast cancer specific peptide/HLA-A*02:01 complexes such as those derived from macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF19-27) and NY-ESO-1157-165 enable detection and destruction of breast cancer cells in the absence of an effective anti-tumor CTL response. Intact class I HLA/peptide complexes are shed by breast cancer cells and represent potentially relevant cancer biomarkers. In this work, a breakthrough biomarker screening system for cancer diagnostics incorporating T-cell receptor mimic monoclonal antibodies combined with a novel, label-free biosensor utilizing guided-mode resonance (GMR) sensor technology is presented. Detection of shed MIF/HLA-A*02:01 complexes in MDA-MB-231 cell supernatants, spiked human serum, and patient plasma is demonstrated. The impact of this work could revolutionize personalized medicine through development of companion disease diagnostics for targeted immunotherapies.

Intact class I HLA/peptide complexes are shed by cancer cells, representing a potential relevant cancer biomarker. Utilizing label-free sensor technology and T-cell receptor mimicking monoclonal antibodies, detection of shed MIF/HLA-A*02:01 complexes in MDA-MB-231 cell supernatants, spiked human serum, and patient plasma is demonstrated, enabling development of a novel cancer diagnostic platform.

איתור של יקוציט האדם Antigen Biomarkers בסרטן שד ניצול הטכנולוגיה biosensor ללא תווית

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 200,000 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year and approximately 40,000 will ...

Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor Fc&#949;RI

The interaction of IgE with its high-affinity Fc receptor (Fc&#949;RI) followed by an antigenic challenge is the principal pathway in IgE mediated allergic reactions. As a consequence of the high affinity binding between IgE and Fc&#949;RI, along with the continuous production of IgE by B cells, allergies usually persist throughout life, with currently no permanent cure available. Horses, especially race horses, which are commonly inbred, are a species of mammals that are very prone to the development of hypersensitivity responses, which can seriously affect their performance. Physiological responses to allergic sensitization in horses mirror that observed in humans and dogs. In this paper we describe the development of an in situ assay system for the quantitative assessment of the release of mediators of the allergic response pertaining to the equine system. To this end, the gene encoding equine Fc&#949;RI&#945; was transfected into and expressed onto the surface of parental Rat Basophil Leukemia (RBL-2H3.1) cells. The gene product of the transfected equine &#945;-chain formed a functional receptor complex with the endogenous rat &#946;- and &#947;-chains 1. The resultant assay system facilitated an assessment of the quantity of mediator secreted from equine Fc&#949;RI&#945; transfected RBL-2H3.1 cells following sensitization with equine IgE and antigenic challenge using &#946;-hexosaminidase release as a readout 2, 3. Mediator release peaked at 36.68% &#177; 4.88% at 100 ng ml-1 of antigen. This assay was modified from previous assays used to study human and canine allergic responses 4, 5. We have also shown that this type of assay system has multiple applications for the development of diagnostic tools and the safety assessment of potential therapeutic intervention strategies in allergic disease 6, 2, 3.

Development of an &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; model system for studying the interaction of &lt;em&gt;Equus&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;caballus&lt;/em&gt; IgE with its high-affinity receptor Fc&amp;#949;RI

The current study describes the development and applications of a genetically engineered assay system based on the transfection of rat basophilic leukemia cells with the equine Fc&#949;RI&#945; gene. Transfected cells express a functional receptor where the release of mediators of the allergic response can be activated by IgE and antigen.

פיתוח<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; מערכת מודל לחקר האינטראקציה של<em&gt; Equus</em&gt;<em&gt; Caballus</em&gt; IgE עם קולטן גבוה הזיקה שלה FcεRI

The interaction of IgE with its high-affinity Fc receptor (Fc&#949;RI) followed by an antigenic challenge is the principal pathway in IgE mediated ...

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral tissues through an as-yet undefined mechanism. The application of multiphoton microscopy to the study of the immune system provides a tool to measure the dynamics of immune responses within intact tissues. Here we present a protocol for non-invasive intravital multiphoton imaging of CD4 T cells in the inflamed mouse ear dermis. Use of a custom imaging platform and a venous catheter allows for the visualization of CD4 T cell dynamics in the dermal interstitium, with the ability to interrogate these cells in real-time via the addition of blocking antibodies to key molecular components involved in motility. This system provides advantages over both in vitro models and surgically invasive imaging procedures. Understanding the pathways used by CD4 T cells for motility may ultimately provide insight into the basic function of CD4 T cells as well as the pathogenesis of both autoimmune diseases and pathology from chronic infections.

The mechanisms that govern the interstitial motility of CD4 effector T cells at sites of inflammation are relatively unknown. We present a non-invasive approach to visualize and manipulate in vitro-primed CD4 T cells in the inflamed ear dermis, allowing for study of the dynamic behavior of these cells in situ.

הדמית תא CD4 T גירת ביניים בדרמיס המוסת

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral ...

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Autoimmune diseases arise due to the loss of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunologic self-tolerance. Tregs represent about 5 - 10% of the mature CD4+ T cell subpopulation in mice and humans, with about 1 - 2% of those Tregs circulating in the peripheral blood. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into functional Tregs, which have a potential to be used for cell-based therapies of autoimmune diseases. Here, we present a method to develop antigen (Ag)-specific Tregs from iPSCs (i.e., iPSC-Tregs). The method is based on incorporating the transcription factor FoxP3 and an Ag-specific T cell receptor (TCR) into iPSCs and then differentiating on OP9 stromal cells expressing Notch ligands delta-like (DL) 1 and DL4. Following in vitro differentiation, the iPSC-Tregs express CD4, CD8, CD3, CD25, FoxP3, and Ag-specific TCR and are able to respond to Ag stimulation. This method has been successfully applied to cell-based therapy of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model. Adoptive transfer of these Ag-specific iPSC-Tregs into Ag-induced arthritis (AIA)-bearing mice has the ability to reduce joint inflammation and swelling and to prevent bone loss.

We present here a method to develop functional antigen (Ag)-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for immunotherapy of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model.

פיתוח תאי גזע שמקורם אנטיגן ספציפי תקינים בתאי T נגד אוטואימוניות

Autoimmune diseases arise due to the loss of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunologic ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a striking increase in life expectancy around the globe. Nonetheless, determining vaccine efficacy remains a challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that the current acellular vaccine (aPV) for Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) induces suboptimal immunity. Therefore, a major challenge is designing a next-generation vaccine that induces protective immunity without the adverse side effects of a whole-cell vaccine (wPV). Here we describe a protocol that we used to test the efficacy of a promising, novel adjuvant that skews immune responses to a protective Th1/Th17 phenotype and promotes a better clearance of a B. pertussis challenge from the murine respiratory tract. This article describes the protocol for mouse immunization, bacterial inoculation, tissue harvesting, and analysis of immune responses. Using this method, within our model, we have successfully elucidated crucial mechanisms elicited by a promising, next-generation acellular pertussis vaccine. This method can be applied to any infectious disease model in order to determine vaccine efficacy.

Here we present an elegant protocol for in vivo evaluation of vaccine effectiveness and host immune responses. This protocol can be adapted for vaccine models that study viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens.

הערכה של פתוגן-פונדקאי תגובות והיעילות החיסון בעכברים

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...

Use of an Influenza Antigen Microarray to Measure the Breadth of Serum Antibodies Across Virus Subtypes

The influenza virus remains a significant cause of mortality worldwide due to the limited effectiveness of currently available vaccines. A key challenge to the development of universal influenza vaccines is high antigenic diversity resulting from antigenic drift. Overcoming this challenge requires novel research tools to measure the breadth of serum antibodies directed against many virus strains across different antigenic subtypes. Here, we present a protocol for analyzing the breadth of serum antibodies against diverse influenza virus strains using a protein microarray of influenza antigens.
This influenza antigen microarray is constructed by printing purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens onto a nitrocellulose-coated membrane using a microarray printer. Human sera are incubated on the microarray to bind antibodies against the influenza antigens. Quantum-dot-conjugated secondary antibodies are used to simultaneously detect IgG and IgA antibodies binding to each antigen on the microarray. Quantitative antibody binding is measured as fluorescence intensity using a portable imager. Representative results are shown to demonstrate assay reproducibility in measuring subtype-specific and cross-reactive influenza antibodies in human sera.
Compared to traditional methods such as ELISA, the influenza antigen microarray provides a high throughput multiplexed approach capable of testing hundreds of sera for multiple antibody isotypes against hundreds of antigens in a short time frame, and thus has applications in sero-surveillance and vaccine development. A limitation is the inability to distinguish binding antibodies from neutralizing antibodies.

We present a protocol for using a protein microarray constructed by printing influenza antigens onto nitrocellulose-coated slides to simultaneously probe serum for multiple antibody isotypes against over 250 antigens from different virus strains, thus allowing measurement of the breadth of serum antibodies across virus subtypes.

שימוש של מיקרוarray אנטיגן שפעת כדי למדוד את היקף של נוגדנים סרום ברחבי תת וירוס

The influenza virus remains a significant cause of mortality worldwide due to the limited effectiveness of currently available vaccines. A key challenge ...