이 작품은 NIH 그랜트 R01 - 3155-53502 워싱턴 대학 화이자 바이오 메디컬 연구 계약에 의해 지원되었다.

1. 동물 준비 : 이 프로토콜은 neutrophils과 macrophages이 찬란 eGFP 1의 표현에 의해 표시하는, 성인 여성 성인 LysM - eGFP 마우스를 사용합니다. <ol class="lalpha"><li> 혈관에 레이블 : 비 타겟 양자 도트의 15μl 혈관을 시각화하는 (655nm) PBS 100 μl에 희석 및 이미징하기 전에 마우스를 10-30 분에 정맥 주입합니다. </li><li> 마취 : <ol><li> 수의과 흡입 마취 시스템 (귀족 의료 서비스, 병원)의 유도 챔버에서 마우스를 놓습니다. </li><li> Isoflurane 3~4%하고 100 % 산소 캐리어 가스 유량에 기화기를 설정 ~ 1 L / 분. 후면 발가락 핀치 반사가 손실 때까지 실수 마취의 과용을 방지하기 위해 밀접하게 동물을 모니터링합니다. </li><li> 마취는 1.5에서 관리하고 있습니다 필요에 따라 호흡 유물을 최소화하기 위해 영상 중에 조정 ~ 2% Isoflurane 및 괜찮아요. 마우스의 호흡 속도는 마취의 적절한 비행기를 확보하기 위해 이미징 세션에 걸쳐 신중하게 모니터링합니다. </li><li> Puralube 수의과 연고가 건조 방지하기 위해 눈을에 적용됩니다. </li><li> 마우스는 규제 36에 배치됩니다 ° C 가열 패드 (브레인 트리 과학) 주입 및 이미징 도중 저체온증을 방지하기 위해. </li><li> 탈수 방지하기 위해 마우스 PBS SC 모든 1~2시간 100 μl 주어집니다. </li></ol></li><li> 백혈구 채용을 유발하는 염증성 자극을 제공합니다 : <ol><li> 수술 단계와 면봉 70 %의 에탄올과 노상 강도에 마우스를 놓습니다. </li><li> ~ 90 도의 분사를 촉진하고 배달 깊이의 정밀도를 향상시키기 위해 베벨 근처 인슐린 주사기 바늘을 구부. </li><li> 1μl PBS에 희석 bioparticles E.coli 0.5 μg과 주사기를로드합니다. 이것은 쉽게 비말을 로드할 수 있도록 microfuge 튜브의 뚜껑에 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 굽​​은 집게로 발가락을 잡고 그것이 바로 피부 아래까지 베벨이 위를 향하게과 피부를 통해서 부드럽게 바늘을 삽입합니다. </li><li> 천천히 주입하고 다시 물을 방지하기 위해 5 초 동안 장소에서 개최. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 이미징 단계 설정 : 영상 플랫폼은 센터를 통해 절단 원형 구멍이있는 알루미늄 플레이트로 구성되어 있습니다. 대형 커버 유리 접시와 고무 O - 링이 뒤쪽 발을 수용하기 위해 방수 recessed 챔버를 만드는 상단에 붙어 있습니다 하단에 붙어있다. 알루미늄 플레이트가 36 ° C 접시 상단에 부착된이 가열 요소를 통해 따뜻하게합니다. <ol class="lalpha"><li> 사전 예열 영상 무대에서 마우스를 놓고 36 ° C의 온난 패드를 사용하여 마우스의 핵심 체온을 유지합니다. </li><li> superglue의 박막으로 이미징 챔버의 coverglass에 앞발을 고정합니다. </li><li> 두 접착제의 부동 비트를 제거하고 신선한 PBS (° C 36 미리 예열)와 챔버를 채우기 위해 앞발을 씻으십시오. </li></ol> 생쥐는 동물의 생존을 구성하지 않고 최대 4 시간 동안 몇 군데하실 수 있습니다. 발을 부드럽게 아세톤 및 세로 이미징 연구 소생 생쥐의 작은 양의 공개 수 있습니다. 그러나,이 경우, 우리는 &lt;2 시간 이미징 기간을 권장하고 마취의 과다 복용이나 탈수의 위험을 최소화하기 위해 세션 사이 24-48 H를 기다리고 있습니다. 3. 이미징 취득 이 프로토콜에서 사용되는 두 개의 광자 현미경 (2P 현미경)는 똑바로 현미경 구성된 맞춤식 듀얼 레이저 비디오 속도 시스템입니다. 이 시스템은 두 개의 티를 갖추고 있습니다 : 사파이어 레이저, 넷 정면에서 동시에 3, 4 채널 인수 및 20x 물 침지 목표 (올림푸스, 20x/0.95 NA)에 대한 이중 알칼리 PMTs.을 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 890 - 900nm에 사파이어 레이저 (일관된 주) : 카멜레온 XR 티를 조정. </li><li> 파란 (&lt;480 nm의 두번째 고조파 생성 신호), 녹색 (480 - 560nm, LysM - eGFP 긍정 neutrophils)과 빨간색 (&gt; 560 nm의, 양자 도트 표시 혈관 세 채널을 분리하는 480nm와 560nm 이색성 거울 (SemRoc)를 사용 ). 또는 560nm 필터는 E.을 구분하는 570nm 필터를 교체할 수 있습니다 655nm 양자 점 (적색 깊이가 나타납니다)에서 대장균의 bioparticles (576nm bioparticles 오렌지가 나타납니다.) </li><li> 조심스럽게 PBS에 목적을 절감하고 발가락의 혈관에 중점을두고 있습니다. </li><li> 이미지 수집 속도 비디오 속도 (30f/sec)에서 운영하고 조직 랜드마크로 신속하게 관심의 혈관 (하나를 찾을 수 (비디오 속도 수집 속도) 조직을 조사 콜라겐에서 냄새가 나는데 두 번째 고조파 신호를 이용한 보이는 lysM - eGFP의 neutrophils 포함). </li><li> (수 색상 분리를 최적화하고 배경을 통해 충분한 신호를 달성하는 데 필요한 레이저의 양을 최소화하기 위해 PMTs의 게인을 조정주의 이미지를 포화하지!). </li><li> 관심 지역 지역이있는되면, 시간 저속 영상을 시작합니다. 시간 저속 영상은 두 개의 서로 다른 시간적 해상도로 수행할 수 있습니다. 이미징 세포 압연 및 접착 및 혈관 내에서 실시간으로, 우리는 하나의 Z - 비행기에서 30f/sec을 획득. 실질의 세포 넘쳐 흐름 및 마이 그 레이션을 문서화 위해 우리는 3 차원 시간 저속 이미징을 수행합니다. 전형적인 수집 프로토콜은 각각의 Z - 단계 15 프레임 평균 30 초 간격으로 Z - 단계 200-225 50μm의 볼륨에 대해 21 순차 2.5μm 인수로 구성됩니다. </li><li> 일단 데이터 파일이 실험실 서버에 저장되며, Imaris 또는 Volocity 소프트웨어는 2 추적 다차원 렌더링과 셀, 3을 수행하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 4. 대표 결과 호중구의 상상 1.Real 시간 (30f/sec)는 200x에있는 혈관을 따라 굴러. 시간 경과 영상은 빨간색으로 표시된 리스테리아 monocytogenes와 감염 후 상업 중심지에 대한 혈관의 내피 놀면서, 녹색, neutrophils를 보여줍니다. 결합 조직의 콜라겐 섬유가 파란색으로 표시됩니다. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/2062/2062_Miller_Movie1.mov">비디오를 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> 200x에서 호중구 모집 역학 2.Time - 저속 3D 영상. 염증 조직을 통해 유통 및 마이 그 레이션에서 전형적인 호중구 모집이 나타납니다. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/2062/2062_Miller_Movie2.mov">비디오를 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

<ol>
	<li>Faust, N., Varas, F., Kelly, L. M., Heck, S., Graf, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insertion+of+enhanced+green+fluorescent+protein+into+the+lysozyme+gene+creates+mice+with+green+fluorescent+granulocytes+and+macrophages.">Insertion of enhanced green fluorescent protein into the lysozyme gene creates mice with green fluorescent granulocytes and macrophages.</a> Blood. 96, 719-726 (2000).</li><li>Zinselmeyer, B. H., Lynch, J. N., Zhang, X., Aoshi, T., Miller, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Video-rate+two-photon+imaging+of+mouse+footpad+-+a+promising+model+for+studying+leukocyte+recruitment+dynamics+during+inflammation.">Video-rate two-photon imaging of mouse footpad - a promising model for studying leukocyte recruitment dynamics during inflammation.</a> Inflamm Res. 57, 93-96 (2008).</li><li>Zinselmeyer, B. H., Dempster, J., Wokosin, D. L., Cannon, J. J., Pless, R., Parker, I., Miller, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+16.+Two-photon+microscopy+and+multidimensional+analysis+of+cell+dynamics.">Chapter 16. Two-photon microscopy and multidimensional analysis of cell dynamics.</a> Methods Enzymol. 461, 349-378 (2009).</li><li>Gray, D. F., Jennings, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allergy+in+experimental+mouse+tuberculosis.">Allergy in experimental mouse tuberculosis.</a> Am Rev Tuberc. 72, 171-195 (1955).</li><li>Lin, A., Loughman, J. A., Zinselmeyer, B. H., Miller, M. J., Caparon, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streptolysin+S+inhibits+neutrophil+recruitment+during+the+early+stages+of+Streptococcus+pyogenes+infection.+Infect+Immun.">Streptolysin S inhibits neutrophil recruitment during the early stages of Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Infect Immun.</a> 77, 5190-5201 (2009).</li><li>Smith, C. J., Zhang, Y., Koboldt, C. M., Muhammad, J., Zweifel, B. S., Shaffer, A., Talley, J. J., Masferrer, J. L., Seibert, K., Isakson, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+analysis+of+cyclooxygenase-1+in+inflammation.">Pharmacological analysis of cyclooxygenase-1 in inflammation.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95, 13313-13318 (1998).</li><li>Wipke, B. T., Allen, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Essential+role+of+neutrophils+in+the+initiation+and+progression+of+a+murine+model+of+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Essential role of neutrophils in the initiation and progression of a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis.</a> J Immunol. 167, 1601-1608 (2001).</li><li>Baez, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+open+cremaster+muscle+preparation+for+the+study+of+blood+vessels+by+in+vivo+microscopy.">An open cremaster muscle preparation for the study of blood vessels by in vivo microscopy.</a> Microvasc Res. 5, 384-394 (1973).</li><li>Mempel, T. R., Scimone, M. L., Mora, J. R., von Andrian, U. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=in+vivo+imaging+of+leukocyte+trafficking+in+blood+vessels+and+tissues.">in vivo imaging of leukocyte trafficking in blood vessels and tissues.</a> Curr Opin Immunol. 16, 406-417 (2004).</li><li>Miller, M. J., Wei, S. H., Cahalan, M. D., Parker, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autonomous+T+cell+trafficking+examined+in+vivo+with+intravital+two-photon+microscopy.">Autonomous T cell trafficking examined in vivo with intravital two-photon microscopy.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100, 2604-2609 (2003).</li></ol>

모든 실험은 세인트 루이스에있는 워싱턴 대학의 동물 연구위원회에 의해 승인된 프로토콜에 따라 수행되었다.

이 비디오 프로토콜에서 우리는 염증에 대한 응답으로 백혈구 모집의 비침습 2P 이미징을위한 절차를 보여줍니다. 노상 강도는 알레르기, 감염 및 면역 질환 4-7로 염증을 공부에 대한 고전적인 생리적 사이트입니다. 2P 영상은 압연 및 이펙터 기능의 사이트에 chemotaxis하는 혈관에 접착에서 백혈구 매매 경로의 별개의 단계에 대한 자세한 그림을 제공합니다. 우리는 ?...

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane, USP</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Butler Animal Health Supply</td>
<td>029405</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>655nm non-targeted quantum dots</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>Q21021MP</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tetramathylrhodamine conjugated E. coli BioParticles </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>E2862</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Listeria monocytogenes (Lm)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Reference 2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Quick gel</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Duro</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Puralube Vet Ointment </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pharmaderm Animal Health</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Insulin syringes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>08290-3284-38</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thermo Scirntific</td>
<td>SH30256.02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

non-invasive imaging of leukocyte homing and migration in vivo

두 광자 (2P) 현미경은 생물학에 의해 광범위하게 적응되어 고해상도 이미징 기술이다. 2P 현미경의 가치는 그대로 조직 내에서 라이브 생쥐의 세포 행동에 관한 풍부한 spatiotemporal 정보를 제공한다는 것입니다. 백혈구 모집 호스트 감염에 대한 방어와시 선택하지에 큰 역할을, 염증 및 면역 질환에 기여하실 수 있습니다. 세포가 빛을 산란 조직 내에 깊이있는 혈관 내에 빠르게 이동되므로 생체내에서 백혈구 채용을 공부하는 것은 기술적으로 도전합니다. 지금까지 대부분의 intravital 영상 연구는 혈관과 조직을 노출 외과 준비가 필요합니다. 수술 자체 유도 조직 손상과 염증을 방지하려면 여기, 우리는 마우스 노상 강도 및 지골에서 백혈구 거래를 연구하는 데 사용할 수있는 비침습 단일 세포 이미징 방법을 설명합니다. 우리는 2P 이미징 준비의 기술적 측면을 논의하고 실행 및 데이터를 수집하도록 설정 초기의 전형적인 실험을 통해 독자를 걸어보세요.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo at JoVE.com

Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo

여기, 우리는 마우스 노상 강도의 백혈구가 추적 연구 비침습 두 개의 광자 (2P) 현미경의 접근 방식을 설명합니다. 우리는 조직 이미징 준비의 기술적 측면을 논의하고 실행 및 데이터를 수집하도록 설정 초기의 전형적인 실험을 통해 독자를 걸어보세요.

백혈구 호밍 및 마이 그 레이션의 비침습 영상 생체내에</em

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is a high resolution imaging technique that has been broadly adapted by biologists.  The value of 2P microscopy is that it ...

non-invasive-imaging-of-leukocyte-homing-and-migration-in-vivo

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Immunology and Infection

Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo

12.7K 조회수.  Washington University in St. Louis. 여기, 우리는 마우스 노상 강도의 백혈구가 추적 연구 비침습 두 개의 광자 (2P) 현미경의 접근 방식을 설명합니다. 우리는 조직 이미징 준비의 기술적 측면을 논의하고 실행 및 데이터를 수집하도록 설정 초기의 전형적인 실험을 통해 독자를 걸어보세요.

비디오: Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo

Competitive Homing Assays to Study Gut-tropic T Cell Migration

In order to exert their function lymphocytes need to leave the blood and migrate into different tissues in the body. Lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and tissue extravasation is a multistep process controlled by different adhesion molecules (homing receptors) expressed on lymphocytes and their respective ligands (addressins) displayed on endothelial cells 1 2. Even though the function of these adhesion receptors can be partially studied ex vivo, the ultimate test for their physiological relevance is to assess their role during in vivo lymphocyte adhesion and migration. Two complementary strategies have been used for this purpose: intravital microscopy (IVM) and homing experiments. Although IVM has been essential to define the precise contribution of specific adhesion receptors during the adhesion cascade in real time and in different tissues, IVM is time consuming and labor intensive, it often requires the development of sophisticated surgical techniques, it needs prior isolation of homogeneous cell populations and it permits the analysis of only one tissue/organ at any given time. By contrast, competitive homing experiments allow the direct and simultaneous comparison in the migration of two (or even more) cell subsets in the same mouse and they also permit the analysis of many tissues and of a high number of cells in the same experiment.
Here we describe the classical competitive homing protocol used to determine the advantage/disadvantage of a given cell type to home to specific tissues as compared to a control cell population. We chose to illustrate the migratory properties of gut-tropic versus non gut-tropic T cells, because the intestinal mucosa is the largest body surface in contact with the external environment and it is also the extra-lymphoid tissue with the best-defined migratory requirements. Moreover, recent work has determined that the vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is the main molecular mechanism responsible for inducing gut-specific adhesion receptors (integrin a4b7and chemokine receptor CCR9) on lymphocytes. Thus, we can readily generate large numbers of gut-tropic and non gut-tropic lymphocytes ex vivoby activating T cells in the presence or absence of RA, respectively, which can be finally used in the competitive homing experiments described here.

Competitive homing experiments allow to directly assessing the migratory properties of two different cell populations in a single mouse. Here we illustrate this procedure by comparing the migration of ex vivo-generated gut-tropic versus non-gut tropic T cells.

굿 - 트로픽 T 세포의 마이 그 레이션을 공부 경쟁력 호밍 Assays

In order to exert their function lymphocytes need to leave the blood and migrate into different tissues in the body. Lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Imaging Leukocyte Adhesion to the Vascular Endothelium at High Intraluminal Pressure

Worldwide, hypertension is reported to be in approximately a quarter of the population and is the leading biomedical risk factor for mortality worldwide. In the vasculature hypertension is associated with endothelial dysfunction and increased inflammation leading to atherosclerosis and various disease states such as chronic kidney disease2, stroke3 and heart failure4. An initial step in vascular inflammation leading to atherogenesis is the adhesion cascade which involves the rolling, tethering, adherence and subsequent transmigration of leukocytes through the endothelium. Recruitment and accumulation of leukocytes to the endothelium is mediated by an upregulation of adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin as well as increases in cytokine and chemokine release and an upregulation of reactive oxygen species5. In vitro methods such as static adhesion assays help to determine mechanisms involved in cell-to-cell adhesion as well as the analysis of cell adhesion molecules. Methods employed in previous in vitro studies have demonstrated that acute increases in pressure on the endothelium can lead to monocyte adhesion, an upregulation of adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers6 however, similar to many in vitro assays, these findings have not been performed in real time under physiological flow conditions, nor with whole blood. Therefore, in vivo assays are increasingly utilised in animal models to demonstrate vascular inflammation and plaque development. Intravital microscopy is now widely used to assess leukocyte adhesion, rolling, migration and transmigration7-9. When combining the effects of pressure on leukocyte to endothelial adhesion the in vivo studies are less extensive. One such study examines the real time effects of flow and shear on arterial growth and remodelling but inflammatory markers were only assessed via immunohistochemistry10. Here we present a model for recording leukocyte adhesion in real time in intact pressurised blood vessels using whole blood perfusion. The methodology is a modification of an ex vivo vessel chamber perfusion model9 which enables real-time analysis of leukocyte -endothelial adhesive interactions in intact vessels. Our modification enables the manipulation of the intraluminal pressure up to 200 mmHg allowing for study not only under physiological flow conditions but also pressure conditions. While pressure myography systems have been previously demonstrated to observe vessel wall and lumen diameter11 as well as vessel contraction this is the first time demonstrating leukocyte-endothelial interactions in real time. Here we demonstrate the technique using carotid arteries harvested from rats and cannulated to a custom-made flow chamber coupled to a fluorescent microscope. The vessel chamber is equipped with a large bottom coverglass allowing a large diameter objective lens with short working distance to image the vessel. Furthermore, selected agonist and/or antagonists can be utilized to further investigate the mechanisms controlling cell adhesion. Advantages of this method over intravital microscopy include no involvement of invasive surgery and therefore a higher throughput can be obtained. This method also enables the use of localised inhibitor treatment to the desired vessel whereas intravital only enables systemic inhibitor treatment.

This is a method to visualise leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium in harvested pressurised vessels. The technique enables studying vascular adhesion under shear flow with differing intraluminal pressures up to 200 mmHg thus mimic-ing the pathophysiological conditions of high blood pressure.

하이 Intraluminal 압력에서 혈관 내피에 이미징 백혈구의 접착

Worldwide, hypertension is reported to be in approximately a quarter of the population and is the leading biomedical risk factor for mortality worldwide. ...

Non-invasive Imaging of Disseminated Candidiasis in Zebrafish Larvae

Disseminated candidiasis caused by the pathogen Candida albicans is a clinically important problem in hospitalized individuals and is associated with a 30 to 40% attributable mortality6. Systemic candidiasis is normally controlled by innate immunity, and individuals with genetic defects in innate immune cell components such as phagocyte NADPH oxidase are more susceptible to candidemia7-9. Very little is known about the dynamics of C. albicans interaction with innate immune cells in vivo. Extensive in vitro studies have established that outside of the host C. albicans germinates inside of macrophages, and is quickly destroyed by neutrophils10-14. In vitro studies, though useful, cannot recapitulate the complex in vivo environment, which includes time-dependent dynamics of cytokine levels, extracellular matrix attachments, and intercellular contacts10, 15-18. To probe the contribution of these factors in host-pathogen interaction, it is critical to find a model organism to visualize these aspects of infection non-invasively in a live intact host. 
The zebrafish larva offers a unique and versatile vertebrate host for the study of infection. For the first 30 days of development zebrafish larvae have only innate immune defenses2, 19-21, simplifying the study of diseases such as disseminated candidiasis that are highly dependent on innate immunity. The small size and transparency of zebrafish larvae enable imaging of infection dynamics at the cellular level for both host and pathogen. Transgenic larvae with fluorescing innate immune cells can be used to identify specific cells types involved in infection22-24. Modified anti-sense oligonucleotides (Morpholinos) can be used to knock down various immune components such as phagocyte NADPH oxidase and study the changes in response to fungal infection5. In addition to the ethical and practical advantages of using a small lower vertebrate, the zebrafish larvae offers the unique possibility to image the pitched battle between pathogen and host both intravitally and in color. 
The zebrafish has been used to model infection for a number of human pathogenic bacteria, and has been instrumental in major advances in our understanding of mycobacterial infection3, 25. However, only recently have much larger pathogens such as fungi been used to infect larva5, 23, 26, and to date there has not been a detailed visual description of the infection methodology. Here we present our techniques for hindbrain ventricle microinjection of prim25 zebrafish, including our modifications to previous protocols. Our findings using the larval zebrafish model for fungal infection diverge from in vitro studies and reinforce the need to examine the host-pathogen interaction in the complex environment of the host rather than the simplified system of the Petri dish5.

The rapid development, small size and transparency of zebrafish are tremendous advantages for the study of innate immune control of infection1-4. Here we demonstrate techniques for infecting zebrafish larvae using the fungal pathogen Candida albicans by microinjection, methodology recently used to implicate phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity in control of fungal dimorphism5.

Zebrafish 애벌레의 분해해 칸디다 증의 비침습 이미징

Disseminated candidiasis caused by the pathogen Candida albicans is a clinically important problem in hospitalized individuals and is associated with a 30 ...

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of bacteria in gene and cell therapy for cancer. Bacteria present an attractive class of vector for cancer therapy, possessing a natural ability to grow preferentially within tumors following systemic administration. Bacteria engineered to express the lux gene cassette permit BLI detection of the bacteria and concurrently tumor sites. The location and levels of bacteria within tumors over time can be readily examined, visualized in two or three dimensions. The method is applicable to a wide range of bacterial species and tumor xenograft types. This article describes the protocol for analysis of bioluminescent bacteria within subcutaneous tumor bearing mice. Visualization of commensal bacteria in the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by BLI is also described. This powerful, and cheap, real-time imaging strategy represents an ideal method for the study of bacteria in vivo in the context of cancer research, in particular gene therapy, and infectious disease. This video outlines the procedure for studying lux-tagged E. coli in live mice, demonstrating the spatial and temporal readout achievable utilizing BLI with the IVIS system.

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This article describes the administration of lux-tagged bacteria to mice and subsequent in vivo analysis using IVIS bioluminescence imaging.

발광 생물 세균 이미징<em&gt; 생체 내</em

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of ...

Non-invasive Optical Imaging of the Lymphatic Vasculature of a Mouse

The lymphatic vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and mediates fat absorption in the gut. Yet despite its critical function, there is comparatively little understanding of how the lymphatic system adapts to serve these functions in health and disease1. Recently, we have demonstrated the ability to dynamically image lymphatic architecture and lymph "pumping" action in normal human subjects as well as in persons suffering lymphatic dysfunction using trace administration of a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye and a custom, Gen III-intensified imaging system2-4. NIRF imaging showed dramatic changes in lymphatic architecture and function with human disease. It remains unclear how these changes occur and new animal models are being developed to elucidate their genetic and molecular basis. In this protocol, we present NIRF lymphatic, small animal imaging5,6 using indocyanine green (ICG), a dye that has been used for 50 years in humans7, and a NIRF dye-labeled cyclic albumin binding domain (cABD-IRDye800) peptide that preferentially binds mouse and human albumin8. Approximately 5.5 times brighter than ICG, cABD-IRDye800 has a similar lymphatic clearance profile and can be injected in smaller doses than ICG to achieve sufficient NIRF signals for imaging8. Because both cABD-IRDye800 and ICG bind to albumin in the interstitial space8, they both may depict active protein transport into and within the lymphatics. Intradermal (ID) injections (5-50 &mu;l) of ICG (645 &mu;M) or cABD-IRDye800 (200 &mu;M) in saline are administered to the dorsal aspect of each hind paw and/or the left and right side of the base of the tail of an isoflurane-anesthetized mouse. The resulting dye concentration in the animal is 83-1,250 &mu;g/kg for ICG or 113-1,700 &mu;g/kg for cABD-IRDye800. Immediately following injections, functional lymphatic imaging is conducted for up to 1 hr using a customized, small animal NIRF imaging system. Whole animal spatial resolution can depict fluorescent lymphatic vessels of 100 microns or less, and images of structures up to 3 cm in depth can be acquired9. Images are acquired using V++ software and analyzed using ImageJ or MATLAB software. During analysis, consecutive regions of interest (ROIs) encompassing the entire vessel diameter are drawn along a given lymph vessel. The dimensions for each ROI are kept constant for a given vessel and NIRF intensity is measured for each ROI to quantitatively assess "packets" of lymph moving through vessels.

Recently developed imaging techniques using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) may help elucidate the role the lymphatic system plays in cancer metastasis, immune response, wound repair, and other lymphatic-associated diseases.

마우스의 림프 Vasculature의 비 침습적 광학 이미징

The lymphatic  vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that  maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and ...

Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Investigation of the interactions between animal host and bacterial pathogen is only meaningful if the infection model employed replicates the principal features of the natural infection. This protocol describes procedures for the establishment and evaluation of systemic infection due to neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1 in the neonatal rat. Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract leads to dissemination of the pathogen along the gut-lymph-blood-brain course of infection and the model displays strong age dependency. A strain of E. coli O18:K1 with enhanced virulence for the neonatal rat produces exceptionally high rates of colonization, translocation to the blood compartment and invasion of the meninges following transit through the choroid plexus. As in the human host, penetration of the central nervous system is accompanied by local inflammation and an invariably lethal outcome. The model is of proven utility for studies of the mechanism of pathogenesis, for evaluation of therapeutic interventions and for assessment of bacterial virulence.

Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Here, a procedure is described for the establishment of systemic infection in the neonatal rat with cultures of Escherichia coli K1. This non-invasive procedure permits colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, translocation of the pathogen to the systemic circulation, and invasion of the central nervous system at the choroid plexus.

Neuropathogenic의 비 침습 모델<em&gt; 대장균</em&gt; 신생아 쥐에 감염

Investigation of the interactions between animal host and bacterial pathogen is only meaningful if the infection model employed replicates the principal ...

Complete Thymectomy in Adult Rats with Non-invasive Endotracheal Intubation

Thymectomy in neonatal rodents is an established and reliable procedure for immunological studies. However, in adult rats, complications of hemorrhage and pneumothorax from pleural disruption can result in a significant mortality rate. This protocol is a simple method of rat thymectomy that utilizes a mini-sternotomy and endotracheal intubation. Intubation is accomplished with a non-invasive and easily reproducible method and allows for positive pressure ventilation to prevent pneumothorax and a controlled airway that allows sufficient time for careful thymus dissection to minimize pleural disruption. A 1.5 cm sternal incision decreases contact with mediastinal vessels and pleura, while still providing full visualization of the thymus. Following exposure of the mediastinum, the thymus is removed by blunt dissection under magnification. The pleural space is then sealed by suture closure of the pre-tracheal muscles followed by the application of surgical glue. The thorax is then closed by suture closure of the sternum, followed by suture closure of the skin. All thymectomies were complete as evidenced by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of mediastinal tissue, and absence of na&#239;ve T-cells by flow cytometry, and the procedure had a 96% survival rate. This method is suitable when complete thymectomy with minimal complications is desired for further immunological studies in athymic adult rats.

Rodent thymectomy is a valuable technique in immunological research. Here, a protocol for complete thymectomy in adult rats using a mini-sternotomy along with non-invasive intubation and positive pressure ventilation to minimize perioperative morbidity and mortality is described.

비 침습적 기관 내 삽관 성인 쥐에서 전체 흉선

Thymectomy in neonatal rodents is an established and reliable procedure for immunological studies. However, in adult rats, complications of hemorrhage and ...

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of causing systemic disease in both fish and humans. A better understanding of S. iniae disease pathogenesis requires an appropriate model system. The genetic tractability and the optical transparency of the early developmental stages of zebrafish allow for the generation and non-invasive imaging of transgenic lines with fluorescently tagged immune cells. The adaptive immune system is not fully functional until several weeks post fertilization, but zebrafish larvae have a conserved vertebrate innate immune system with both neutrophils and macrophages. Thus, the generation of a larval infection model allows the study of the specific contribution of innate immunity in controlling S. iniae infection.
The site of microinjection will determine whether an infection is systemic or initially localized. Here, we present our protocols for otic vesicle injection of zebrafish aged 2-3 days post fertilization as well as our techniques for fluorescent confocal imaging of infection. A localized infection site allows observation of initial microbe invasion, recruitment of host cells and dissemination of infection. Our findings using the zebrafish larval model of S. iniae infection indicate that zebrafish can be used to examine the differing contributions of host neutrophils and macrophages in localized bacterial infections. In addition, we describe how photolabeling of immune cells can be used to track individual host cell fate during the course of infection.

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

Here, we present a protocol for the generation and imaging of a localized bacterial infection in the zebrafish otic vesicle.

의 Zebrafish의 애벌레 모델의 선천성 면역 반응의 비 침습적 영상<em&gt; 연쇄상 구균 iniae</em&gt; 감염

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of ...

Intravital Microscopy of Leukocyte-endothelial and Platelet-leukocyte Interactions in Mesenterial Veins in Mice

Intravital microscopy is a method that can be used to investigate different processes in different regions and vessels in living animals. In this protocol, we describe intravital microscopy of mesentery veins. This can be performed in a short period of time with reproducible results showing leukocyte-endothelial interactions in vivo. We describe an inflammatory setting after LPS challenge of the endothelium. But in this model one can apply many different types of inflammatory conditions, like bacterial, chemical or biological and investigate the administration of drugs and their direct effects on the living animal and its impact on leukocyte recruitment. This protocol has been applied successfully to a number of different treatments of mice and their effects on inflammatory response in vessels. Herein, we describe the visualization of leukocytes and platelets by fluorescently labeling these with rhodamine 6G. Additionally, any specific imaging can be performed using targeted fluorescently labeled molecules.

This simplified application of intravital microscopy of mesentery veins in mice can be used in different models of inflammation to observe leukocyte-endothelial and platelet-leukocyte interactions.

마우스의 Mesenterial 혈관에서의 생체 내에 현미경 백혈구 - 내피 세포와 혈소판 - 백혈구 상호 작용

Intravital microscopy is a method that can be used to investigate different processes in different regions and vessels in living animals. In this ...

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral tissues through an as-yet undefined mechanism. The application of multiphoton microscopy to the study of the immune system provides a tool to measure the dynamics of immune responses within intact tissues. Here we present a protocol for non-invasive intravital multiphoton imaging of CD4 T cells in the inflamed mouse ear dermis. Use of a custom imaging platform and a venous catheter allows for the visualization of CD4 T cell dynamics in the dermal interstitium, with the ability to interrogate these cells in real-time via the addition of blocking antibodies to key molecular components involved in motility. This system provides advantages over both in vitro models and surgically invasive imaging procedures. Understanding the pathways used by CD4 T cells for motility may ultimately provide insight into the basic function of CD4 T cells as well as the pathogenesis of both autoimmune diseases and pathology from chronic infections.

The mechanisms that govern the interstitial motility of CD4 effector T cells at sites of inflammation are relatively unknown. We present a non-invasive approach to visualize and manipulate in vitro-primed CD4 T cells in the inflamed ear dermis, allowing for study of the dynamic behavior of these cells in situ.

염증이 진피의 이미징 CD4 T 세포 간질 마이그레이션

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral ...