Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da NIH concedere R01-3155-53502 e Washington University-Pfizer accordo Ricerca Biomedica.

1. Animal preparazione: Questo protocollo utilizza adulto femmina adulta LysM-eGFP topi, nei quali neutrofili e macrofagi sono fluorescente mediante l&#39;espressione di eGFP 1. <ol class="lalpha"><li> L&#39;etichettatura dei vasi sanguigni: Per visualizzare i vasi sanguigni, 15μl di non mirato quantum dots (655nm) sono diluiti in 100 ml di PBS e iniettato per via endovenosa nel topo 10-30 minuti prima di imaging. </li><li> Anestesia: <ol><li> Posizionare il mouse nella camera di induzione del sistema veterinario anestesia per inalazione (Nobile Medical Service, Inc). </li><li> Impostare il vaporizzatore al 3-4% isoflurano e il 100% vettore ossigeno portata gas a ~ 1 L / min. Per evitare il sovradosaggio di anestesia, monitorare attentamente l&#39;animale fino alla parte posteriore reflex pizzico punta è perso. </li><li> L&#39;anestesia è mantenuta a 1,5 ~ 2% isoflurano e perfezionato durante l&#39;imaging per minimizzare gli artefatti di respirazione, se necessario. Il tasso di respirazione del mouse viene monitorata con attenzione per tutta la sessione di imaging per assicurare un adeguato piano di anestesia. </li><li> Unguento Puralube veterinario viene applicato agli occhi per evitare l&#39;essiccazione. </li><li> Il mouse è posizionato su un mercato regolamentato 36 ° C il riscaldamento pad (Braintree scientifico) durante le iniezioni e di imaging e per prevenire l&#39;ipotermia. </li><li> Per prevenire la disidratazione, il mouse viene dato 100 l di PBS sc ogni 1-2 ore. </li></ol></li><li> Fornire uno stimolo infiammatorio per indurre il reclutamento dei leucociti: <ol><li> Posizionare il mouse sul palco chirurgia e tampone la zampa con il 70% di etanolo. </li><li> Piegare l&#39;ago di una siringa per insulina ~ 90 gradi vicino alla coppia conica per facilitare l&#39;iniezione e migliorare la precisione della profondità di consegna. </li><li> Caricare la siringa con 0,5 mg di E.coli bioparticles diluito in 1ml PBS. Questo può essere fatto nel coperchio di una provetta per microcentrifuga per rendere più facile caricare la goccia. </li><li> Tenere la punta con una pinza curva e inserire l&#39;ago con delicatezza attraverso la pelle con lo smusso rivolto verso l&#39;alto fino a quando è appena sotto la pelle. </li><li> Iniettare lentamente e tenere in posizione per 5 secondi per evitare qualsiasi nuovo colore. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Imaging fase di impostazione: La piattaforma di imaging è costituito da una piastra di alluminio con un foro circolare tagliato attraverso il centro. Una grande copertura in vetro è incollato al fondo del piatto e una gomma O-ring è incollata sulla parte superiore per creare un fluido a tenuta di camera da incasso per ospitare la zampa posteriore. La piastra di alluminio viene riscaldato a 36 ° C tramite due resistenze fissato alla parte superiore della piastra. <ol class="lalpha"><li> Posizionare il mouse sul pre-riscaldato fase di imaging e di mantenere il mouse temperatura corporea utilizzando il pad ° 36 C di riscaldamento. </li><li> Fissare la zampa al coprioggetti della camera di immagini con un sottile strato di colla. </li><li> Lavare la zampa due volte per rimuovere qualsiasi bit floating di colla e poi riempire la camera con PBS fresco (pre-riscaldato a 36 ° C). </li></ol> I topi possono essere esposte per un massimo di 4 ore senza compromettere la vitalità dell&#39;animale. Il piede può essere gentilmente rilasciato con piccola quantità di acetone e topi rivivere per gli studi di imaging longitudinali. Tuttavia, in questo caso, si consiglia il periodo di imaging per &lt;2 ore e 24-48 ore di attesa tra una sessione di ridurre al minimo il rischio di overdose anestesia o disidratazione. 3. Imaging Acquisition Il microscopio a due fotoni (microscopio 2P) utilizzata in questo protocollo è una custom-built dual-laser di video-tasso di sistema composto da un microscopio verticale. Il sistema è dotato di due Ti: Sapphire laser, quattro a testa alta Bi-soda PMT per il controllo simultaneo acquisizioni canale 3 e 4, e un obiettivo 20x immersione in acqua (Olympus, 20x/0.95 NA). <ol class="lalpha"><li> Tune il Camaleonte XR laser Ti: zaffiro (Coherent Inc.) a 890-900nm. </li><li> Utilizzare specchi dicroici 480nm e 560nm (SemRoc) per separare tre canali: blu (&lt;480 nm, la seconda generazione del segnale armonica), verde (480-560nm, LysM-eGFP neutrofili positivi) e rosso (&gt; 560 nm, quantum dot vasi sanguigni etichettati ). In alternativa, il filtro 560nm può essere sostituito con un filtro a 570nm per distinguere E. bioparticles coli (576nm bioparticles apparirà arancione) da 655nm quantum dots (apparirà di colore rosso intenso). </li><li> Abbassare con cautela l&#39;obiettivo in PBS e concentrarsi su una nave della punta. </li><li> Con il sistema operativo velocità di acquisizione dell&#39;immagine a video-rate (30f/sec) e utilizzando il segnale di seconda armonica proveniente da collagene come punto di riferimento dei tessuti, in modo rapido sondaggio del tessuto (in video-tasso di velocità di acquisizione) per individuare un vaso di sangue di interesse (uno con visibile lysM-eGFP neutrofili). </li><li> Regolare il guadagno del PMT per ottimizzare la separazione dei colori e minimizzare la quantità di laser necessario a conseguire segnale sufficiente su sfondo (daattenzione a non saturare l&#39;immagine!). </li><li> Una volta regione area di interesse si trova, iniziare time-lapse imaging. Time-lapse imaging possono essere eseguiti con due diverse risoluzioni temporali. Per la laminazione di imaging cellulare e di adesione e in tempo reale all&#39;interno dei vasi sanguigni, acquistiamo 30f/sec ad un unico piano z. Per documentare lo stravaso delle cellule e la migrazione nel parenchima eseguiamo 3D time-lapse imaging. Un protocollo di acquisizione tipico sarà composta da una media di 15 fotogrammi per ogni Z-passo e l&#39;acquisizione di 21 2.5μm sequenziale z-passi per un volume di 200-225 50 micron ad intervalli di 30 sec. </li><li> Una volta che i file di dati vengono memorizzati sul server di laboratorio, software Imaris o Volocity può essere utilizzato per eseguire il rendering multi-dimensionale e il monitoraggio delle cellule 2, 3. </li></ol> 4. Rappresentante Risultati 1.Real-time (30f/sec) immaginando di neutrofili laminazione lungo i vasi a 200x. Passa il tempo di imaging mostra neutrofili, in verde, rotolando lungo l&#39;endotelio dei vasi sanguigni circa 10 minuti dopo l&#39;infezione con Listeria monocytogenes, in rosso. Le fibre di collagene nel tessuto connettivo appaiono in blu. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/2062/2062_Miller_Movie1.mov">Clicca qui per vedere il video.</a> 2.I-lapse imaging 3D delle dinamiche di reclutamento dei neutrofili a 200x. Tipiche di reclutamento dei neutrofili dalla circolazione e migrazione attraverso il tessuto infiammato viene mostrato. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/2062/2062_Miller_Movie2.mov">Clicca qui per vedere il video.</a>

<ol>
	<li>Faust, N., Varas, F., Kelly, L. M., Heck, S., Graf, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insertion+of+enhanced+green+fluorescent+protein+into+the+lysozyme+gene+creates+mice+with+green+fluorescent+granulocytes+and+macrophages.">Insertion of enhanced green fluorescent protein into the lysozyme gene creates mice with green fluorescent granulocytes and macrophages.</a> Blood. 96, 719-726 (2000).</li><li>Zinselmeyer, B. H., Lynch, J. N., Zhang, X., Aoshi, T., Miller, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Video-rate+two-photon+imaging+of+mouse+footpad+-+a+promising+model+for+studying+leukocyte+recruitment+dynamics+during+inflammation.">Video-rate two-photon imaging of mouse footpad - a promising model for studying leukocyte recruitment dynamics during inflammation.</a> Inflamm Res. 57, 93-96 (2008).</li><li>Zinselmeyer, B. H., Dempster, J., Wokosin, D. L., Cannon, J. J., Pless, R., Parker, I., Miller, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+16.+Two-photon+microscopy+and+multidimensional+analysis+of+cell+dynamics.">Chapter 16. Two-photon microscopy and multidimensional analysis of cell dynamics.</a> Methods Enzymol. 461, 349-378 (2009).</li><li>Gray, D. F., Jennings, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allergy+in+experimental+mouse+tuberculosis.">Allergy in experimental mouse tuberculosis.</a> Am Rev Tuberc. 72, 171-195 (1955).</li><li>Lin, A., Loughman, J. A., Zinselmeyer, B. H., Miller, M. J., Caparon, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streptolysin+S+inhibits+neutrophil+recruitment+during+the+early+stages+of+Streptococcus+pyogenes+infection.+Infect+Immun.">Streptolysin S inhibits neutrophil recruitment during the early stages of Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Infect Immun.</a> 77, 5190-5201 (2009).</li><li>Smith, C. J., Zhang, Y., Koboldt, C. M., Muhammad, J., Zweifel, B. S., Shaffer, A., Talley, J. J., Masferrer, J. L., Seibert, K., Isakson, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+analysis+of+cyclooxygenase-1+in+inflammation.">Pharmacological analysis of cyclooxygenase-1 in inflammation.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95, 13313-13318 (1998).</li><li>Wipke, B. T., Allen, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Essential+role+of+neutrophils+in+the+initiation+and+progression+of+a+murine+model+of+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Essential role of neutrophils in the initiation and progression of a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis.</a> J Immunol. 167, 1601-1608 (2001).</li><li>Baez, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+open+cremaster+muscle+preparation+for+the+study+of+blood+vessels+by+in+vivo+microscopy.">An open cremaster muscle preparation for the study of blood vessels by in vivo microscopy.</a> Microvasc Res. 5, 384-394 (1973).</li><li>Mempel, T. R., Scimone, M. L., Mora, J. R., von Andrian, U. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=in+vivo+imaging+of+leukocyte+trafficking+in+blood+vessels+and+tissues.">in vivo imaging of leukocyte trafficking in blood vessels and tissues.</a> Curr Opin Immunol. 16, 406-417 (2004).</li><li>Miller, M. J., Wei, S. H., Cahalan, M. D., Parker, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autonomous+T+cell+trafficking+examined+in+vivo+with+intravital+two-photon+microscopy.">Autonomous T cell trafficking examined in vivo with intravital two-photon microscopy.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100, 2604-2609 (2003).</li></ol>

Tutti gli esperimenti sono stati eseguiti secondo protocolli approvati dal Comitato di studi su animali della Washington University di St Louis.

In questo protocollo video dimostriamo le modalità di imaging non invasiva 2P di reclutamento dei leucociti in risposta all&#39;infiammazione. La zampa è un sito classico fisiologici per lo studio dell&#39;infiammazione come la malattia di allergie, infezioni e autoimmuni 4-7. 2P di imaging fornisce un quadro dettagliato delle fasi distinte nei percorsi traffico dei leucociti, dal rotolamento e adesione nei vasi sanguigni di chemiotassi ai siti delle funzioni effettrici. Abbiamo...

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<td>Isoflurane, USP</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Butler Animal Health Supply</td>
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>Q21021MP</td>
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<td>Tetramathylrhodamine conjugated E. coli BioParticles </td>
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<td>Invitrogen</td>
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<td>Listeria monocytogenes (Lm)</td>
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non-invasive imaging of leukocyte homing and migration in vivo

A due fotoni (2P) microscopia è una tecnica di imaging ad alta risoluzione che è stata ampiamente adattato dai biologi. Il valore di microscopia 2P è che fornisce ricche informazioni spazio-temporali per quanto riguarda i comportamenti delle cellule all&#39;interno dei tessuti intatti e in topi vivi. Reclutamento dei leucociti svolgono un ruolo importante nella difesa dell&#39;ospite contro le infezioni e quando incontrollato, può contribuire a malattie infiammatorie e autoimmuni. Studiare il reclutamento dei leucociti in vivo è tecnicamente impegnativo poiché le cellule si spostano rapidamente all&#39;interno dei vasi situato in profondità all&#39;interno dei tessuti dispersione della luce. Fino ad oggi, gli studi di imaging più intravitale richiedono una preparazione chirurgica per esporre i vasi sanguigni e dei tessuti. Per evitare il danno ai tessuti e l&#39;infiammazione indotta da un intervento chirurgico se stessa, qui, si descrive un non-invasiva a cella singola approccio di imaging che può essere utilizzato per studiare il traffico dei leucociti nella zampa del mouse e falangi. Discutiamo gli aspetti tecnici della nostra preparazione 2P imaging e camminare il lettore attraverso un tipico esperimento di configurazione iniziale di esecuzione e di raccolta dei dati.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo at JoVE.com

Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo

Qui, descriviamo un non-invasiva a due fotoni (2P) approccio microscopia per lo studio dei leucociti homing nella zampa del mouse. Discutiamo gli aspetti tecnici della nostra preparazione dei tessuti di imaging e camminare il lettore attraverso un tipico esperimento di configurazione iniziale di esecuzione e di raccolta dei dati.

Non invasiva di imaging di homing dei leucociti e la migrazione In vivo</em

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is a high resolution imaging technique that has been broadly adapted by biologists.  The value of 2P microscopy is that it ...

non-invasive-imaging-of-leukocyte-homing-and-migration-in-vivo

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo

12.7K Views.  Washington University in St. Louis. Qui, descriviamo un non-invasiva a due fotoni (2P) approccio microscopia per lo studio dei leucociti homing nella zampa del mouse. Discutiamo gli aspetti tecnici della nostra preparazione dei tessuti di imaging e camminare il lettore attraverso un tipico esperimento di configurazione iniziale di esecuzione e di raccolta dei dati.

Video: Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo

Competitive Homing Assays to Study Gut-tropic T Cell Migration

In order to exert their function lymphocytes need to leave the blood and migrate into different tissues in the body. Lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and tissue extravasation is a multistep process controlled by different adhesion molecules (homing receptors) expressed on lymphocytes and their respective ligands (addressins) displayed on endothelial cells 1 2. Even though the function of these adhesion receptors can be partially studied ex vivo, the ultimate test for their physiological relevance is to assess their role during in vivo lymphocyte adhesion and migration. Two complementary strategies have been used for this purpose: intravital microscopy (IVM) and homing experiments. Although IVM has been essential to define the precise contribution of specific adhesion receptors during the adhesion cascade in real time and in different tissues, IVM is time consuming and labor intensive, it often requires the development of sophisticated surgical techniques, it needs prior isolation of homogeneous cell populations and it permits the analysis of only one tissue/organ at any given time. By contrast, competitive homing experiments allow the direct and simultaneous comparison in the migration of two (or even more) cell subsets in the same mouse and they also permit the analysis of many tissues and of a high number of cells in the same experiment.
Here we describe the classical competitive homing protocol used to determine the advantage/disadvantage of a given cell type to home to specific tissues as compared to a control cell population. We chose to illustrate the migratory properties of gut-tropic versus non gut-tropic T cells, because the intestinal mucosa is the largest body surface in contact with the external environment and it is also the extra-lymphoid tissue with the best-defined migratory requirements. Moreover, recent work has determined that the vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is the main molecular mechanism responsible for inducing gut-specific adhesion receptors (integrin a4b7and chemokine receptor CCR9) on lymphocytes. Thus, we can readily generate large numbers of gut-tropic and non gut-tropic lymphocytes ex vivoby activating T cells in the presence or absence of RA, respectively, which can be finally used in the competitive homing experiments described here.

Competitive homing experiments allow to directly assessing the migratory properties of two different cell populations in a single mouse. Here we illustrate this procedure by comparing the migration of ex vivo-generated gut-tropic versus non-gut tropic T cells.

Competitivo saggi Homing allo Studio Gut-tropico Migrazione cellulare T

In order to exert their function lymphocytes need to leave the blood and migrate into different tissues in the body. Lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Imaging Leukocyte Adhesion to the Vascular Endothelium at High Intraluminal Pressure

Worldwide, hypertension is reported to be in approximately a quarter of the population and is the leading biomedical risk factor for mortality worldwide. In the vasculature hypertension is associated with endothelial dysfunction and increased inflammation leading to atherosclerosis and various disease states such as chronic kidney disease2, stroke3 and heart failure4. An initial step in vascular inflammation leading to atherogenesis is the adhesion cascade which involves the rolling, tethering, adherence and subsequent transmigration of leukocytes through the endothelium. Recruitment and accumulation of leukocytes to the endothelium is mediated by an upregulation of adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin as well as increases in cytokine and chemokine release and an upregulation of reactive oxygen species5. In vitro methods such as static adhesion assays help to determine mechanisms involved in cell-to-cell adhesion as well as the analysis of cell adhesion molecules. Methods employed in previous in vitro studies have demonstrated that acute increases in pressure on the endothelium can lead to monocyte adhesion, an upregulation of adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers6 however, similar to many in vitro assays, these findings have not been performed in real time under physiological flow conditions, nor with whole blood. Therefore, in vivo assays are increasingly utilised in animal models to demonstrate vascular inflammation and plaque development. Intravital microscopy is now widely used to assess leukocyte adhesion, rolling, migration and transmigration7-9. When combining the effects of pressure on leukocyte to endothelial adhesion the in vivo studies are less extensive. One such study examines the real time effects of flow and shear on arterial growth and remodelling but inflammatory markers were only assessed via immunohistochemistry10. Here we present a model for recording leukocyte adhesion in real time in intact pressurised blood vessels using whole blood perfusion. The methodology is a modification of an ex vivo vessel chamber perfusion model9 which enables real-time analysis of leukocyte -endothelial adhesive interactions in intact vessels. Our modification enables the manipulation of the intraluminal pressure up to 200 mmHg allowing for study not only under physiological flow conditions but also pressure conditions. While pressure myography systems have been previously demonstrated to observe vessel wall and lumen diameter11 as well as vessel contraction this is the first time demonstrating leukocyte-endothelial interactions in real time. Here we demonstrate the technique using carotid arteries harvested from rats and cannulated to a custom-made flow chamber coupled to a fluorescent microscope. The vessel chamber is equipped with a large bottom coverglass allowing a large diameter objective lens with short working distance to image the vessel. Furthermore, selected agonist and/or antagonists can be utilized to further investigate the mechanisms controlling cell adhesion. Advantages of this method over intravital microscopy include no involvement of invasive surgery and therefore a higher throughput can be obtained. This method also enables the use of localised inhibitor treatment to the desired vessel whereas intravital only enables systemic inhibitor treatment.

This is a method to visualise leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium in harvested pressurised vessels. The technique enables studying vascular adhesion under shear flow with differing intraluminal pressures up to 200 mmHg thus mimic-ing the pathophysiological conditions of high blood pressure.

Imaging adesione dei leucociti all&#39;endotelio vascolare ad alta pressione intraluminale

Worldwide, hypertension is reported to be in approximately a quarter of the population and is the leading biomedical risk factor for mortality worldwide. ...

Non-invasive Imaging of Disseminated Candidiasis in Zebrafish Larvae

Disseminated candidiasis caused by the pathogen Candida albicans is a clinically important problem in hospitalized individuals and is associated with a 30 to 40% attributable mortality6. Systemic candidiasis is normally controlled by innate immunity, and individuals with genetic defects in innate immune cell components such as phagocyte NADPH oxidase are more susceptible to candidemia7-9. Very little is known about the dynamics of C. albicans interaction with innate immune cells in vivo. Extensive in vitro studies have established that outside of the host C. albicans germinates inside of macrophages, and is quickly destroyed by neutrophils10-14. In vitro studies, though useful, cannot recapitulate the complex in vivo environment, which includes time-dependent dynamics of cytokine levels, extracellular matrix attachments, and intercellular contacts10, 15-18. To probe the contribution of these factors in host-pathogen interaction, it is critical to find a model organism to visualize these aspects of infection non-invasively in a live intact host. 
The zebrafish larva offers a unique and versatile vertebrate host for the study of infection. For the first 30 days of development zebrafish larvae have only innate immune defenses2, 19-21, simplifying the study of diseases such as disseminated candidiasis that are highly dependent on innate immunity. The small size and transparency of zebrafish larvae enable imaging of infection dynamics at the cellular level for both host and pathogen. Transgenic larvae with fluorescing innate immune cells can be used to identify specific cells types involved in infection22-24. Modified anti-sense oligonucleotides (Morpholinos) can be used to knock down various immune components such as phagocyte NADPH oxidase and study the changes in response to fungal infection5. In addition to the ethical and practical advantages of using a small lower vertebrate, the zebrafish larvae offers the unique possibility to image the pitched battle between pathogen and host both intravitally and in color. 
The zebrafish has been used to model infection for a number of human pathogenic bacteria, and has been instrumental in major advances in our understanding of mycobacterial infection3, 25. However, only recently have much larger pathogens such as fungi been used to infect larva5, 23, 26, and to date there has not been a detailed visual description of the infection methodology. Here we present our techniques for hindbrain ventricle microinjection of prim25 zebrafish, including our modifications to previous protocols. Our findings using the larval zebrafish model for fungal infection diverge from in vitro studies and reinforce the need to examine the host-pathogen interaction in the complex environment of the host rather than the simplified system of the Petri dish5.

The rapid development, small size and transparency of zebrafish are tremendous advantages for the study of innate immune control of infection1-4. Here we demonstrate techniques for infecting zebrafish larvae using the fungal pathogen Candida albicans by microinjection, methodology recently used to implicate phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity in control of fungal dimorphism5.

Non invasiva Imaging di candidosi disseminata nelle larve Zebrafish

Disseminated candidiasis caused by the pathogen Candida albicans is a clinically important problem in hospitalized individuals and is associated with a 30 ...

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of bacteria in gene and cell therapy for cancer. Bacteria present an attractive class of vector for cancer therapy, possessing a natural ability to grow preferentially within tumors following systemic administration. Bacteria engineered to express the lux gene cassette permit BLI detection of the bacteria and concurrently tumor sites. The location and levels of bacteria within tumors over time can be readily examined, visualized in two or three dimensions. The method is applicable to a wide range of bacterial species and tumor xenograft types. This article describes the protocol for analysis of bioluminescent bacteria within subcutaneous tumor bearing mice. Visualization of commensal bacteria in the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by BLI is also described. This powerful, and cheap, real-time imaging strategy represents an ideal method for the study of bacteria in vivo in the context of cancer research, in particular gene therapy, and infectious disease. This video outlines the procedure for studying lux-tagged E. coli in live mice, demonstrating the spatial and temporal readout achievable utilizing BLI with the IVIS system.

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This article describes the administration of lux-tagged bacteria to mice and subsequent in vivo analysis using IVIS bioluminescence imaging.

Bioluminescent Imaging batterica<em&gt; In Vivo</em

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of ...

Non-invasive Optical Imaging of the Lymphatic Vasculature of a Mouse

The lymphatic vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and mediates fat absorption in the gut. Yet despite its critical function, there is comparatively little understanding of how the lymphatic system adapts to serve these functions in health and disease1. Recently, we have demonstrated the ability to dynamically image lymphatic architecture and lymph "pumping" action in normal human subjects as well as in persons suffering lymphatic dysfunction using trace administration of a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye and a custom, Gen III-intensified imaging system2-4. NIRF imaging showed dramatic changes in lymphatic architecture and function with human disease. It remains unclear how these changes occur and new animal models are being developed to elucidate their genetic and molecular basis. In this protocol, we present NIRF lymphatic, small animal imaging5,6 using indocyanine green (ICG), a dye that has been used for 50 years in humans7, and a NIRF dye-labeled cyclic albumin binding domain (cABD-IRDye800) peptide that preferentially binds mouse and human albumin8. Approximately 5.5 times brighter than ICG, cABD-IRDye800 has a similar lymphatic clearance profile and can be injected in smaller doses than ICG to achieve sufficient NIRF signals for imaging8. Because both cABD-IRDye800 and ICG bind to albumin in the interstitial space8, they both may depict active protein transport into and within the lymphatics. Intradermal (ID) injections (5-50 &mu;l) of ICG (645 &mu;M) or cABD-IRDye800 (200 &mu;M) in saline are administered to the dorsal aspect of each hind paw and/or the left and right side of the base of the tail of an isoflurane-anesthetized mouse. The resulting dye concentration in the animal is 83-1,250 &mu;g/kg for ICG or 113-1,700 &mu;g/kg for cABD-IRDye800. Immediately following injections, functional lymphatic imaging is conducted for up to 1 hr using a customized, small animal NIRF imaging system. Whole animal spatial resolution can depict fluorescent lymphatic vessels of 100 microns or less, and images of structures up to 3 cm in depth can be acquired9. Images are acquired using V++ software and analyzed using ImageJ or MATLAB software. During analysis, consecutive regions of interest (ROIs) encompassing the entire vessel diameter are drawn along a given lymph vessel. The dimensions for each ROI are kept constant for a given vessel and NIRF intensity is measured for each ROI to quantitatively assess "packets" of lymph moving through vessels.

Recently developed imaging techniques using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) may help elucidate the role the lymphatic system plays in cancer metastasis, immune response, wound repair, and other lymphatic-associated diseases.

Non invasiva di imaging ottico del sistema vascolare linfatico di un mouse

The lymphatic  vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that  maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and ...

Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Investigation of the interactions between animal host and bacterial pathogen is only meaningful if the infection model employed replicates the principal features of the natural infection. This protocol describes procedures for the establishment and evaluation of systemic infection due to neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1 in the neonatal rat. Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract leads to dissemination of the pathogen along the gut-lymph-blood-brain course of infection and the model displays strong age dependency. A strain of E. coli O18:K1 with enhanced virulence for the neonatal rat produces exceptionally high rates of colonization, translocation to the blood compartment and invasion of the meninges following transit through the choroid plexus. As in the human host, penetration of the central nervous system is accompanied by local inflammation and an invariably lethal outcome. The model is of proven utility for studies of the mechanism of pathogenesis, for evaluation of therapeutic interventions and for assessment of bacterial virulence.

Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Here, a procedure is described for the establishment of systemic infection in the neonatal rat with cultures of Escherichia coli K1. This non-invasive procedure permits colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, translocation of the pathogen to the systemic circulation, and invasion of the central nervous system at the choroid plexus.

Non invasiva Modello di neuropatogeno<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt; L&#39;infezione neonatale nel ratto

Investigation of the interactions between animal host and bacterial pathogen is only meaningful if the infection model employed replicates the principal ...

Complete Thymectomy in Adult Rats with Non-invasive Endotracheal Intubation

Thymectomy in neonatal rodents is an established and reliable procedure for immunological studies. However, in adult rats, complications of hemorrhage and pneumothorax from pleural disruption can result in a significant mortality rate. This protocol is a simple method of rat thymectomy that utilizes a mini-sternotomy and endotracheal intubation. Intubation is accomplished with a non-invasive and easily reproducible method and allows for positive pressure ventilation to prevent pneumothorax and a controlled airway that allows sufficient time for careful thymus dissection to minimize pleural disruption. A 1.5 cm sternal incision decreases contact with mediastinal vessels and pleura, while still providing full visualization of the thymus. Following exposure of the mediastinum, the thymus is removed by blunt dissection under magnification. The pleural space is then sealed by suture closure of the pre-tracheal muscles followed by the application of surgical glue. The thorax is then closed by suture closure of the sternum, followed by suture closure of the skin. All thymectomies were complete as evidenced by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of mediastinal tissue, and absence of na&#239;ve T-cells by flow cytometry, and the procedure had a 96% survival rate. This method is suitable when complete thymectomy with minimal complications is desired for further immunological studies in athymic adult rats.

Rodent thymectomy is a valuable technique in immunological research. Here, a protocol for complete thymectomy in adult rats using a mini-sternotomy along with non-invasive intubation and positive pressure ventilation to minimize perioperative morbidity and mortality is described.

Thymectomy completa in ratti adulti con non-invasiva intubazione endotracheale

Thymectomy in neonatal rodents is an established and reliable procedure for immunological studies. However, in adult rats, complications of hemorrhage and ...

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of causing systemic disease in both fish and humans. A better understanding of S. iniae disease pathogenesis requires an appropriate model system. The genetic tractability and the optical transparency of the early developmental stages of zebrafish allow for the generation and non-invasive imaging of transgenic lines with fluorescently tagged immune cells. The adaptive immune system is not fully functional until several weeks post fertilization, but zebrafish larvae have a conserved vertebrate innate immune system with both neutrophils and macrophages. Thus, the generation of a larval infection model allows the study of the specific contribution of innate immunity in controlling S. iniae infection.
The site of microinjection will determine whether an infection is systemic or initially localized. Here, we present our protocols for otic vesicle injection of zebrafish aged 2-3 days post fertilization as well as our techniques for fluorescent confocal imaging of infection. A localized infection site allows observation of initial microbe invasion, recruitment of host cells and dissemination of infection. Our findings using the zebrafish larval model of S. iniae infection indicate that zebrafish can be used to examine the differing contributions of host neutrophils and macrophages in localized bacterial infections. In addition, we describe how photolabeling of immune cells can be used to track individual host cell fate during the course of infection.

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

Here, we present a protocol for the generation and imaging of a localized bacterial infection in the zebrafish otic vesicle.

Imaging non invasiva della risposta immunitaria innata in un modello di Zebrafish larvale<em&gt; Streptococcus iniae</em&gt; Infezione

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of ...

Intravital Microscopy of Leukocyte-endothelial and Platelet-leukocyte Interactions in Mesenterial Veins in Mice

Intravital microscopy is a method that can be used to investigate different processes in different regions and vessels in living animals. In this protocol, we describe intravital microscopy of mesentery veins. This can be performed in a short period of time with reproducible results showing leukocyte-endothelial interactions in vivo. We describe an inflammatory setting after LPS challenge of the endothelium. But in this model one can apply many different types of inflammatory conditions, like bacterial, chemical or biological and investigate the administration of drugs and their direct effects on the living animal and its impact on leukocyte recruitment. This protocol has been applied successfully to a number of different treatments of mice and their effects on inflammatory response in vessels. Herein, we describe the visualization of leukocytes and platelets by fluorescently labeling these with rhodamine 6G. Additionally, any specific imaging can be performed using targeted fluorescently labeled molecules.

This simplified application of intravital microscopy of mesentery veins in mice can be used in different models of inflammation to observe leukocyte-endothelial and platelet-leukocyte interactions.

Interazioni intravitale Microscopia di leucociti-endoteliali e piastrine-leucociti in Mesenterial Vene Mice

Intravital microscopy is a method that can be used to investigate different processes in different regions and vessels in living animals. In this ...

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral tissues through an as-yet undefined mechanism. The application of multiphoton microscopy to the study of the immune system provides a tool to measure the dynamics of immune responses within intact tissues. Here we present a protocol for non-invasive intravital multiphoton imaging of CD4 T cells in the inflamed mouse ear dermis. Use of a custom imaging platform and a venous catheter allows for the visualization of CD4 T cell dynamics in the dermal interstitium, with the ability to interrogate these cells in real-time via the addition of blocking antibodies to key molecular components involved in motility. This system provides advantages over both in vitro models and surgically invasive imaging procedures. Understanding the pathways used by CD4 T cells for motility may ultimately provide insight into the basic function of CD4 T cells as well as the pathogenesis of both autoimmune diseases and pathology from chronic infections.

The mechanisms that govern the interstitial motility of CD4 effector T cells at sites of inflammation are relatively unknown. We present a non-invasive approach to visualize and manipulate in vitro-primed CD4 T cells in the inflamed ear dermis, allowing for study of the dynamic behavior of these cells in situ.

Imaging CD4 T cellule interstiziali migrazione nel derma infiammate

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral ...