Name: methods to investigate the regulatory role of small rnas and ribosomal occupancy of plasmodium falciparum
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Investigate the Regulatory Role of Small RNAs and Ribosomal Occupancy of Plasmodium falciparum at JoVE.com

This research was funded by Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, NIH R21DK080994, Duke Chancellor's pilot project fund, the Roche Foundation for Anemia Research and The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. G.L. is supported by Duke's UPGG and the NIH (Grant # 5R01AI090141-03) and K.A.W. by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program.

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The authors have no competing financial interests to declare.

HBS הוא אחד גרסאות המוגלובין הנפוצות ביותר באזורים אנדמיים למלריה, במידה רבה משום שהוא מספק הגנה מפני מלריה חמורה שנגרמה על ידי פ &#39; falciparum. הטכניקות דרושות כדי לאפיין את התפקיד של microRNA האנושי בויסות הגנים של פ falciparum מפורטים בכל כתב היד הזה. על ידי מיצוי RNA הכו?...

מלריה, הנגרמת על ידי טפילי apicomplexan של הסוג Plasmodium, היא המחלה טפילית האנושית הנפוצה ביותר, בעולם מדביק כ -200 מיליון אנשים בכל שנה וגורם למותם סביב 600,000 1. של חמישה מיני Plasmodium שלהדביק בני אדם, הרלוונטי ביותר למחלות של בני אדם הוא פ falciparum ופ vivax, בשל ההפצות שלהם נרחבות ופוטנציאל לסיבוכי מלריה חמורים. מחזור החיים של טפיל המלריה דורש זיהום של שני יתושים ובני אדם. כאשר יתוש נגוע נושך אדם, הטפילים לנסוע דרך מחזור הדם אל הכבד, שבו עגול של שכפול ראשוני מתרחש. לאחר merozoites קרע מhepatocyte המארח, הם להדביק תאי דם אדומים סמוכים, ייזום שכפול או מיני או מיני. השלב מיני של שכפול, שנמשך 48 שעות בפ falciparum, הוא המוקד של מחקר זה מאחר שהוא גם המקור של רוב malסימפטומים ואריה הוא סכמו בקלות במבחנה. בעוד מספר יוזמות בריאות ציבור, לרבות טיפולים נגד מלריה השתפרו, יש מעט הפחית את הנטל של המלריה בעולם, את הופעתה המתמשכת של טפילים עמידים סמים מהווה בעיה עבור מאמצי שליטת מלריה. תחום אחד שיכול להציע גישות טיפוליות חדשות הוא המחקר על איך שונים וריאנטים גנטיים להקנות עמידות למלריה. באזורים נגועים מלריה, מגוון רחב של פולימורפיזם האריתרוציטים הם די נפוץ 2,3. מוטציות אלה, עם חרמשית להיות אולי הבולטים ביותר, הקשורים לעתים קרובות עם התנגדות משמעותית להתפרצות של זיהום המלריה סימפטומטי 4. המנגנונים שבאמצעותם הם גורמים אריתרוציטים להתנגד זיהום מלריה הם הבינו באופן חלקי. אריתרוציטים parasitized עם מוטציות המוגלובין כפופים להרס עצמי משופר באמצעות קשיחות משופרת סלולרית והתייבשות, שמזוהה עם פלישת ירד ב פ falciparum 5. אלל HBC משפיע גם על ביטוי חלבון על פני השטח כדורית אדומה ועם שיפוץ של שלד התא, עיכוב התפתחות טפילה 6,7 נוסף. לבסוף, פ falciparum גדל היטב במגל הומוזיגוטים (HBSS) אריתרוציטים 8,9 במבחנה, המצביעים על גורמי האריתרוציטים פנימיים של התנגדות מלריה. עם זאת, בעוד שכל מנגנונים אלה מופיעים לתפקיד, הם לא מסבירים באופן מלא את המנגנונים מאחורי התנגדות חרמשית למלריה. סט פוטנציאלי אחד גורמי האריתרוציטים שיישארו הבין היטב הוא המאגר הגדול של הווה מירנה בתוך אריתרוציטים בוגרים. מיקרו RNA הוא RNA קטן קידוד-עישון, 19-25 NT בגודל, אשר מתווך תרגום ו / או יציבות של mRNAs היעד על ידי זיווג בסיס ב&#39;UTR 3. הם היו מעורבים בשליטה של ​​תגובות חיסוניים של יונקים, כוללים הדיכוי oו וירוס שכפול 10, והוצגו להקנות עמידות לוירוסים בצמחים הם גם הוכחו להסדיר כמה תהליכי האריתרוציטים, כוללים כדוריות דם אדום 11,12 וחילוף חומרי ברזל 13. מחקרים קודמים זיהו אוכלוסייה עשירה ומגוונת של miRNAs האריתרוציטים, ביטוי שהיה שינה באופן דרמטי בHBSS אריתרוציטים 14,15. מאז אריתרוציטים בוגרים חסרי שעתוק ותרגום פעילים, התפקיד הפונקציונלי של miRNAs כדורית אדומה אלה עדיין לא ברור. כתמורה חומרית משמעותית מתרחשת בין התא המארח ופ falciparum במהלך המחזור ההתפתחותי intraerythrocytic (IDC) 16, שהעריך כי פרופיל מירנה שינה בתוך אריתרוציטים HBS עשוי תורם ישירות להתנגדות מלריה תא פנימי. מחקרים אלה הובילו בסופו לפיתוח של צינור לבודד, לזהות ותפקודי ללמוד את התפקיד של מירנה אדם בתוך מ &#39;טפיל alaria, פ falciparum, אשר ציין כי miRNAs אדם המארח / אלה סופו של דבר קוולנטית נתיך ולאחר מכן translationally להדחיק תעתיקי mRNA טפיל 17. זה סיפק דוגמא של התמלילים הראשונים בין מיני chimeric נוצרו על ידי טרנס שחבור ומפליל שהיתוך מירנה-mRNA זה יכול להיות מתרחש במינים אחרים, כוללים טפילים אחרים. כל mRNAs trypanosome הם עם אחוי-מנהיג (SL)-שחבור טרנס להסדיר את ההפרדה של תמלילי polycistronic 18. מאז פ falciparum חסר orthologs לדייסר / לפני 19,20, זה אפשרי, כי miRNAs כדורית אדומה לחטוף מכונות SL דומות בפ falciparum להשתלב גני המטרה. מחקרים שנעשה לאחרונה בפ falciparum יש למעשה הצביע על הנוכחות של 5 רצפים &#39;מנהיג אחוי 21. מחקר זה מפרט את השיטות שהובילו לגילוי של תמלילי היתוך אנושי-טפיל מירנה-mRNA, כולל שני transcriptomic ותרגומיםטכניקות רגולציה tional. המטרות הכללית של שיטות אלה הן לחקור את ההשפעות של RNA הקטן בפוטנציאל ויסות הגנים, פנוטיפים ותרגום של פ תמלילי falciparum. זיהוי הראשוני של תמלילי chimeric אדם טפיל לסמוך על שימוש בטכניקות ניתוח RNA, כמו בזמן אמת PCR, רצף transcriptome ולכידת ספריית EST, שכלל שני RNAs כולל וקטן, ולא תוך שימוש בטכניקות שרק מבודדת RNA קטן. בידוד כל RNA יחד בבריכה אחת גדולה, ולא בנפרד, אפשר זיהוי של שני RNA הקטן אדם translocated בטפיל, כמו גם נוכחות של רצפי RNA הקטנים אלה כחלק מרצף גדול יותר. אז זה נדרש ניתוח של מצב התרגום של mRNAs ההיתוך אלה כדי לקבוע את ההשלכות התפקודיות של שילובים אלה. בעוד מאמצים רבים באפיון הגנום של הטפילtranscriptome ד הוסיפה להבנת הביולוגיה של הטפיל 22-25, הרבה פחות ידוע על תקנת translational של transcriptome mRNA על פני מחזור החיים של פ falciparum 26. הבנה מוגבלת זו של proteome של הטפיל הפריעה שתי הבנה של הביולוגיה של הטפיל ואת היכולת לזהות מטרות חדשות עבור הדור הבא של תרופות נגד מלריה. פער בהבנה של הביולוגיה התאית של הטפיל זה נמשך במידה רבה בשל חוסר טכניקות נאותות לחקור רגולציה translational בפ falciparum. נייר האחרון אחד תאר את השימוש בfootprinting ריבוזומלי של פ falciparum כדי לקבוע את מצב התרגום העולמי 21. אחת מדידה מבוססת היטב של פוטנציאל translational של תמלילים היא מספר הריבוזומים קשורים נקבעים על ידי polysome פרופיל. עם זאת, כאשר טכניקה זו מיושמת לפ falciparum &lt;/ Em&gt;, זה לא יכול לשחזר את רוב polysomes ולוכד בעיקר monosomes. לאחרונה, מספר קבוצות 27,28 אופטימיזציה פ טכניקות polysome falciparum ידי lysing כדורית אדומה וטפיל בו זמנית לשמור על polysomes ולאפיין את תפוסת ריבוזומלי ופוטנציאל translational של טפילי מלריה אלה במהלך ההתפתחות מינית שלהם בתאים אדומים מארח 28. באופן קולקטיבי, שיטות אלה להוכיח כי ההיתוך הנצפה של mRNAs מירנה והטפיל האנושי מודולציה תרגום חלבון טפיל של mRNAs ההיתוך אלה, שהודגם בשיטות שדווחו בעבר 27, והוא הקובע עיקרי של התנגדות מלריה בHBAs וHBSS אריתרוציטים 17. שיטות אלה יהיו שימושיות בכל מערכת מחפשת לזהות ופונקציונלי לחקור אירועי שחבור רנ&quot;א, אם RNAs ההיתוך אלה נמצאים בפ falciparum או מערכות אחרות אוקריוטים.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;REAGENTS-All reagents must be RNAse-free.&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diethyl pyrocarbonate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D5758</td><td>DEPC</td></tr><tr><td>DEPC-treated water (see REAGENT SETUP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yoyo-1 DNA fluorescent dye</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gene Pulser II electroporator</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.2 cm Electroporation cuvettes</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4 M potassium acetate</td><td>Mallinckrodt</td><td>6700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 M potassium HEPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H0527</td><td>pH 7.2</td></tr><tr><td>1 M magnesium acetate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M-2545</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 M dithiothreitol</td><td>Research Products International</td><td>D11000</td><td>DTT</td></tr><tr><td>100 mM phenylmethylsulfonate fluoride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P7626</td><td>PMSF, dissolved in isopropanol</td></tr><tr><td>10% (v/v) Igepal CA-630</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>I3021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D-6750</td><td>DOC</td></tr><tr><td>Cycloheximide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C-7698</td><td>CHX</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Mallinckrodt</td><td>8360-04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNAseOUT (Invitrogen, cat. no. 100000840)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>100000840</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI-1640 w/ L-glutamine</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>10-040-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10% AlbuMAX I</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>11020-039</td><td>w/v in sterile water</td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15750-060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HT supplement (100x) (Invitrogen, cat. no. 11067030)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>45% (w/v) sucrose (Sigma, cat no. G8769)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 M HEPES buffer (Gibco, cat. no. 15630-080)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1x phosphate buffered saline (PBS; Cellgro, cat. no. 2109310CV)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corning 500 ml vacuum filter flask (VWR, cat. no. 430769)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass slides (VWR, cat. no. 48311-702)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Giemsa stain (50X) (VWR, cat no. m708-01)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mirVana miRNA isolation kit (Ambion, ThermoFisher Scientific).</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5&#039; Biotin conjugated mature miRNA (sequence varies by miRNA of interest) (Dharmacon)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotin powder (Sigma-Aldrich)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 M Potassium Chloride</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Streptavidin Sepharose High Performance Beads (GE Healthcare)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ribosome resuspension buffer (see REAGENT SETUP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lysis buffer (see REAGENT SETUP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15% (w/v) sucrose gradient solution (see REAGENT SETUP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50% (w/v) sucrose gradient solution (see REAGENT SETUP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.5 M sucrose cushion (see REAGENT SETUP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60% (w/v) sucrose chase solution (see REAGENT SETUP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plasmodium cell culture media (see REAGENT SETUP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNA capture Wash Buffer (see REAGENT SETUP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNA Elution Buffer (see REAGENT SETUP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;REAGENT SETUP&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Plasmodium cell culture media&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>500 ml RPMI-1640 w/ L-glutamine</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.5 ml gentamicin</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml HT supplement</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2.5 ml 45% glucose</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25 ml 10% AlbuMAX I</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12.5 ml 1 M HEPES</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile filter with 0.2 mm vacuum filter flask.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Plasmodium cell culture media containing 10x CHX&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Same recipe as Plasmodium cell culture media above, with the addition of:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 mM cycloheximide</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Media is prepared as normal, then add CHX to a final concentration of 2 mM and filter.&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;1x PBS containing cycloheximide&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cycloheximide is added fresh to 1x PBS to a final concentration of 200 mM, and kept at 4 &lt;sup&gt;O&lt;/sup&gt;C until use.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Ribosome resuspension buffer&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>400 mM potassium acetate</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25 mM potassium HEPES, pH 7.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 mM magnesium acetate</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200 mM cycloheximide (add fresh)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 mM DTT (add fresh)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 mM PMSF (add fresh)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>40 U/ml RNaseOUT (add fresh)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lysis buffer&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Same recipe as ribosome resuspension buffer above, with the addition of:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1% (v/v) Igepal CA-630</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.5% (w/v) DOC</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Sucrose solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Same recipe as ribosome resuspension buffer above, with the addition of varying amounts of sucrose:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15% (w/v) sucrose to make 15% sucrose gradient solution</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50% (w/v) sucrose to make 50% sucrose gradient solution</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.5 M sucrose to make 0.5 M sucrose cushion</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>As above, cycloheximide, DTT, PMSF, and RNaseOUT must be added fresh.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>The 60% sucrose chase solution requires only sucrose and water, no other components</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60% (w/v) sucrose in DEPC-treated water to make 60% sucrose chase solution</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;RNA Capture Wash Buffer&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20 mM&amp;nbsp; KCl</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 unit/ml Rnase Out (Invitrogen)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;RNA Capture Elution Buffer&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Same recipe as RNA Capture Wash Buffer, with the addition of:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 mM Biotin</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;EQUIPMENT&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SW55 Ti ultracentrifuge rotor (Beckman, cat. no. 342194)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SW41 Ti ultracentrifuge rotor (Beckman, cat. no. 331362)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultra-Clear&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt; &amp;frac12; x 2 in (13 x 51 mm) ultracentrifuge tubes for the SW55 (Beckman, cat. no. 344057)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyallomer 9/16 x 3 &amp;frac12; in (14 x 89 mm) ultracentrifuge tubes for the SW41 (Beckman, cat. no. 331372)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L8-80M ultracentrifuge (Beckman)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Steel blunt syringe needle, 4 inch, 16 G (Aldrich, cat. no. Z261378)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringe with 27 G&amp;frac12; needle (Becton Dickinson, cat no. 309623)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml syringe (Becton Dickinson, cat. no. 309646)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tube rotator, end-over-end</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge, refrigerated</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Density gradient fractionation system (Teledyne Isco, cat. no. 69-3873-179)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TracerDAQ (Measurement Computing)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf 5810R centrifuge</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf A-4-81 rotor (Eppendorf, cat. no. 022638807)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

methods to investigate the regulatory role of small rnas and ribosomal occupancy of plasmodium falciparum

הווריאציה הגנטית אחראית לאלל חרמשית (HBS) מאפשרת אריתרוציטים להתנגד זיהום על ידי טפיל המלריה, פ falciparum. הבסיס המולקולרי של התנגדות זו, אשר ידועה להיות גורמים מרובים, נשאר הבין באופן חלקי. מחקרים שנעשה לאחרונה מצאו כי ביטוי ההפרש של מיקרו RNA כדורית אדומה, translocated פעם לטפילי מלריה, להשפיע הן ויסות הגנים וצמיחת טפיל. miRNAs אלה מאוחר יותר הוצג לעכב תרגום mRNA על ידי יצירת תעתיקי הרנ&quot;א chimeric באמצעות 5 היתוך &#39;RNA עם תת דיסקרטי של mRNAs טפיל. כאן, בטכניקות ששמשו כדי ללמוד את התפקיד הפונקציונלי ומייקרו-רנ&quot;א כדורית אדומה המשוער מנגנון הבסיסי על ויסות הגנים ופוטנציאל translational של פ falciparum, כולל transfection של מיקרו RNA הסינתטי שונה לאריתרוציטים מארח, שיפורט. לבסוף, שיטת שיפוע polysome משמשת כדי לקבוע את מידת translation של תמלילים אלה. יחד, טכניקות אלה אפשרו לנו להוכיח כי רמות dysregulated של מיקרו RNA כדורית אדומה תורמות להתנגדות מלריה תא הפנימי של אריתרוציטים מגל.

פרופיל עולמי של microRNA האנושי בפ falciparum הטכניקות שהוצגו כאן שמשו כדי לחלץ מיקרו-רנ&quot;א מטפילים במגוון רחב של מצבים. דבר אחד שיש לציין הוא כי עקירות RNA לRBCs נגוע בוצעו כפי שצוינה ב -32, אשר לעתים קרובות שימשו כנקודת התייחסות ל?...

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Methods to Investigate the Regulatory Role of Small RNAs and Ribosomal Occupancy of Plasmodium falciparum

Human microRNAs translocate from host erythrocytes to Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Here, the techniques used to transfect synthetic microRNAs into host erythrocytes and isolate all RNAs from P. falciparum are described. In addition, this paper will detail a method of polysome isolation in P. falciparum to determine the ribosomal occupancy and translational potential of parasite transcripts.

שיטות כדי לחקור את תפקיד הרגולציה של RNA הקטן וריבוזומלי תפוסה של<em&gt; Falciparum Plasmodium</em

The genetic variation responsible for the sickle cell allele (HbS) enables erythrocytes to resist infection by the malaria parasite, P. falciparum. The ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Methods to Investigate the Regulatory Role of Small RNAs and Ribosomal Occupancy of Plasmodium falciparum

8.8K Views.  Duke University School of Medicine. Human microRNAs translocate from host erythrocytes to Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Here, the techniques used to transfect synthetic microRNAs into host erythrocytes and isolate all RNAs from P. falciparum are described. In addition, this paper will detail a method of polysome isolation in P. falciparum to determine the ribosomal occupancy and translational potential of parasite transcripts. 

Video: Methods to Investigate the Regulatory Role of Small RNAs and Ribosomal Occupancy of Plasmodium falciparum

Novel RNA-Binding Proteins Isolation by the RaPID Methodology

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play important roles in every aspect of RNA metabolism and regulation. Their identification is a major challenge in modern biology. Only a few in vitro and in vivo methods enable the identification of RBPs associated with a particular target mRNA. However, their main limitations are the identification of RBPs in a non-cellular environment (in vitro) or the low efficiency isolation of RNA of interest (in vivo). An RNA-binding protein purification and identification (RaPID) methodology was designed to overcome these limitations in yeast and enable efficient isolation of proteins that are associated in vivo. To achieve this, the RNA of interest is tagged with MS2 loops, and co-expressed with a fusion protein of an MS2-binding protein and a streptavidin-binding protein (SBP). Cells are then subjected to crosslinking and lysed, and complexes are isolated through streptavidin beads. The proteins that co-purify with the tagged RNA can then be determined by mass spectrometry. We recently used this protocol to identify novel proteins associated with the ER-associated PMP1 mRNA. Here, we provide a detailed protocol of RaPID, and discuss some of its limitations and advantages.

RNA-protein interactions lie at the heart of many cellular processes. Here, we describe an in vivo method to isolate specific RNA and identify novel proteins that are associated with it. This could shed new light on how RNAs are regulated in the cell.

RNA מחייב רומן בידוד חלבונים לפי שיטת RAPID

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play important roles in every aspect of RNA metabolism and regulation. Their identification is a major challenge in modern ...

Genetics

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

The mechanisms regulating mRNA translation are involved in various biological processes, such as germ line development, cell differentiation, and organogenesis, as well as in multiple diseases. Numerous publications have convincingly shown that specific mechanisms tightly regulate mRNA translation. Increased interest in the translation-induced regulation of protein expression has led to the development of novel methods to study and follow de novo protein synthesis in cellulo. However, most of these methods are complex, making them costly and often limiting the number of mRNA targets that can be studied. This manuscript proposes a method that requires only basic reagents and a confocal fluorescence imaging system to measure and visualize the changes in mRNA translation that occur in any cell line under various conditions. This method was recently used to show localized translation in the subcellular structures of adherent cells over a short period of time, thus offering the possibility of visualizing de novo translation for a short period during a variety of biological processes or of validating changes in translational activity in response to specific stimuli.

This manuscript describes a method to visualize and quantify localized translation events in subcellular compartments. The approach proposed in this manuscript requires a basic confocal imaging system and reagents and is rapid and cost-effective.

Immunofluorescence כמותי מודדים הגלובלי לשפות אחרות תרגום

The mechanisms regulating mRNA translation are involved in various biological processes, such as germ line development, cell differentiation, and ...

Biochemistry

Polysome Profiling in Leishmania, Human Cells and Mouse Testis

Proper protein expression at the right time and in the right amounts is the basis of normal cell function and survival in a fast-changing environment. For a long time, the gene expression studies were dominated by research on the transcriptional level. However, the steady-state levels of mRNAs do not correlate well with protein production, and the translatability of mRNAs varies greatly depending on the conditions. In some organisms, like the parasite Leishmania, the protein expression is regulated mostly at the translational level. Recent studies demonstrated that protein translation dysregulation is associated with cancer, metabolic, neurodegenerative and other human diseases. Polysome profiling is a powerful method to study protein translation regulation. It allows to measure the translational status of individual mRNAs or examine translation on a genome-wide scale. The basis of this technique is the separation of polysomes, ribosomes, their subunits and free mRNAs during centrifugation of a cytoplasmic lysate through a sucrose gradient. Here, we present a universal polysome profiling protocol used on three different models - parasite Leishmania major, cultured human cells and animal tissues. Leishmania cells freely grow in suspension and cultured human cells grow in adherent monolayer, while mouse testis represents an animal tissue sample. Thus, the technique is adapted to all of these sources. The protocol for the analysis of polysomal fractions includes detection of individual mRNA levels by RT-qPCR, proteins by Western blot and analysis of ribosomal RNAs by electrophoresis. The method can be further extended by examination of mRNAs association with the ribosome on a transcriptome level by deep RNA-seq and analysis of ribosome-associated proteins by mass spectroscopy of the fractions. The method can be easily adjusted to other biological models.

Polysome Profiling in Leishmania, Human Cells and Mouse Testis

The overall goal of polysome profiling technique is analysis of translational activity of individual mRNAs or transcriptome mRNAs during protein synthesis. The method is important for studies of protein synthesis regulation, translation activation and repression in health and multiple human diseases.

Polysome פרופיל לישמניה, תאים אנושיים, Testis העכבר

Proper protein expression at the right time and in the right amounts is the basis of normal cell function and survival in a fast-changing environment. For ...

An Oligonucleotide-based Tandem RNA Isolation Procedure to Recover Eukaryotic mRNA-Protein Complexes

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play key roles in the post-transcriptional control of gene expression. Therefore, biochemical characterization of mRNA-protein complexes is essential to understanding mRNA regulation inferred by interacting proteins or non-coding RNAs. Herein, we describe a tandem RNA isolation procedure (TRIP) that enables the purification of endogenously formed mRNA-protein complexes from cellular extracts. The two-step protocol involves the isolation of polyadenylated mRNAs with antisense oligo(dT) beads and subsequent capture of an mRNA of interest with 3&#39;-biotinylated 2&#39;-O-methylated antisense RNA oligonucleotides, which can then be isolated with streptavidin beads. TRIP was used to recover in vivo crosslinked mRNA-ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes from yeast, nematodes and human cells for further RNA and protein analysis. Thus, TRIP is a versatile approach that can be adapted to all types of polyadenylated RNAs across organisms to study the dynamic re-arrangement of mRNPs imposed by intracellular or environmental cues.

A tandem RNA isolation procedure (TRIP) for recovery of endogenously formed mRNA-protein complexes is described. Specifically, RNA-protein complexes are crosslinked in vivo, polyadenylated RNAs are isolated from extracts with oligo(dT) beads, and particular mRNAs are captured with modified RNA antisense oligonucleotides. Proteins bound to mRNAs are detected by immunoblot analysis.

הליך בידוד RNA טנדם מבוססי Oligonucleotide לשחזר את מתחמי ה-mRNA האיקריוטים-חלבון

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play key roles in the post-transcriptional control of gene expression. Therefore, biochemical characterization of mRNA-protein ...

An Assay for Quantifying Protein-RNA Binding in Bacteria

In the initiation step of protein translation, the ribosome binds to the initiation region of the mRNA. Translation initiation can be blocked by binding of an RNA binding protein (RBP) to the initiation region of the mRNA, which interferes with ribosome binding. In the presented method, we utilize this blocking phenomenon to quantify the binding affinity of RBPs to their cognate and non-cognate binding sites. To do this, we insert a test binding site in the initiation region of a reporter mRNA and induce the expression of the test RBP. In the case of RBP-RNA binding, we observed a sigmoidal repression of the reporter expression as a function of RBP concentration. In the case of no-affinity or very low affinity between binding site and RBP, no significant repression was observed. The method is carried out in live bacterial cells, and does not require expensive or sophisticated machinery. It is useful for quantifying and comparing between the binding affinities of different RBPs that are functional in bacteria to a set of designed binding sites. This method may be inappropriate for binding sites with high structural complexity. This is due to the possibility of repression of ribosomal initiation by complex mRNA structure in the absence of RBP, which would result in lower basal reporter gene expression, and thus less-observable reporter repression upon RBP binding.

In this method, we quantify the binding affinity of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) to cognate and non-cognate binding sites using a simple, live, reporter assay in bacterial cells. The assay is based on repression of a reporter gene.

שיטת בדיקת מעטפת חלבון-RNA כריכת חיידקים

In the initiation step of protein translation, the ribosome binds to the initiation region of the mRNA. Translation initiation can be blocked by binding ...

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 protein variants encoded by the var genes.
The haploid P. falciparum genome harbors approximately 60 different var genes of which only one has been believed to be transcribed per cell at a time during the blood stage of the infection. How such mutually exclusive regulation of var gene transcription is achieved is unclear, as is the identification of individual var genes or sub-groups of var genes associated with different receptors and the consequence of differential binding on the clinical outcome of P. falciparum infections. Recently, the mutually exclusive transcription paradigm has been called into doubt by transcription assays based on individual P. falciparum transcript identification in single infected erythrocytic cells using RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of var gene transcription by the parasite in individual nuclei of P. falciparum IE1.
Here, we present a detailed protocol for carrying out the RNA-FISH methodology for analysis of var gene transcription in single-nuclei of P. falciparum infected human erythrocytes. The method is based on the use of digoxigenin- and biotin- labeled antisense RNA probes using the TSA Plus Fluorescence Palette System2 (Perkin Elmer), microscopic analyses and freshly selected P. falciparum IE. The in situ hybridization method can be used to monitor transcription and regulation of a variety of genes expressed during the different stages of the P. falciparum life cycle and is adaptable to other malaria parasite species and other organisms and cell types.

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization FISH

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify mRNA transcripts in individual cells allows analysis of polygenic activity such as the simultaneous transcription of more than one member of the var multigene family in Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes 1. The technique is adaptable and can be used on different types of genes, cells and organisms.

ניתוח של שעתוק גנים מהתא הבודד על ידי RNA פלורסנט<em&gt; באתר</em&gt; הכלאה (דגים)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 ...

Biology

Standard Membrane Feeding Assay for the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Anopheles Mosquito Vectors

Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases worldwide and, to date, the African region is still responsible for 94% of all cases worldwide. This parasitic disease requires a protozoan parasite, an Anopheles mosquito vector, and a vertebrate host. The Anopheles genus comprises more than 500 species, of which 60 are known as vectors of the parasite. The Plasmodium parasite genus consists of 250 species, and 48 of these are involved in disease transmission. Furthermore, the Plasmodium falciparum parasite has contributed toward an estimated 99.7% of malaria cases in sub-Saharan Africa in recent years. 
Gametocytes form part of the sexual stage of the parasite and are ingested by the female mosquito upon feeding on an infected human host. Further development of the parasite within the mosquito is enhanced by favorable environmental conditions in the midgut of the mosquito. Here, the fusion of the female and male gametes takes place, and the motile ookinetes originate. The ookinetes enter the midgut epithelium of the mosquito, and mature ookinetes form oocysts, which, in turn, produce motile sporozoites. These sporozoites migrate to the mosquito's salivary glands and are injected as a mosquito takes a blood meal. 
For drug discovery purposes, mosquitoes were artificially infected with gametocyte-infected blood in the standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA). To detect infection within the mosquito and/or to assess the efficacy of antimalarial compounds, the midguts of the female mosquitoes were removed post infection and were stained with mercurochrome. This method was used to enhance the visual detection of oocysts under the microscope for the accurate determination of oocyst prevalence and intensity.

Standard Membrane Feeding Assay for the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Anopheles Mosquito Vectors

The standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) is regarded as the gold standard for the assessment and identification of potential antimalarial compounds. This artificial feeding system is used to infect mosquitoes to further evaluate the effects of such compounds on the intensity and prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite.

בדיקת הזנת ממברנה סטנדרטית לזיהוי זיהום פלסמודיום פלציפרום בווקטורים של יתושים אנופלס

Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases worldwide and, to date, the African region is still responsible for 94% of all cases worldwide. This ...

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

mRNA translation plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression and represents the most energy consuming process in mammalian cells. Accordingly, dysregulation of mRNA translation is considered to play a major role in a variety of pathological states including cancer. Ribosomes also host chaperones, which facilitate folding of nascent polypeptides, thereby modulating function and stability of newly synthesized polypeptides. In addition, emerging data indicate that ribosomes serve as a platform for a repertoire of signaling molecules, which are implicated in a variety of post-translational modifications of newly synthesized polypeptides as they emerge from the ribosome, and/or components of translational machinery. Herein, a well-established method of ribosome fractionation using sucrose density gradient centrifugation is described. In conjunction with the in-house developed &#8220;anota&#8221; algorithm this method allows direct determination of differential translation of individual mRNAs on a genome-wide scale. Moreover, this versatile protocol can be used for a variety of biochemical studies aiming to dissect the function of ribosome-associated protein complexes, including those that play a central role in folding and degradation of newly synthesized polypeptides.

Ribosomes play a central role in protein synthesis. Polyribosome (polysome) fractionation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation allows direct determination of translation efficiencies of individual mRNAs on a genome-wide scale. In addition, this method can be used for biochemical analysis of ribosome- and polysome-associated factors such as chaperones and signaling molecules.

Polysome היפוך חלוק וניתוח של יונקי Translatomes בקנה מידת הגנום

mRNA translation plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression and represents the most energy consuming process in mammalian cells. ...

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

Regulation of protein synthesis represents a key control point in cellular response to stress. In particular, discreet RNA regulatory elements were shown to allow to selective translation of specific mRNAs, which typically encode for proteins required for a particular stress response. Identification of these mRNAs, as well as the characterization of regulatory mechanisms responsible for selective translation has been at the forefront of molecular biology for some time. Polysome profiling is a cornerstone method in these studies. The goal of polysome profiling is to capture mRNA translation by immobilizing actively translating ribosomes on different transcripts and separate the resulting polyribosomes by ultracentrifugation on a sucrose gradient, thus allowing for a distinction between highly translated transcripts and poorly translated ones. These can then be further characterized by traditional biochemical and molecular biology methods. Importantly, combining polysome profiling with high throughput genomic approaches allows for a large scale analysis of translational regulation.

The ability of cells to adapt to stress is crucial for their survival. Regulation of mRNA translation is one such adaptation strategy, providing for rapid regulation of the proteome. Here, we provide a standardized polysome profiling protocol to identify specific mRNAs that are selectively translated under stress conditions.

הערכת סלקטיבי mRNA התרגום בתאי יונקים ידי Polysome פרופיל

Regulation of protein synthesis represents a key control point in cellular response to stress. In particular, discreet RNA regulatory elements were shown ...

An Easy Method for Plant Polysome Profiling

Translation of mRNA to protein is a fundamental and highly regulated biological process. Polysome profiling is considered as a gold standard for the analysis of translational regulation. The method described here is an easy and economical way for fractionating polysomes from various plant tissues. A sucrose gradient is made without the need for a gradient maker by sequentially freezing each layer. Cytosolic extracts are then prepared in a buffer containing cycloheximide and chloramphenicol to immobilize the cytosolic and chloroplastic ribosomes to mRNA and are loaded onto the sucrose gradient. After centrifugation, six fractions are directly collected from the bottom to the top of the gradient, without piercing the ultracentrifugation tube. During collection, the absorbance at 260 nm is read continuously to generate a polysome profile that gives a snapshot of global translational activity. Fractions are then pooled to prepare three different mRNA populations: the polysomes, mRNAs bound to several ribosomes; the monosomes, mRNAs bound to one ribosome; and mRNAs that are not bound to ribosomes. mRNAs are then extracted. This protocol has been validated for different plants and tissues including Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and adult plants, Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum lycopersicum, and Oryza sativa leaves.

This protocol describes an easy method to extract and fractionate transcripts from plant tissues on the basis of the number of bound ribosomes. It allows a global estimate of translation activity and the determination of the translational status of specific mRNAs.

שיטה קלה הצמח Polysome Profiling

Translation of mRNA to protein is a fundamental and highly regulated biological process. Polysome profiling is considered as a gold standard for the ...

שיטות כדי לחקור את תפקיד הרגולציה של RNA הקטן וריבוזומלי תפוסה של

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