1. Preparazione delle soluzioni e dei materiali Questi passaggi devono essere effettuati diversi giorni di anticipo. <ol><li> Vetrini coprioggetto. Coprioggetto sono stati puliti per immersione per 10 minuti in una soluzione di detersivo Linbro 7X: acqua, mescolata ad un 1: 3 ratio e riscaldato, mescolando, fino a non toccare. Coprioggetto sono stati ampiamente sciacquati con acqua deionizzata, e poi cotto al forno a 450 ° C per 6 ore. Caricamento coprioggetto in rack colorazione ceramica (vedi reagenti) semplificato questo processo. </li><li> Soluzione proteica per stampaggio. Ricostituire fibronectina seguendo le istruzioni del produttore per una soluzione madre di 1 mg / ml di concentrazione. </li></ol> 2. Cast francobolli dal master topologico Questi passaggi possono essere eseguiti diversi giorni di anticipo. Francobolli negozio modello-up in un piatto coperto, come un piatto di coltura di tessuti. <ol><li> Rimuovere la polvere dal master utilizzando un flusso di compressa, aria filtrata o gas inerte. </li><li> Posizionare il, lato master fantasia alto, sul fondo di un piatto di plastica appena superiore a quella del maestro. 60 - o 100 mm piatti coltura tissutale sono adatte per questo scopo. </li><li> In un tubo di polistirene da 50 ml centrifuga, combinare i componenti Sylgard con un rapporto di catalizzatore: elastomero di base di 1: 10 in peso. Mescolare accuratamente con un dispositivo di plastica, come una pipetta monouso. Preparare almeno 0,2 ml di elastomero per centimetro quadrato di area piatto. </li><li> Centrifugare il tubo da 50 ml a 300 g per 5 minuti per rimuovere le bolle d&#39;aria. </li><li> Versare l&#39;elastomero sopra il maestro, poi posto in un essiccatore, sotto vuoto, per 30 minuti. </li><li> Curare l&#39;elastomero in un forno a 65 ° C per almeno 2 ore. Polimerizzazione a temperature più elevate e più a lungo i risultati in tempi più rigido elastomero. Lasciate raffreddare a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Separare il foglio di francobolli dal master. </li></ol> 3. Stampa microcontact della fibronectina su vetro <ol><li> Tagliare un unico timbro. Francobolli di misura 4 mm x 4 mm a 1 cm x 1 cm in area e 1 - 2 mm di spessore sono più facili per iniziare. Luogo lato modello su un vetrino o un piatto di plastica di piccole dimensioni. </li><li> Posto timbro e un detersivo plasma, e di processo, sotto vuoto, per 30 secondi. Un Harrick scientifico plasma pulito (vedi attrezzature), impostare l&#39;impostazione di massima di uscita renderà la superficie PDMS idrofila. Risultato più volte la rottura del elastomero. </li><li> Diluire la soluzione fibronectina con acqua deionizzata ad una concentrazione stampaggio di 50 mg / ml. </li><li> Mettere una piccola goccia (10 - 50 ml) di stampaggio soluzione sul timbro. Si diffonderà su tutta la superficie idrofila. Aggiungi unica soluzione sufficiente che la caduta di coprire il timbro, ma non travolto i bordi. Lasciate assorbire le proteine ​​di bollo per 5 minuti. </li><li> Utilizzando un Kimwipe ® o su altri tessuti carta pulita, stoppino via la maggior parte della soluzione proteica dal timbro, senza toccare la regione fantasia. </li><li> Asciugare la soluzione rimanente dal timbro sotto un flusso di aria pulita, asciutta, gas inerte, come l&#39;azoto. </li><li> Utilizzando le pinzette, rimuovere il timbro dal vetrino, invertire, e mettere in contatto con il coprioggetto di vetro pulito (la superficie da fantasia). Mettere un peso sopra per promuovere un buon contatto. Il peso specifico che offre la migliore patterning dipende dalla dimensione del timbro e modello; iniziare con un peso di 5 g, e regolare tra stampati. Lascia timbro in contatto con la superficie per 1 minuto. </li><li> Con attenzione smontare la pila, e il timbro separato da coprioggetto. </li><li> Vigorosamente sciacquare il coprioggetto fantasia in PBS, seguita da acqua deionizzata, per rimuovere le proteine ​​che non è assorbito in superficie. Coprioggetto secco sotto corrente di azoto. </li></ol> Rappresentante Risultati Stampa microcontact è un potente processo di patterning molecole su superfici. Questo processo ha la capacità di creare funzioni con dimensioni che vanno da decine di micrometri a centinaia di nanometri, in fig. 1A, il logo a sinistra sono ogni 200 micron di altezza, mentre le macchie verdi illustrato nella fig. 1B sono 1 micron di diametro e distanziati ad intervalli di 4 micron, misurato da centro a centro. Fig. 1B illustra anche una proprietà potente di stampa microcontact, cioè che è e di processo additivo. Vari cicli di stampa microcontact può essere applicato a una singola superficie per creare sistemi multicomponente 3. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/1065_2008_11_24_3/Figure_a.jpg" alt="Figura A" /><img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/1065_2008_11_24_4/FIGURE_B.jpg" alt="Figura B" />

<ol>
	<li>Chen, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Geometric+control+of+cell+life+and+death.">Geometric control of cell life and death.</a> Science. 276, 1425-1425 (1997).</li><li>Kumar, A., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Features+of+Gold+Having+Micrometer+to+Centimeter+Dimensions+can+be+Formed+Through+a+Combination+of+Stamping+with+an+Elastomeric+Stamp+and+an+Alkanethiol+"Ink"+Followed+by+Chemical+Etching.">Features of Gold Having Micrometer to Centimeter Dimensions can be Formed Through a Combination of Stamping with an Elastomeric Stamp and an Alkanethiol "Ink" Followed by Chemical Etching.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 63, 4-4 (1993).</li><li>St. John, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preferential+Glial+Cell+Attachment+to+Microcontact-printed+Surfaces.">Preferential Glial Cell Attachment to Microcontact-printed Surfaces.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 75, 171-171 (1997).</li><li>Kam, L., Boxer, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+adhesion+to+protein-micropatterned-supported+lipid+bilayer+membranes.">Cell adhesion to protein-micropatterned-supported lipid bilayer membranes.</a> Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 55, 487-487 (2001).</li><li>Kung, L. A., Kam, L., Hovis, J. S., Boxer, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterning+Hybrid+Surfaces+of+Proteins+and+Supported+Lipid+Bilayers.">Patterning Hybrid Surfaces of Proteins and Supported Lipid Bilayers.</a> Langmuir. 16, 6773-6773 (2000).</li><li>Shen, K., Thomas, V. K., Dustin, M. L., Kam, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micropatterning+of+costimulatory+ligands+enhances+CD4++T+cell+function.">Micropatterning of costimulatory ligands enhances CD4+ T cell function.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105, 7791-7791 (2008).</li><li>Shi, P., Shen, K., Kam, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+presentation+of+L1+and+N-cadherin+in+multicomponent,+microscale+patterns+differentially+direct+neuron+function+in+vitro.">Local presentation of L1 and N-cadherin in multicomponent, microscale patterns differentially direct neuron function in vitro.</a> Developmental Neurobiology. 67, 1765-1765 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Il processo di stampa microcontact è concettualmente semplice e molto robusto, essendo stata applicata a patterning una vasta gamma di molecole su una varietà di substrati. Tuttavia, questo processo rimane qualcosa di un&#39;arte. La geometria specifica del modello da creare, le proteine ​​per essere modellata, peso applicato, e di rivestimento / condizioni di stampaggio tutti influiscono sulla qualità di stampaggio. Per esempio, troppo poco peso, applicata a funzioni di grandi dimensioni, si traduce spesso in lacune nel modello di c...

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microcontact printing of proteins for cell biology

La capacità di proteine ​​modello e altre biomolecole su substrati è importante per catturare la complessità spaziale dell&#39;ambiente extracellulare. Sviluppo della stampa microcontatto dal gruppo Whitesides (<a href="http://gmwgroup.harvard.edu/"&gt; Http://gmwgroup.harvard.edu/</a&gt;) A metà degli anni 1990 rivoluzionato questo campo facendo microelettronica / tecniche di microfabbricazione accessibile ai laboratori focalizzati sulle scienze della vita. Implementazioni iniziali di questo metodo utilizzato polidimetilsilossano (PDMS) francobolli per creare modelli di prodotti chimici sulle superfici funzionalizzate materiale<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;. Da allora, una serie di approcci innovativi sono stati sviluppati per altre molecole modello, comprese le proteine<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;. Questo video mostra il processo di base della creazione di timbri PDMS e li utilizza per le proteine ​​modello, in quanto questi passaggi sono difficili da esprimere con precisione a parole. Ci concentriamo su patterning la proteina della matrice extracellulare fibronectina sul coprioggetto di vetro come un esempio specifico di patterning. Una componente importante del processo di stampa microcontact è un maestro topologica, da cui sono espressi i francobolli, le regioni sollevato e abbassato del maestro si specchiano nel timbro e definire il modello finale. Tipicamente, un maestro è costituito da un wafer di silicio ricoperto di photoresist e poi modellata da fotolitografia come è fatto qui. Creazione di master contenente un modello specifico richiede attrezzature specializzate, ed è meglio affrontato in collaborazione con un centro di fabbricazione o struttura. Tuttavia, quasi ogni tipo di superficie con topologia può essere utilizzato come un maestro, come reticoli di diffrazione di plastica (vedi Reagenti per un esempio), e tali maestri fortuita fornire prontamente disponibili, i modelli semplici. Questo protocollo inizia al punto di avere un master in mano.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microcontact Printing of Proteins for Cell Biology at JoVE.com

Microcontact Printing of Proteins for Cell Biology

Stampa microcontact viene utilizzato estensivamente alle proteine ​​modello e altre molecole sulle superfici dei materiali. Dimostriamo i passaggi fondamentali di questo processo, stampaggio modelli di fibronectina su vetro.

Stampa microcontatto di proteine ​​per Cell Biology

The ability to pattern proteins and other biomolecules onto substrates is important for capturing the spatial complexity of the extracellular environment. ...

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19.9K Views.  Columbia University. Stampa microcontact viene utilizzato estensivamente alle proteine ​​modello e altre molecole sulle superfici dei materiali. Dimostriamo i passaggi fondamentali di questo processo, stampaggio modelli di fibronectina su vetro.

Video: Microcontact Printing of Proteins for Cell Biology

A Gradient-generating Microfluidic Device for Cell Biology

 The fabrication and operation of a gradient-generating microfluidic device for studying cellular behavior is described.  A microfluidic platform is an enabling experimental tool, because it can precisely manipulate fluid flows, enable high-throughput experiments, and generate stable soluble concentration gradients.  Compared to conventional gradient generators, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based  microfluidic devices can generate stable concentration gradients of growth factors with well-defined profiles.  Here, we developed simple gradient-generating microfluidic devices with three separate inlets.  Three microchannels combined into one microchannel to generate concentration gradients.  The stability and shape of growth factor gradients were confirmed by fluorescein isothyiocyanate (FITC)-dextran with a molecular weight similar to epidermal growth factor (EGF).  Using this microfluidic device, we demonstrated that fibroblasts exposed to concentration gradients of EGF migrated toward higher concentrations.  The directional orientation of cell migration and motility of migrating cells were quantitatively assessed by cell tracking analysis.  Thus, this gradient-generating microfluidic device might be useful for studying and analyzing the behavior of migrating cells.

We describe a protocol for the microfabrication of the gradient-generating microfluidic device that can generate spatial and temporal gradients in well-defined microenvironment. In this approach, the gradient-generating microfluidic device can be used to study directed cell migration, embryogenesis, wound healing, and cancer metastasis.

Un gradiente di generazione del dispositivo Microfluidic di Biologia Cellulare

 The fabrication and operation of a gradient-generating microfluidic device for studying cellular behavior is described.  A microfluidic platform is an ...

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Biologia

Micro-scale Engineering for Cell Biology

Micro-scala di Ingegneria di biologia cellulare

Assessing Two-dimensional Crystallization Trials of Small Membrane Proteins for Structural Biology Studies by Electron Crystallography

Electron crystallography has evolved as a method that can be used either alternatively or in combination with three-dimensional crystallization and X-ray crystallography to study structure-function questions of membrane proteins, as well as soluble proteins. Screening for two-dimensional (2D) crystals by transmission electron microscopy (EM) is the critical step in finding, optimizing, and selecting samples for high-resolution data collection by cryo-EM. Here we describe the fundamental steps in identifying both large and ordered, as well as small 2D arrays, that can potentially supply critical information for optimization of crystallization conditions.
By working with different magnifications at the EM, data on a range of critical parameters is obtained. Lower magnification supplies valuable data on the morphology and membrane size. At higher magnifications, possible order and 2D crystal dimensions are determined. In this context, it is described how CCD cameras and online-Fourier Transforms are used at higher magnifications to assess proteoliposomes for order and size.
While 2D crystals of membrane proteins are most commonly grown by reconstitution by dialysis, the screening technique is equally applicable for crystals produced with the help of monolayers, native 2D crystals, and ordered arrays of soluble proteins. In addition, the methods described here are applicable to the screening for 2D crystals of even smaller as well as larger membrane proteins, where smaller proteins require the same amount of care in identification as our examples and the lattice of larger proteins might be more easily identifiable at earlier stages of the screening.

Evaluating two-dimensional (2D) crystallization trials for the formation of ordered membrane protein arrays is a highly critical and difficult task in electron crystallography. Here we describe our approach in screening for and identifying 2D crystals of predominantly small membrane proteins in the range of 15 &#x2013; 90kDa.

Valutazione bidimensionale Prove di cristallizzazione delle proteine ​​di membrana per piccoli studi di biologia strutturale di Cristallografia Electron

Electron crystallography has evolved as a method that can be used either alternatively or in combination with three-dimensional crystallization and X-ray ...

Fluorescent Labeling of COS-7 Expressing SNAP-tag Fusion Proteins for Live Cell Imaging

SNAP-tag and CLIP-tag protein labeling systems enable the specific, covalent attachment of molecules, including fluorescent dyes, to a protein of interest in live cells. These systems offer a broad selection of fluorescent substrates optimized for a range of imaging instrumentation. Once cloned and expressed, the tagged protein can be used with a variety of substrates for numerous downstream applications without having to clone again. There are two steps to using this system: cloning and expression of the protein of interest as a SNAP-tag fusion, and labeling of the fusion with the SNAP-tag substrate of choice. The SNAP-tag is a small protein based on human O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase (hAGT), a DNA repair protein. SNAP-tag labels are dyes conjugated to guanine or chloropyrimidine leaving groups via a benzyl linker. In the labeling reaction, the substituted benzyl group of the substrate is covalently attached to the SNAP-tag. CLIP-tag is a modified version of SNAP-tag, engineered to react with benzylcytosine rather than benzylguanine derivatives. When used in conjunction with SNAP-tag, CLIP-tag enables the orthogonal and complementary labeling of two proteins simultaneously in the same cells.

SNAP-tag and CLIP-tag protein labeling systems enable the specific, covalent attachment of molecules, including fluorescent dyes, to a protein of interest in live cells. Once cloned and expressed, the tagged protein can be used with a variety of substrates for numerous downstream applications without having to clone again.

Etichettatura fluorescente di COS-7 Esprimendo SNAP-tag proteine ​​di fusione per l&#39;imaging cellulare dal vivo

SNAP-tag and CLIP-tag protein labeling systems enable the specific, covalent attachment of molecules, including fluorescent dyes, to a protein of interest ...

Protein Membrane Overlay Assay: A Protocol to Test Interaction Between Soluble and Insoluble Proteins in vitro

Validating interactions between different proteins is vital for investigation of their biological functions on the molecular level. There are several methods, both in vitro and in vivo, to evaluate protein binding, and at least two methods that complement the shortcomings of each other should be conducted to obtain reliable insights. 
For an in vivo assay, the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay represents the most popular and least invasive approach that enables to detect protein-protein interaction within living cells, as well as identify the intracellular localization of the interacting proteins 1,2. In this assay, non-fluorescent N- and C-terminal halves of GFP or its variants are fused to tested proteins, and when the two fusion proteins are brought together due to the tested proteins&#x2019; interactions, the fluorescent signal is reconstituted3-6. Because its signal is readily detectable by epifluorescence or confocal microscopy, BiFC has emerged as a powerful tool of choice among cell biologists for studying about protein-protein interactions in living cells 3. This assay, however, can sometimes produce false positive results. For example, the fluorescent signal can be reconstituted by two GFP fragments arranged as far as 7 nm from each other due to close packing in a small subcellular compartment, rather that due to specific interactions7.
Due to these limitations, the results obtained from live cell imaging technologies should be confirmed by an independent approach based on a different principle for detecting protein interactions. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) or glutathione transferase (GST) pull-down assays represent such alternative methods that are commonly used to analyze protein-protein interactions in vitro. However, iIn these assays, however, the tested proteins must be readily soluble in the buffer that supportsused for the binding reaction. Therefore, specific interactions involving an insoluble protein cannot be assessed by these techniques.
 Here, we illustrate the protocol for the protein membrane overlay binding assay, which circumvents this difficulty. In this technique, interaction between soluble and insoluble proteins can be reliably tested because one of the proteins is immobilized on a membrane matrix. This method, in combination with in vivo experiments, such as BiFC, provides a reliable approach to investigate and characterize interactions faithfully between soluble and insoluble proteins. In this article, binding between Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) movement protein (MP), which exerts multiple functions during viral cell-to-cell transport8-14, and a recently identified plant cellular interactor, tobacco ankyrin repeat-containing protein (ANK) 15, is demonstrated using this technique.

Protein Membrane Overlay Assay: A Protocol to Test Interaction Between Soluble and Insoluble Proteins in vitro

Testing protein-protein interaction is indispensable for dissection of protein functionality. Here, we introduce an in vitro protein-protein binding assay to probe a membrane-immobilized protein with a soluble protein. This assay provides a reliable method to test interaction between an insoluble protein and a protein in solution.

Proteine ​​di membrana Overlay saggio: un protocollo di prova interazione tra proteine ​​solubili e insolubili In vitro</em

Validating interactions between different proteins is vital for investigation of their biological functions on the molecular level.  There are several ...

Pull-down of Calmodulin-binding Proteins

Calcium (Ca2+) is an ion vital in regulating cellular function through a variety of mechanisms. Much of Ca2+ signaling is mediated through the calcium-binding protein known as calmodulin (CaM)1,2. CaM is involved at multiple levels in almost all cellular processes, including apoptosis, metabolism, smooth muscle contraction, synaptic plasticity, nerve growth, inflammation and the immune response. A number of proteins help regulate these pathways through their interaction with CaM. Many of these interactions depend on the conformation of CaM, which is distinctly different when bound to Ca2+ (Ca2+-CaM) as opposed to its Ca2+-free state (ApoCaM)3.
While most target proteins bind Ca2+-CaM, certain proteins only bind to ApoCaM. Some bind CaM through their IQ-domain, including neuromodulin4, neurogranin (Ng)5, and certain myosins6. These proteins have been shown to play important roles in presynaptic function7, postsynaptic function8, and muscle contraction9, respectively. Their ability to bind and release CaM in the absence or presence of Ca2+ is pivotal in their function. In contrast, many proteins only bind Ca2+-CaM and require this binding for their activation. Examples include myosin light chain kinase10, Ca2+/CaM-dependent kinases (CaMKs)11 and phosphatases (e.g. calcineurin)12, and spectrin kinase13, which have a variety of direct and downstream effects14.
The effects of these proteins on cellular function are often dependent on their ability to bind to CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. For example, we tested the relevance of Ng-CaM binding in synaptic function and how different mutations affect this binding. We generated a GFP-tagged Ng construct with specific mutations in the IQ-domain that would change the ability of Ng to bind CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The study of these different mutations gave us great insight into important processes involved in synaptic function8,15. However, in such studies, it is essential to demonstrate that the mutated proteins have the expected altered binding to CaM.
Here, we present a method for testing the ability of proteins to bind to CaM in the presence or absence of Ca2+, using CaMKII and Ng as examples. This method is a form of affinity chromatography referred to as a CaM pull-down assay. It uses CaM-Sepharose beads to test proteins that bind to CaM and the influence of Ca2+ on this binding. It is considerably more time efficient and requires less protein relative to column chromatography and other assays. Altogether, this provides a valuable tool to explore Ca2+/CaM signaling and proteins that interact with CaM.

Calmodulin (CaM) pull-down assay is an effective way to investigate the interaction of CaM with various proteins. This method uses CaM-sepharose beads for efficient and specific analysis of CaM-binding proteins. This provides an important tool to explore CaM signaling in cellular function.

Pull-down di Calmodulina proteine ​​leganti

Calcium (Ca2+) is an ion vital in regulating cellular function through a variety of mechanisms. Much of Ca2+ signaling is mediated through the ...

Modified Yeast-Two-Hybrid System to Identify Proteins Interacting with the Growth Factor Progranulin

Progranulin (PGRN), also known as granulin epithelin precursor (GEP), is a 593-amino-acid autocrine growth factor. PGRN is known to play a critical role in a variety of physiologic and disease processes, including early embryogenesis, wound healing 1, inflammation 2, 3, and host defense 4. PGRN also functions as a neurotrophic factor 5, and mutations in the PGRN gene resulting in partial loss of the PGRN protein cause frontotemporal dementia 6, 7. Our recent studies have led to the isolation of PGRN as an important regulator of cartilage development and degradation 8-11. Although PGRN, discovered nearly two decades ago, plays crucial roles in multiple physiological and pathological conditions, efforts to exploit the actions of PGRN and understand the mechanisms involved have been significantly hampered by our inability to identify its binding receptor(s). To address this issue, we developed a modified yeast two-hybrid (MY2H) approach based on the most commonly used GAL4 based 2-hybrid system. Compared with the conventional yeast two-hybrid screen, MY2H dramatically shortens the screen process and reduces the number of false positive clones. In addition, this approach is reproducible and reliable, and we have successfully employed this system in isolating the binding proteins of various baits, including ion channel 12, extracellular matrix protein 10, 13, and growth factor14. In this paper, we describe this MY2H experimental procedure in detail using PGRN as an example that led to the identification of TNFR2 as the first known PGRN-associated receptor 14, 15.

We have modified the conventional yeast two-hybrid screening, an effective genetic tool in identifying protein interaction. This modification markedly shortens the process, reduces the workload, and most importantly, reduces the number of false positives. In addition, this approach is reproducible and reliable.

Modificato lievito-sistema del doppio ibrido per identificare proteine ​​che interagiscono con il fattore di crescita progranulina

Progranulin (PGRN), also known as granulin epithelin precursor (GEP), is a 593-amino-acid autocrine growth factor. PGRN is known to play a critical role ...

Cell Tracking Using Photoconvertible Proteins During Zebrafish Development

Embryogenesis is a dynamic process that is best studied by using techniques that allow the documentation of developmental changes in vivo. The use of genetically-encoded fluorescent proteins has proven a valuable strategy for elucidating dynamic morphogenetic processes as they occur in the intact organism. During the past decade, the development of photoactivatable and photoconvertible fluorescent proteins has opened the possibility to investigate the fate of discrete subpopulations of tagged proteins1. Unlike photoactivatable proteins, photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (PCFPs) are readily tracked and imaged in their native emission state prior to photoconversion, making it easier to identify and select regions by optical inspection. PCFPs, such as Kaede2, KikGR3, Dendra4 and EosFP5, can be shifted from green to red upon exposure to UV or blue light due to a His-Tyr-Gly tripeptide sequence which forms a green chromophore that can be photoconverted to a red one by a light-catalyzed &beta;-elimination and subsequent extension of a &pi;-conjugated system3. PCFPs and their monomeric variants are useful tools for tracking cells6-10 and studying protein dynamics11-14, respectively. During recent years, PCFPs have been expressed in different animal model, such as zebrafish6, chicken7,8 and mouse9,10 for cell fate tracking. Here we report a protocol for cell-specific photoconversion of PCFPs in the living zebrafish embryo and further tracking of photoconverted proteins at later developmental stages. This methodology allows studying, in a tissue-specific manner, cell biological events underlying morphogenesis in the zebrafish animal model.

Here, we present a method for the photoactivated switch of photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (PCFPs) in the living zebrafish embryo and further tracking of photoconverted protein at specific time points during development. This methodology allows monitoring of cell biological events underlying different developmental processes in a live vertebrate organism.

Cella di rilevamento utilizzando proteine ​​Photoconvertible durante lo sviluppo Zebrafish

Embryogenesis is a dynamic process that is best studied by using techniques that allow the documentation of developmental changes in vivo. The use of ...

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated including macromolecular synthesis, metabolism and ultimately, commitment to the cell division cycle. The chemostat, a method of experimentally controlling cell growth rate, provides a powerful means of systematically studying how growth rate impacts cellular processes - including gene expression and metabolism - and the regulatory networks that control the rate of cell growth. When maintained for hundreds of generations chemostats can be used to study adaptive evolution of microbes in environmental conditions that limit cell growth. We describe the principle of chemostat cultures, demonstrate their operation and provide examples of their various applications. Following a period of disuse after their introduction in the middle of the twentieth century, the convergence of genome-scale methodologies with a renewed interest in the regulation of cell growth and the molecular basis of adaptive evolution is stimulating a renaissance in the use of chemostats in biological research.

Cell growth rate is a regulated process and a primary determinant of cell physiology. Continuous culturing using chemostats enables extrinsic control of cell growth rate by nutrient limitation facilitating the study of molecular networks that control cell growth and how those networks evolve to optimize cell growth.

L&#39;uso di chemostati in Biologia microbica Sistemi

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated ...

Protocols for Implementing an Escherichia coli Based TX-TL Cell-Free Expression System for Synthetic Biology

Ideal cell-free expression systems can theoretically emulate an in vivo cellular environment in a controlled in vitro platform.1 This is useful for expressing proteins and genetic circuits in a controlled manner as well as for providing a prototyping environment for synthetic biology.2,3 To achieve the latter goal, cell-free expression systems that preserve endogenous Escherichia coli transcription-translation mechanisms are able to more accurately reflect in vivo cellular dynamics than those based on T7 RNA polymerase transcription. We describe the preparation and execution of an efficient endogenous E. coli based transcription-translation (TX-TL) cell-free expression system that can produce equivalent amounts of protein as T7-based systems at a 98% cost reduction to similar commercial systems.4,5 The preparation of buffers and crude cell extract are described, as well as the execution of a three tube TX-TL reaction. The entire protocol takes five days to prepare and yields enough material for up to 3000 single reactions in one preparation. Once prepared, each reaction takes under 8 hr from setup to data collection and analysis. Mechanisms of regulation and transcription exogenous to E. coli, such as lac/tet repressors and T7 RNA polymerase, can be supplemented.6 Endogenous properties, such as mRNA and DNA degradation rates, can also be adjusted.7 The TX-TL cell-free expression system has been demonstrated for large-scale circuit assembly, exploring biological phenomena, and expression of proteins under both T7- and endogenous promoters.6,8 Accompanying mathematical models are available.9,10 The resulting system has unique applications in synthetic biology as a prototyping environment, or "TX-TL biomolecular breadboard."

Protocols for Implementing an Escherichia coli Based TX-TL Cell-Free Expression System for Synthetic Biology

This five-day protocol outlines all steps, equipment, and supplemental software necessary for creating and running an efficient endogenous Escherichia coli based TX-TL cell-free expression system from scratch. With reagents, the protocol takes 8 hours or less to setup a reaction, collect, and process data.

Protocolli per l&#39;implementazione di un<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt; Sulla base TX-TL cellulare-Free Expression System per la biologia sintetica

Ideal cell-free expression systems can theoretically emulate an in vivo cellular environment in a controlled in vitro platform.1 This is useful for ...

Stampa microcontatto di proteine ​​per Cell Biology

Stampa microcontatto di proteine per Cell Biology