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	<li>Cambuli, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+memory+of+the+first+cell+fate+decision+prevents+complete+ES+cell+reprogramming+into+trophoblast.">Epigenetic memory of the first cell fate decision prevents complete ES cell reprogramming into trophoblast.</a> Nat commun. 5, 5538 (2014).</li><li>Takahashi, K., Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells+from+Mouse+Embryonic+and+Adult+Fibroblast+Cultures+by+Defined+Factors.">Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors.</a> Cell. 126 (4), 663-676 (2006).</li><li>Kubaczka, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Induction+of+Trophoblast+Stem+Cells+from+Murine+Fibroblasts.">Direct Induction of Trophoblast Stem Cells from Murine Fibroblasts.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 17 (5), 557-568 (2015).</li><li>Benchetrit, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extensive+Nuclear+Reprogramming+Underlies+Lineage+Conversion+into+Functional+Trophoblast+Stem-like+Cells.">Extensive Nuclear Reprogramming Underlies Lineage Conversion into Functional Trophoblast Stem-like Cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 17 (5), 543-556 (2015).</li><li>Tanaka, S., Kunath, T., Hadjantonakis, A. K., Nagy, A., Rossant, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Promotion+of+trophoblast+stem+cell+proliferation+by+FGF4.">Promotion of trophoblast stem cell proliferation by FGF4.</a> Science. 282 (5396), 2072-2075 (1998).</li><li>Erlebacher, A., Price, K. A., Glimcher, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+mouse+trophoblast+stem+cell+proliferation+by+TGF-beta/activin.">Maintenance of mouse trophoblast stem cell proliferation by TGF-beta/activin.</a> Dev Biol. 275 (1), 158-169 (2004).</li><li>Hochedlinger, K., Yamada, Y., Beard, C., Jaenisch, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ectopic+expression+of+Oct-4+blocks+progenitor-cell+differentiation+and+causes+dysplasia+in+epithelial+tissues.">Ectopic expression of Oct-4 blocks progenitor-cell differentiation and causes dysplasia in epithelial tissues.</a> Cell. 121 (3), 465-477 (2005).</li><li>Jozefczuk, J., Drews, K., Adjaye, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+mouse+embryonic+fibroblast+cells+suitable+for+culturing+human+embryonic+and+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Preparation of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells suitable for culturing human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> J Vis Exp. (64), (2012).</li><li>Maherali, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-efficiency+system+for+the+generation+and+study+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">A high-efficiency system for the generation and study of human induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 3 (3), 340-345 (2008).</li><li>Gavrilescu, L. C., Van Etten, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+replication-defective+retrovirus+by+transient+transfection+of+293T+cells.">Production of replication-defective retrovirus by transient transfection of 293T cells.</a> J Vis Exp. (10), e550 (2007).</li><li>Kubaczka, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+and+Maintenance+of+Murine+Trophoblast+Stem+Cells+under+Defined+Conditions.">Derivation and Maintenance of Murine Trophoblast Stem Cells under Defined Conditions.</a> Stem Cell Rep. 2 (2), 232-242 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

גורם 4 (Tfap2c, Gata3, Eomes, Ets2) פרוטוקול transdifferentiation המבוסס שהוצג כאן מציע שיטה אמינה לייצר המרת בנאמנות iTSCs מ פיברובלסטים עובריים בעכבר. יתר על כן, השיטה היא גם ישימה עבור פיברובלסטים זנב שלאחר לידה, אם כי עם ירידה יעילה לעומת פיברובלסטים עובריים 3. באופן כללי, איכות פיברובלסטים העיקרי היא גורם קריטי של תוצאת transdifferentiation וטיפול יש לנקוט כדי להשתמש בתאים מעבר מוקדם (מעבר שני כדי שלוש). כוחו של פרוטוקול זה הוא השימוש וקטורים מושרה דוקסיציקלין, המאפשרים שליטה זמנית של ביטוי transgene. זו מאפשרת את הדור של קווי iTSC יציבים להפעיל את הרשת גורם שעתוק אנדוגני, שמירת TSC גורל עצמאי ביטוי transgene. זאת בניגוד לפרוטוקולים שפורסמו בעבר, המתארת ​​את האינדוקציה של גורל TSC מתאי גזע עובריים, tha שיטהt עד כה מניב רק באופן חלקי גזע trophoblast לתכנות מחדש דמויי תאים תאים 1. עם זאת, מגבלה ידועה של הפרוטוקול המתואר כאן הוא המספר המשתנה של מושבות transdifferentiated המתעוררים, ולכן קשה לחזות את יעילות transdifferentiation. מגבלות אלה הן בשל גורמים משתנים כמה מן המעלה הראשונה, הם קריטיים עבור תוצאת transdifferentiation: יעילות התמרה של וקטורי lentiviral היחידים, בסך של התפשטות אוכלוסיית התא מתחילה, ואת הסכום של מוות של תאים במהלך transdifferentiation. תחת נסיבות מסוימות transdifferentiated מושבות iTSC להיכשל לצוץ. במקרה זה התקשורת ריאגנטים צריך להיבדק על יכולתם לתמוך בתרבות TSC אמיתי, לפני השימוש בהם בדור iTSC. בנוסף, התמר עם 4F ניתן טיטרציה, מאז כמויות גבוהות מדי של עופרת ביטוי transgene למות תא. באופן כללי, תת-culturing של l iTSC הפרטאינס דורש קצת תרגול. במקרה קשיים עם תת-תרבות של iTSCs להתרחש (כלומר., תאים תת תרבות אינם שומרים התחדשות עצמית במקום ספונטני להבדיל), מושבות מבודדות אחת יכולות להיות מצופות לחלופין על מאכלים עם צפיפות תאי 50% מזין הצמיחה מומת תאים לתמוך בצמיחה מצורפת של תאים. קווי iTSC ניתן אז נגמלו בהדרגה ניזונים במהלך passaging שלאחר מכן. מן הראוי לציין כי אנחנו לא מצליחים MEFs המרת ישירות לתוך iTSCs באמצעות תנאים בינוני TX מוגדר, מאז בינוני TX רק תומך הוקמה קווי iTSC / TSC. עד כה, הפרוטוקול לזירוז iTSC מ פיברובלסטים מוקם רק בתאים בעכברים. לפיכך, עכשיו יהיה עניין רב להתאים את הפרוטוקול למינים אחרים ולאפשר גזירה של קווי iTSC ממערכות מודל אנושיים או אחרות. יתר על כן, ניתוח של המנגנון המדויק של פיברובלסטים המרה iTSC יציע תובנות חדשות על הטבעשל סומטיים מול מחסום שושלת חוץ עוברי וסיוע בהבנת עקרונות קביעת גורל תא במהלך התפתחות נורמלית ופתולוגיים.

לאחרונה, במחקר שהשווה כמה גישות של תאי גזע עוברי בעכבר כדי Trophoblast המר גזע תאים גילה כי בכל המערכות המנותחות, מרת שושלת נשארת שלמה. במקום תאי גזע trophoblast המושרה (iTSCs) שנקראים גזע trophoblast תאים דמויי תאים נוצרו שמירה על זיכרון של תא גורל ממוצא 1. כאן פעלנו ע&quot;פ גישה שונה של דור iTSC. בדומה האינדוקציה הישירה של תאי גזע פלוריפוטנטיים מ פיברובלסטים עובריים בעכברים (MEFs) 2, iTSCs הומר ישירות מרקמת סומטיים מובחנת. ראשית, זיהינו 12 גורמי מועמד התרמת גורל TSC כאשר ביתר MEFs. בהמשך, הגורמים Tfap2c, Gata3, Eomes ו Ets2 זוהו להיות הכרחי ומספיק אינדוקציה iTSC 3. במקביל, קבוצה נוספת באופן עצמאי מצאו Tfap2c, Gata3 ו Eomes להיות בהן כדי להפוך את MEFs לתוך iTSCs. עם זאת, באותהמחקר, הזמן הנדרש ביטוי transgene מושווה הרבה יותר זמן במחקר שלנו, המציין קינטיקה מרה שונה, כאשר Ets2 תיאור מקוקטייל transdifferentiation 4. בסרום שור עובר קונבנציונלי (FBS) המכיל תרבות של מושרה בתאי גזע trophoblast נגזר הבלסטוציסט מסתמך על הנוכחות של גורמים המופרשים MEFs מומת צמיחה 5,6. במהלך אינדוקצית iTSC, הגורמים הללו ניתנים על ידי MEFs, אשר חסרים את השילוב המלא של transgenes ואינם עובר transdifferentiation. עם זאת, ברגע הפרט מושבות iTSC הם תת תרבות, הם דורשים מדיה, אשר כבר preconditioned ידי MEFs צמיחה מומת. משם ואילך, iTSCs יכול להיות מתורבת ומטופל כמו TSCs הבלסטוציסט נגזר על פי פרוטוקולים סטנדרטיים. מן הראוי לציין כי, בניגוד טנקה et al. 5, אנו שגרתי תרבות TSCs ו iTSCs ללא gelatinizing מנות תרבית תאים.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Doxycycline hyclate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D9891-10G</td><td>Dissolve in sterile PBS, prepare 2 mg/ml stock solution. Store aliquots at -20 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Chloroquine diphosphate salt&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C6628-25G</td><td>Prepare 25 mM stock solution in sterile cell culture grade water. Store aliquots at -20 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Polybrene (Hexadimethrine bromide)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>107689-10G</td><td>Prepare 8 mg/ml stock solution in sterile cell culture grade water. Store aliquots at -20 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>human recombinant Fibroblast Growth Factor 4</td><td>ReliaTech</td><td>300-131L</td><td>Dissolve in sterile 0.1% BSA in PBS, prepare 25 &amp;micro;g/ml stock solution. Store aliquots at -80 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Heparin sodium salt</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H3149-10KU</td><td>Prepare 1 mg/ml stock solution by dissolving in sterile PBS. Store aliquots at -80&amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>ProFection Mammalian Transfection System</td><td>Promega</td><td>E1200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS, no calcium, no magnesium</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>1419-094</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM (1x) + GlutaMAX</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>31966-021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640, no glutamine</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>31870-025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Advanced DMEM (1x)</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>12491-015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>25300-054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-lysine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P4707</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SH30071.03IR</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surfactant-free cellulose acetate-membrane filter</td><td>Corning</td><td>431220</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-essential amino acids</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>11140-035</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin Streptomycin</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Pyruvate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>11360-039</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-glutamine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>25030-24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>31350-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), cell culture grade</td><td>Panreac AppliChem GmbH</td><td>A3672,0100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pLV-tetO-Tfap2c</td><td>Addgene</td><td>70269</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pLV-tetO-Gata3</td><td>Addgene</td><td>70270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pLV-tetO-Eomes</td><td>Addgene</td><td>70271</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pLV-tetO-Ets2</td><td>Addgene</td><td>70272</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pLV-tetO-mCherry</td><td>Addgene</td><td>70273</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>psPAX2</td><td>Addgene</td><td>12260</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pMD2.G</td><td>Addgene</td><td>12259</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FUdeltaGW-rtTA&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Addgene</td><td>19780</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mice B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sor&lt;sup&gt;tm1(rtTA*M2)Jae/J 7&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>JAX Mice</td><td>6965</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>129S2SV</td><td>Charles River</td><td>129</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

protocol for the direct conversion of murine embryonic fibroblasts into trophoblast stem cells

תאי גזע Trophoblast (TSCs) העולות אגב החלטת גורל התא הראשונה בפיתוח יונק. הם יכולים להיות מתורבת במבחנה, שמירה על היכולת העצמית לחדש להתמיין בכל תתי הסוגים של השושלת trophoblast, שווה ערך ל vivo ב גזע עלייה נותן אוכלוסיית תאים לחלק העוברי של השליה. לכן, TSCs מציע מודל ייחודי ללמוד פיתוח שליה עוברי לעומת החלטת גורל תא חוץ עוברית במבחנה. משלב הבלסטוציסט ואילך, מחסום אפיגנטיים מובחן המורכב שינויים מתילציה דנ&quot;א היסטון בחוזקה מפריד הוא שושלות. כאן אנו מתארים פרוטוקול להתגבר על זה המכשול השושלת באופן מלא על ידי חולף ביטוי יתר של רגולטורים מרכזיים trophoblast Tfap2c, Gata3, Eomes ו Ets2 ב פיברובלסטים עובריים בעכברים. תאי גזע trophoblast המושרה מסוגלים עצמי לחדש והם כמעט זהים הבלסטוציסט תא גזע trophoblast נגזר iבמונחי n של מורפולוגיה, ביטוי גנים סמנו דפוס מתילציה. תפקודי במבחנת מבחני vivo לאשר כי התאים האלה מסוגלים להבחין לאורך שושלת trophoblast יוצרת תאים ענקים trophoblast polyploid ו chimerizing השליה כאשר מזריקה blastocysts. האינדוקציה של תאי גזע trophoblast מרקמות סומטיים פותחת אפיקים חדשים ללמוד את מאפיינים גנטיים אפיגנטיים של שושלת חוץ עוברית זה, ומציעה את האפשרות ליצור שורות תאי גזע trophoblast מבלי להרוס את העובר בהתאמה.

על הצלחת שבו ביטוי transgene של 4F מופעל, תאים לשנות מורפולוגיה במהירות (השווה איור 2 א &#39;וב&#39;). בסביבות יום 14 - 21 אזורים transdifferentiated ברורים לצוץ (שתי דוגמאות ניתנות באיור 2B ו- C). מושבות העיקריות אלה חסרי מורפולוגיה TSC טיפוסית; אולם ברגע שהם תת תרבות, מורפולוגיה אפיתל מאפיין עם קצוות הדוקים וגבולות בהירים מאוד מזכירים TSCs בתום לב עולה (איור 2 ד). 4F-iTSCs כתם חיובי עבור שעתוק trophoblast גורמי Cdx2 ו Tfap2c (2E איור). קווי iTSC אלה יכולים לשמש כעת עוקבים במבחנה או in vivo מנתח, כלומר, מבחני בידול במבחנה או ניסויי chimerization שליה. <img alt="איור 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54277/54277fig1.jpg" /> באיור 1. ציר הזמן של MEF כדי iTSC המרה. ייצוג גרפי של transdifferentiation של MEFs לתוך iTSCs. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54277/54277fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי לצפות בגרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו.</a> <img alt="איור 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54277/54277fig2.jpg" /> איור 2. שינויי נציג במורפולוגיה במהלך MEF מרת iTSC. (א) Photomicrograph של rtTA-MEFs. (ב) Photomicrograph של 4F-MEFs transdifferentiated. דוגמא של אזור transdifferentiated, מסומנת באדום. (C) דוגמא 2 של מושבה transdifferentiated ביום 21 של transdifferentiation לאחר אינדוקציה עשרה ימים DOX ב 4F-MEFs. פינה מתאימה-culturing תת מסומנת באדום. (ד) Photomicrograph של 4F-iTSCs לאחר culturing המשנה. כל ברי הסולם עולים 100 מיקרומטר. תמונות היו tAken על מיקרוסקופ הפוכה להשתמש בניגודיות 10X עדשה ושלב. (E) מכתים Immunofluorescence נגד שעתוק גורמי Cdx2 ו Tfap2c ב 4F-iTSCs. גרעיני מגואלות Hoechst. ברי סולם עולים 100 מיקרומטר. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54277/54277fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">לחצו כאן כדי לצפות בגרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו.</a>

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Protocol for the Direct Conversion of Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts into Trophoblast Stem Cells

Here we present a protocol for the direct conversion of murine embryonic fibroblasts into fully functional and stable trophoblast stem cells by ten day over-expression of Tfap2c, Gata3, Eomes and Ets2.

פרוטוקול עבור ההמרה הישירה של Murine העוברי פיברובלסטים לתאי גזע Trophoblast

Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) arise as a consequence of the first cell fate decision in mammalian development. They can be cultured in vitro, retaining ...

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7.6K Views.  Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School. Here we present a protocol for the direct conversion of murine embryonic fibroblasts into fully functional and stable trophoblast stem cells by ten day over-expression of Tfap2c, Gata3, Eomes and Ets2.

Video: Protocol for the Direct Conversion of Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts into Trophoblast Stem Cells

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Somatic reprogramming has enabled the conversion of adult cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from diverse genetic backgrounds and disease phenotypes. Recent advances have identified more efficient and safe methods for introduction of reprogramming factors. However, there are few tools to monitor and track the progression of reprogramming. Current methods for monitoring reprogramming rely on the qualitative inspection of morphology or staining with stem cell-specific dyes and antibodies. Tools to dissect the progression of iPSC generation can help better understand the process under different conditions from diverse cell sources. 
This study presents key approaches for kinetic measurement of reprogramming progression using flow cytometry as well as real-time monitoring via imaging. To measure the kinetics of reprogramming, flow analysis was performed at discrete time points using antibodies against positive and negative pluripotent stem cell markers. The combination of real-time visualization and flow analysis enables the quantitative study of reprogramming at different stages and provides a more accurate comparison of different systems and methods. Real-time, image-based analysis was used for the continuous monitoring of fibroblasts as they are reprogrammed in a feeder-free medium system. The kinetics of colony formation was measured based on confluence in the phase contrast or fluorescence channels after staining with live alkaline phosphatase dye or antibodies against SSEA4 or TRA-1-60. The results indicated that measurement of confluence provides semi-quantitative metrics to monitor the progression of reprogramming.

The protocol presented in this study describes methods for the real-time monitoring of reprogramming progression via the kinetic measurement of positive and negative pluripotent stem cell markers using flow cytometry analysis. The protocol also includes the imaging-based assessment of morphology, and marker or reporter expression during iPSC generation.

מדידת קינטי Real Time ויזואליזציה של תכנות מחדש סומטיים

Somatic reprogramming has enabled the conversion of adult cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from diverse genetic backgrounds and disease ...

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

This protocol details the induction of a hemogenic program in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) via overexpression of transcription factors (TFs). We first designed a reporter screen using MEFs from human CD34-tTA/TetO-H2BGFP (34/H2BGFP) double transgenic mice. CD34+ cells from these mice label H2B histones with GFP, and cease labeling upon addition of doxycycline (DOX). MEFS were transduced with candidate TFs and then observed for the emergence of GFP+ cells that would indicate the acquisition of a hematopoietic or endothelial cell fate. Starting with 18 candidate TFs, and through a process of combinatorial elimination, we obtained a minimal set of factors that would induce the highest percentage of GFP+ cells. We found that Gata2, Gfi1b, and cFos were necessary and the addition of Etv6 provided the optimal induction. A series of gene expression analyses done at different time points during the reprogramming process revealed that these cells appeared to go through a precursor cell that underwent an endothelial to hematopoietic transition (EHT). As such, this reprogramming process mimics developmental hematopoiesis "in a dish," allowing study of hematopoiesis in vitro and a platform to identify the mechanisms that underlie this specification. This methodology also provides a framework for translation of this work to the human system in the hopes of generating an alternative source of patient-specific hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for a number of applications in the treatment and study of hematologic diseases.

The protocol described here details the induction of a hemogenic program in mouse embryonic fibroblasts via overexpression of a minimal set of transcription factors. This technology may be translated to the human system to provide platforms for future study of hematopoiesis, hematologic disease, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

תכנות מחדש עכבר עוברי פיברובלסטים עם גורמי שעתוק כדי לגרום תכנית Hemogenic

This protocol details the induction of a hemogenic program in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) via overexpression of transcription factors (TFs). We ...

The Production of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Transposon System

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human somatic cells by forced expression of defined transcription factors using different methods. Here, we produced iPS cells from mouse amniotic fluid cells, using a non-viral-based transposon system. All obtained iPS cell lines exhibited characteristics of pluripotent cells, including the ability to differentiate toward derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. This strategy opens up the possibility of using cells from diseased fetuses to develop new therapies for birth defects.

In this study, we generate induced pluripotent stem cells from mouse amniotic fluid cells, using a non-viral-based transposon system.

את ייצור תאי גזע פלוריפוטנטיים מתאי מי שפירים עכבר באמצעות מערכת transposon

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human somatic cells by forced expression of defined transcription factors using ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of various trophoblastic cells that differentiate from the extra-embryonic trophectoderm cells of the preimplantation blastocyst. As such, our understanding of the early differentiation events of the human placenta is limited because of ethical and legal restrictions on the isolation and manipulation of human embryogenesis. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a robust model system for investigating human development and can also be differentiated in vitro into trophoblastic cells that express markers of the various trophoblast cell types. Here, we present a detailed protocol for differentiating hPSCs into trophoblastic cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal signaling pathways. This protocol generates various trophoblast cell types that can be transfected with siRNAs for investigating loss-of-function phenotypes or can be infected with pathogens. Additionally, hPSCs can be genetically modified and then differentiated into trophoblast progenitors for gain-of-function analyses. This in vitro differentiation method for generating human trophoblasts starting from hPSCs overcomes the ethical and legal restrictions of working with early human embryos, and this system can be used for a variety of applications, including drug discovery and stem cell research.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

Here, we present a protocol to efficiently generate human trophoblastic cells from human pluripotent stem cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal pathways. This method is suitable for the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and can generate large quantities of cells for genetic manipulation.

במבחנה בידול של האדם pluripotent בתאי גזע לתאי Trophoblastic

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of ...

Assessing Cardiomyocyte Subtypes Following Transcription Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

Direct reprogramming of one cell type into another has recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and lineage specification. In particular, the conversion of fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocyte-like myocytes (iCLMs) by Gata4, Hand2, Mef2c, and Tbx5 (GHMT) represents an important avenue for generating de novo cardiac myocytes in vitro and in vivo. Recent evidence suggests that GHMT generates a greater diversity of cardiac subtypes than previously appreciated, thus underscoring the need for a systematic approach to conducting additional studies. Before direct reprogramming can be used as a therapeutic strategy, however, the mechanistic underpinnings of lineage conversion must be understood in detail to generate specific cardiac subtypes. Here we present a detailed protocol for generating iCLMs by GHMT-mediated reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). 
We outline methods for MEF isolation, retroviral production, and MEF infection to accomplish efficient reprogramming. To determine the subtype identity of reprogrammed cells, we detail a step-by-step approach for performing immunocytochemistry on iCLMs using a defined set of compatible antibodies. Methods for confocal microscopy, identification, and quantification of iCLMs and individual atrial (iAM), ventricular (iVM), and pacemaker (iPM) subtypes are also presented. Finally, we discuss representative results of prototypical direct reprogramming experiments and highlight important technical aspects of our protocol to ensure efficient lineage conversion. Taken together, our optimized protocol should provide a stepwise approach for investigators to conduct meaningful cardiac reprogramming experiments that require identification of individual CM subtypes.

This manuscript describes a step-by-step protocol for the generation and quantification of diverse reprogrammed cardiac subtypes using a retrovirus-mediated delivery of Gata4, Hand2, Mef2c, and Tbx5.

הערכה תת סוגי Cardiomyocyte בעקבות תמלול פקטור בתיווך תכנות מחדש של פיברובלסטים עכבר עובריים

Direct reprogramming of one cell type into another has recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and lineage ...

Derivation of Stem Cell Lines from Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) derivation is the process by which pluripotent cell lines are established from preimplantation embryos. These lines retain the ability to either self-renew or differentiate under specific conditions. Due to these properties, mESC are a useful tool in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and tissue engineering studies. This article describes a simple protocol to obtain mESC lines with high derivation efficiencies (60-80%) by culturing blastocysts from permissive mouse strains on feeder cells in defined medium supplemented with leukemia inhibitory factor. The protocol can also be applied to efficiently derive mESC lines from non-permissive mouse strains, by the simple addition of a cocktail of two small-molecule inhibitors to the derivation medium (2i medium). Detailed procedures on the preparation and culture of feeder cells, collection and culture of mouse embryos, and derivation and culture of mESC lines are provided. This protocol does not require specialized equipment and can be carried out in any laboratory with basic mammalian cell culture expertise.

This article describes a protocol to efficiently derive and culture pluripotent stem cell lines from mouse embryos at the blastocyst stage.

נגזרת של שורות תאי גזע מעוברים של עכבר

Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) derivation is the process by which pluripotent cell lines are established from preimplantation embryos. These lines ...

Direct Lineage Reprogramming of Adult Mouse Fibroblast to Erythroid Progenitors

Erythroid cell commitment and differentiation proceed through activation of a lineage-restricted transcriptional network orchestrated by a group of cell fate determining and maturing factors. We previously set out to define the minimal set of factors necessary for instructing red blood cell development using direct lineage reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced erythroid progenitors/precursors (iEPs). We showed that overexpression of Gata1, Tal1, Lmo2, and c-Myc (GTLM) can rapidly convert murine and human fibroblasts directly to iEPs that resemble bona fide erythroid cells in terms of morphology, phenotype, and gene expression. We intend that iEPs will provide an invaluable tool to study erythropoiesis and cell fate regulation. Here we describe the stepwise process of converting murine tail tip fibroblasts into iEPs via transcription factor-driven direct lineage reprogramming (DLR). In this example, we perform the reprogramming in fibroblasts from erythroid lineage-tracing mice that express the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) under the control of the erythropoietin receptor gene (EpoR) promoter, enabling visualization of erythroid cell fate induction upon reprogramming. Following this protocol, fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into iEPs within five to eight days. 
While improvements can still be made to the process, we show that GTLM-mediated reprogramming is a rapid and direct process, yielding cells with properties of bona fide erythroid progenitor and precursor cells.

Here we present our protocol for producing induced erythroid progenitors (iEPs) from mouse adult fibroblasts using transcription factor-driven direct lineage reprogramming (DLR).

ישיר לשושלת התכנות של העכבר למבוגרים פיברובלסט Erythroid אבות

Erythroid cell commitment and differentiation proceed through activation of a lineage-restricted transcriptional network orchestrated by a group of cell ...

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts

Specification of the trophectoderm is one of the earliest differentiation events of mammalian development. The trophoblast lineage derived from the trophectoderm mediates implantation and generates the fetal part of the placenta. As a result, the development of this lineage is essential for embryo survival. Derivation of trophoblast stem (TS) cells from mouse blastocysts was first described by Tanaka et al. 1998. The ability of TS cells to preserve the trophoblast specific property and their expression of stage- and cell type-specific markers after proper stimulation provides a valuable model system to investigate trophoblast lineage development whereby recapitulating early placentation events. Furthermore, trophoblast cells are one of the few somatic cell types undergoing natural genome amplification. Although the molecular pathways underlying trophoblast polyploidization have begun to unravel, the physiological role and advantage of trophoblast genome amplification remains largely elusive. The development of diploid stem cells into polyploid trophoblast cells in culture makes this ex vivo system an excellent tool for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of genome replication and instability in health and disease. Here we describe a protocol based on previous reports with modification published in Chiu et al. 2008.

In this video, we demonstrate the isolation of mouse blastocysts and the derivation of trophoblast stem cells from blastocysts. We also describe conditions for maintenance of the stem cell property as well as induction of differentiation in culture.

גזירת Trophoblast עכבר בתאי גזע Blastocysts

Specification of the trophectoderm is one of the earliest differentiation events of mammalian development. The trophoblast lineage derived from the ...

Biology

Preparation of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cells Suitable for Culturing Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In general, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)1 can be cultured under variable conditions. However, it is not easy to establish an effective system for culturing these cells. Since the culture conditions can influence gene expression that confers pluripotency in hESCs and hiPSCs, the optimization and standardization of the culture method is crucial.
The establishment of hESC lines was first described by using MEFs as feeder cells and fetal bovine serum (FBS)-containing culture medium2. Next, FBS was replaced with knockout serum replacement (KSR) and FGF2, which enhances proliferation of hESCs3. Finally, feeder-free culture systems enable culturing cells on Matrigel-coated plates in KSR-containing conditioned medium (medium conditioned by MEFs)4. Subsequently, hESCs culture conditions have moved towards feeder-free culture in chemically defined conditions5-7. Moreover, to avoid the potential contamination by pathogens and animal proteins culture methods using xeno-free components have been established8.
To obtain improved conditions mouse feeder cells have been replaced with human cell lines (e.g. fetal muscle and skin cells9, adult skin cells10, foreskin fibroblasts11-12, amniotic mesenchymal cells13). However, the efficiency of maintaining undifferentiated hESCs using human foreskin fibroblast-derived feeder layers is not as high as that from mouse feeder cells due to the lower level of secretion of Activin A14. Obviously, there is an evident difference in growth factor production by mouse and human feeder cells.
Analyses of the transcriptomes of mouse and human feeder cells revealed significant differences between supportive and non-supportive cells. Exogenous FGF2 is crucial for maintaining self-renewal of hESCs and hiPSCs, and has been identified as a key factor regulating the expression of Tgf&beta;1, Activin A and Gremlin (a BMP antagonist) in feeder cells. Activin A has been shown to induce the expression of OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG in hESCs15-16.
For long-term culture, hESCs and hiPSCs can be grown on mitotically inactivated MEFs or under feeder-free conditions in MEF-CM (MEF-Conditioned Medium) on Matrigel-coated plates to maintain their undifferentiated state. Success of both culture conditions fully depends on the quality of the feeder cells, since they directly affect the growth of hESCs.
Here, we present an optimized method for the isolation and culture of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), preparation of conditioned medium (CM) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the levels of Activin A within the media.

The quality of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) is dictated by the right strain of mouse such as CF-1. Pluripotency-supportive MEFs and conditioned media (CM) obtained from these should contain optimal concentrations of Activin A, Gremlin and Tgf&beta;1 needed for the Activin/Nodal and FGF pathways to co-operatively maintain self-renewal and pluripotency.

הכנת עובריים של עכברים תאים פיברובלסטים מתאים האדם culturing תאים עובריים pluripotent המושרה בתאי גזע

In general, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)1 can be cultured under variable conditions. However, it ...

Derivation and Characterization of a Transgene-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Line and Conversion into Defined Clinical-grade Conditions

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be generated with lentiviral-based reprogramming methodologies. However, traces of potentially oncogenic genes remaining in actively transcribed regions of the genome, limit their potential for use in human therapeutic applications1. Additionally, non-human antigens derived from stem cell reprogramming or differentiation into therapeutically relevant derivatives preclude these hiPSCs from being used in a human clinical context2. In this video, we present a procedure for reprogramming and analyzing factor-free hiPSCs free of exogenous transgenes. These hiPSCs then can be analyzed for gene expression abnormalities in the specific intron containing the lentivirus. This analysis may be conducted using sensitive quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which has an advantage over less sensitive techniques previously used to detect gene expression differences3. Full conversion into clinical-grade good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions, allows human clinical relevance. Our protocol offers another methodology&#8212;provided that current safe-harbor criteria will expand and include factor-free characterized hiPSC-based derivatives for human therapeutic applications&#8212;for deriving GMP-grade hiPSCs, which should eliminate any immunogenicity risk due to non-human antigens. This protocol is broadly applicable to lentiviral reprogrammed cells of any type and provides a reproducible method for converting reprogrammed cells into GMP-grade conditions.

We describe a protocol for deriving lentiviral-based reprogrammed and characterized factor-free human induced pluripotent stem cells and conversion into putative clinical-grade conditions.

גזירה ואפיון ללא transgene האדם המושרה pluripotent גזע קו סלולארי והמרה לתנאי כיתה קלינית מוגדרים

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be generated with lentiviral-based reprogramming methodologies. However, traces of potentially oncogenic ...