Name: programmed electrical stimulation in mice
Uploaded: 2010-05-26T17:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Programmed Electrical Stimulation in Mice at JoVE.com

X.H.T.W. is a W.M. Keck Foundation Distinguished Young Scholar in Medical Research, and is also supported by NIH/NHLBI grants R01-HL089598 and R01HL091947, and Muscular Dystrophy Association grant #69238. This work is also supported in part by the Fondation Leducq Alliance for CaMKII Signalling in Heart. N.L. is the recipient of the 2009-2010 Michel Mirowski International Fellowship in Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology from Heart Rhythm Society and 2009-2012 American Heart Association Postdoc Fellowship.

Part 1. Surgical preparation
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	<li>In case programmed electrical stimulation experiments are performed as survival surgeries in mice sterile conditions will be necessary. However, the most common type of experiment is terminal in nature, for which regular clear surgical techniques suffice.</li>
 <li>The mouse is anesthetized using 2% isoflurane in 0.5 L/min 100% O2. </li>
 <li>Hair clippers are used to shave the fur from the neckline to mid chest level.</li>
 <li>The anesthetized mouse is p...

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	<li>Nattel, S., Shiroshita-Takeshita, A., Brundel, B. J., Rivard, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+atrial+fibrillation:+lessons+from+animal+models.">Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: lessons from animal models.</a> Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 48, 9-9 (2005).</li><li>Verheule, S., Sato, T., Everett, T. t., Engle, S. K., Otten, D., Rubart-von der Lohe, M., Nakajima, H. O., Nakajima, H., Field, L. J., Olgin, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+vulnerability+to+atrial+fibrillation+in+transgenic+mice+with+selective+atrial+fibrosis+caused+by+overexpression+of+TGF-beta1.">Increased vulnerability to atrial fibrillation in transgenic mice with selective atrial fibrosis caused by overexpression of TGF-beta1.</a> Circ Res. 94, 1458-1458 (2004).</li><li>Sood, S., Chelu, M. G., Oort, R. J. v. a. n., Skapura, D., Santonastasi, M., Dobrev, D., Wehrens, X. H., H, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+calcium+leak+due+to+FKBP12.6+deficiency+in+mice+facilitates+the+inducibility+of+atrial+fibrillation.">Intracellular calcium leak due to FKBP12.6 deficiency in mice facilitates the inducibility of atrial fibrillation.</a> Heart Rhythm. 5, 1047-1047 (2008).</li><li>Chelu, M. G., Sarma, S., Sood, S., Wang, S., van Oort, R. J., Skapura, D. G., Li, N., Santonastasi, M., Muller, F. U., Schmitz, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calmodulin+kinase+II-mediated+sarcoplasmic+reticulum+Ca2++leak+promotes+atrial+fibrillation+in+mice.">Calmodulin kinase II-mediated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak promotes atrial fibrillation in mice.</a> J Clin Invest. 119, 1940-1940 (2009).</li><li>Mathur, N., Subeena, S., Wang, S., van Oort, R. J., Sarma, S., Li, N., Skapura, D., Bayle, J. H., Valderrabano, M., Wehrens, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sudden+Infant+Death+Syndrome+in+Mice+With+an+Inherited+Mutation+in+RyR.">Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Mice With an Inherited Mutation in RyR.</a> Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. , (2009).</li></ol>

During cardiac catheterization, extensive bleeding during catheterization could increase the heart rate due to hypovolemia. In this case, an intraperitoneal injection of sterile saline (0.3 1.0 mL) could normalize filling pressure and reduce hemodynamic stress in the mouse.
Exposure to isoflurane longer than 2 hours, or higher concentrations of isoflurane (&gt;2 %) could suppress cardiac and respiratory functions in the mouse. Therefore, it is recommended that all studies be completed in le...

programmed electrical stimulation in mice

Genetically-modified mice have emerged as a preferable animal model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying conduction abnormalities, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.1 Intracardiac pacing studies can be performed in mice using a 1.1F octapolar catheter inserted into the jugular vein, and advanced into the right atrium and ventricle. Here, we illustrate the steps involved in performing programmed electrical stimulation in mice. Surface ECG and intracardiac electrograms are recorded simultaneously in the atria, atrioventricular junction, and ventricular myocardium, whereas intracardiac pacing of the atrium is performed using an external stimulator. Thus, programmed electrical stimulation in mice provides unique opportunities to explore molecular mechanisms underlying conduction defects and cardiac arrhythmias.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Programmed Electrical Stimulation in Mice at JoVE.com

Programmed Electrical Stimulation in Mice

Programmed electrical stimulation provides the ability to determine conduction properties of the heart, and the possibility to induce and terminate cardiac arrhythmias using various pacing protocols. Using a transvenous catheter, intracardiac electrogram recordings can be obtained in mice following programmed electrical stimulation protocols to identify arrhythmogenic substrates.

Genetically-modified mice have emerged as a preferable animal model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying conduction abnormalities, atrial and ...

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