Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da NIH concedere NS057195, UCSF premio REAC e Kent State University fondo iniziale di WH Chou.

<html> 1. Metodo MCAO Questo protocollo è stato approvato dalla cura degli animali e dei Comitati Istituzionali Usa a UCSF e Kent State University, e si attiene alle linee guida dell&#39;Istituto Nazionale di Sanità per l&#39;uso di animali da esperimento. <ol></ol><ol><li> Tagliare una sutura monofilamento 5-0 (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA) in 20 segmenti mm. Intorno alla punta di ogni segmento di riscaldamento vicino a una cauterizer (Braintree Scientific, Inc., Boston, MA). Misurare il diametro della punta con un micrometro (Applied Image Inc., Rochester, NY). Usiamo una sutura con un diametro punta finale di 0,21-0,22 mm per un mouse con il peso corporeo di 25-30 g. </li><li> Sterilizzare tutti gli strumenti chirurgici in autoclave (minimo 121 ° C, 15 PSI, per 15 minuti). Sterilizzare il tavolo operatorio e delle apparecchiature connesse con etanolo al 70%. </li><li> Anestetizzare uno 8-12 settimane di età del mouse (25-30 g) con il 5% isoflurano (Aerrane, Baxter, Deerfield, IL) nel 30% O 2 / 70% N 2 O con il sistema V-10 Anestesia (VetEquip, Inc ., Pleasanton, CA). Dopo l&#39;induzione dell&#39;anestesia, ridurre il livello di isoflurano e mantenerla a 1,5%. </li><li> Posizionare il mouse in posizione supina su una piastra elettrica. Inserimento di una sonda rettale, e monitorare e mantenere la temperatura corporea tra i 36,5-37,5 ° C utilizzando il TR-200 del sistema della temperatura homeothermic (Fine Science Tools Inc., Foster City, CA). </li><li> Accorciare il pelo sulla regione ventrale del collo con tagliaunghie elettrici (Braintree scientifico) per esporre la pelle. Disinfettare il sito chirurgico utilizzando tre applicazioni del 70% di etanolo. </li><li> Al microscopio stereo dissezione (Nikon, Giappone), fare un 1 cm lunga incisione sulla linea mediana del collo. Usa divaricatori (Braintree scientifico) per esporre il campo operatorio e di individuare il diritto arteria carotide comune (CCA), arteria carotide esterna (ECA), e della carotide interna (ICA). Con attenzione sezionare le arterie circostanti privi di nervi e fascia. </li><li> Sezionare la Corte dei conti ulteriormente distalmente e coagulare l&#39;(STA) Corte dei conti e la sua arteria tiroidea superiore ramo con un coagulatore bipolare (Howard Instrument Inc., Tuscaloosa, AL). Tagliare la Corte dei conti e STA al segmento coagulato. </li><li> Liberamente pareggio 8-0 due punti di sutura di seta intorno al ceppo della Corte dei conti. Applicare una pinza vascolare (Strumenti di scienze arti) alla biforcazione del CCA in Corte dei conti e ICA. </li><li> Fai una piccola incisione alla fine della Corte dei conti ceppo con Vännäs stile forbici a molla (Strumenti di scienze arti). Misurare e registrare la lunghezza di una sutura monofilamento 5-0 arrotondate sulla punta. Inserire la sutura in incisione e avanzare al morsetto. Serrare le due suture di seta intorno al lume quel tanto che basta a garantire ancora preservare la mobilità delle in-abitazione sutura monofilamento. </li><li> Rimuovere la fascetta dalla biforcazione. Delicatamente anticipo la sutura monofilamento dal lume della Corte dei conti nella ICA per una distanza di 9-10 mm al di là della biforcazione della CCA per occludere l&#39;origine della MCA. La durata dell&#39;intervento è di circa 30-45 min. </li><li> Sutura l&#39;incisione sul collo e posizionare il mouse in una casella C ° 35 di riposo per recuperare da anestesia, e restituirlo alla gabbia. Di solito, occorrono 5-10 min per i topi di recuperare da anestesia. Per eseguire MCAO transitoria, il ricercatore può ri-anestetizzare il mouse e ritirare la sutura di nuovo nel tronco di Corte dei conti, dopo un periodo di tempo, di solito tra 0,5-2 h. </li><li> Ventiquattro ore dopo l&#39;induzione di MCAO, anestetizzare il mouse con il 5% isoflurano e l&#39;eutanasia dalla dislocazione cervicale. Decapitare il mouse e raccogliere il cervello. Tagliate il cervello coronale in quattro fette di 2 mm con una matrice cervello (Braintree scientifico) sul ghiaccio. Incubare le fette di cervello in 2% 2,3,5-trifeniltetrazolio cloruro (TTC) (Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS 1X per 20 minuti a temperatura ambiente per determinare la dimensione e l&#39;estensione dell&#39;infarto. Fissare le fette di cervello nel 10% tamponata neutra soluzione di formalina (Sigma-Aldrich) a 4 ° C fino imaging. L&#39;estensione di infarto può essere quantificato come descritto nella JOVE protocollo 955 ( <a href="http://www.jove.com/index/Details.stp?ID=955">http://www.jove.com/index/Details.stp?ID=955</a> ) 9. </li></ol> 2. Rappresentante Risultati <ol></ol> Il infarti generato da MCAO sono visti nello striato e nella corteccia dorsolaterale. Lo striato è più sensibile all&#39;ischemia rispetto alla corteccia cerebrale. Trenta minuti di MCAO produrrà un infarto solo nel corpo striato, mentre più di un&#39;ora di MCAO danneggia sia striato e la corteccia. Dopo 24 ore MCAO permanenti, la percentuale di infarto totale è ~ 40 ± 5% dell&#39;emisfero e il tasso di mortalità dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico è ~ 10%. Escludiamo i topi da ulteriori studi, se si verifica un eccessivo sanguinamento durante l&#39;intervento chirurgico, il tempo di funzionamento supera i 90 minuti, i topi non riescono a riprendersi da anestesia entro 15 minuti, o emorragia si trova nelle sezioni di cervello o alla base del circolo di Willis durante l&#39;esame post-mortem . jove_content &quot;&gt; <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2761/2761fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Immagini Rappresentante della TTC-macchiato fettine di cervello (coronale livello 1-4) dopo 24 ore di permanente MCAO. Nel tessuto vivo TTC è enzimaticamente ridotta di deidrogenasi a 1,3,5-triphenylformazan (TPF), che è di colore rosso, mentre nelle aree necrotiche rimane bianca a causa di mancanza di tale attività enzimatica. Pertanto, l&#39;area di infarto può essere identificato dal suo colore bianco a causa della mancanza di conversione del TTC per TPF. Nota: TTC è un po &#39;di calore e luce instabile sezioni colorate in modo da proteggere dal calore e dalla luce quanto più possibile.

<ol>
	<li>Howard, G., Howard, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Distribution of stroke: hetrogeneity of stroke by age, and sex. , 3-12 (2004).</li><li>Thom, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+disease+and+stroke+statistics--2006+update:+a+report+from+the+American+Heart+Association+Statistics+Committee+and+Stroke+Statistics+Subcommittee.">Heart disease and stroke statistics--2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee.</a> Circulation. 113, e85-e151 (2006).</li><li>Mohr, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Middle cerebral artery disease. , 123-166 (2004).</li><li>Longa, E. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion+without+craniectomy+in+rats.">Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats.</a> Stroke. 20, 84-91 (1989).</li><li>Chou, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+protein+kinase+Cdelta+as+a+mediator+of+stroke-reperfusion+injury.">Neutrophil protein kinase Cdelta as a mediator of stroke-reperfusion injury.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 114, 49-56 (2004).</li><li>Hudgins, W. R., Garcia, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+electrocautery,+atmospheric+exposure,+and+surgical+retraction+on+the+permeability+of+the+blood-brain-barrier.">The effect of electrocautery, atmospheric exposure, and surgical retraction on the permeability of the blood-brain-barrier.</a> Stroke. 1, 375-380 (1970).</li><li>Carmichael, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+models+of+focal+stroke:+size,+mechanism,+and+purpose.">Rodent models of focal stroke: size, mechanism, and purpose.</a> NeuroRx. 2, 396-409 (2005).</li><li>Durukan, A., Tatlisumak, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+ischemic+stroke:+overview+of+major+experimental+rodent+models,+pathophysiology,+and+therapy+of+focal+cerebral+ischemia.">Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia.</a> Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 87, 179-197 (2007).</li><li>Taniguchi, H., Andreasson, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hypoxic-ischemic+encephalopathy+model+of+perinatal+ischemia.">The hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy model of perinatal ischemia.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li></ol>

Non abbiamo alcun interesse potenziale conflitto di rivelare.

MCAO nei topi è comunemente utilizzato per modellare ischemia cerebrale focale in esseri umani. L&#39;uso dei topi per studi corsa è diventato più frequente a causa della disponibilità di ceppi transgenici e knockout. Ci sono alcuni dettagli fondamentali per nota nel protocollo: <ol><li> E &#39;essenziale per mantenere la temperatura corporea del mouse durante l&#39;intervento chirurgico e prima che si riprenda pienamente dall&#39;anestesia. La temperatura corporea ha effetti sul grado di infarto, diminuisce ipotermia e ipertermia aumenta la dimensione dell&#39;infarto. </li><li> Esponendo e isolare il CCA e Corte dei conti, evitare di danneggiare il nervo vago vicino e la trachea, che potrebbe aumentare la dimensione infartuale e la vitalità diminuire. </li><li> Non inserire la sutura monofilamento superiore a 10 mm passare la biforcazione. Una sutura inserito troppo lontano possono perforare l&#39;arteria cerebrale anteriore e causare emorragia cerebrale. Una resistenza può essere sentito quando la sutura è avanzata circa 9-10 mm al di là del punto di biforcazione. In questo caso, il ricercatore dovrebbe smettere di promuovere la sutura e confermare la distanza. </li></ol>

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<td>Chemical	</td>
<td>Aerrane, Baxter</td>
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<td>VetEquip</td>
<td>901807</td>
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<td>TR-200 Temp Controller</td>
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mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion

L&#39;ictus è la più comune malattia neurologica letale negli Stati Uniti 1. La maggior parte degli ictus (88%) il risultato di ostruzione dei vasi sanguigni nel cervello (ictus ischemico) 2. Poiché la maggior parte ictus ischemici (~ 80%) si verificano nel territorio dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media (MCA) 3, molti modelli animali ictus che sono stati sviluppati si sono concentrati su questa arteria. Il modello di monofilo intraluminale di occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media (MCAO) prevede l&#39;inserimento di un filamento chirurgico nella carotide esterna e filettatura in avanti in arteria carotide interna (ICA) finché la punta occlude l&#39;origine della MCA, con conseguente cessazione del flusso sanguigno e conseguente infarto cerebrale nei 4 territorio MCA. La tecnica può essere usata per modellare permanente o transitoria occlusione 5. Se la sutura viene rimosso dopo un certo intervallo (30 min, 1 h, o 2 h), la riperfusione è raggiunto (transitoria MCAO), se il filamento viene lasciato in sede (24 ore) la procedura è adatta come un modello di permanente MCAO . Questa tecnica non richiede craniectomia, una procedura di neurochirurgia per rimuovere una porzione di cranio, che possono influenzare la pressione intracranica e della temperatura 6. E &#39;diventato il metodo più frequentemente usato per mimare permanente e transitoria ischemia cerebrale focale in ratti e topi 7,8. Per valutare il grado di infarto cerebrale, si macchia sezioni di cervello con 2,3,5-trifeniltetrazolio cloruro (TTC) per identificare il tessuto ischemico cerebrale 9. In questo video, dimostriamo il metodo MCAO e la determinazione della dimensione dell&#39;infarto da colorazione TTC.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion at JoVE.com

Mouse Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Dimostriamo nel video un metodo per produrre una occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media in topi adulti utilizzando un monofilamento intraluminale. Mostriamo anche come valutare il grado di infarto cerebrale da 2,3,5-trifeniltetrazolio cloruro (TTC) colorazione.

Modello murino di Mezzo occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the ...

mouse-model-of-middle-cerebral-artery-occlusion

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

77.5K Views.  Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco. Dimostriamo nel video un metodo per produrre una occlusione dell'arteria cerebrale media in topi adulti utilizzando un monofilamento intraluminale. Mostriamo anche come valutare il grado di infarto cerebrale da 2,3,5-trifeniltetrazolio cloruro (TTC) colorazione.

Video: Mouse Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Modeling Stroke in Mice - Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with the Filament Model

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are very limited. To meet the need for novel therapeutic approaches, experimental stroke research frequently employs rodent models of focal cerebral ischaemia. Most researchers use permanent or transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in mice or rats.
Proximal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) via the intraluminal suture technique (so called filament or suture model) is probably the most frequently used model in experimental stroke research. The intraluminal MCAO model offers the advantage of inducing reproducible transient or permanent ischaemia of the MCA territory in a relatively non-invasive manner. Intraluminal approaches interrupt the blood flow of the entire territory of this artery. Filament occlusion thus arrests flow proximal to the lenticulo-striate arteries, which supply the basal ganglia. Filament occlusion of the MCA results in reproducible lesions in the cortex and striatum and can be either permanent or transient. In contrast, models inducing distal (to the branching of the lenticulo-striate arteries) MCA occlusion typically spare the striatum and primarily involve the neocortex. In addition these models do require craniectomy. In the model demonstrated in this article, a silicon coated filament is introduced into the common carotid artery and advanced along the internal carotid artery into the Circle of Willis, where it blocks the origin of the middle cerebral artery. In patients, occlusions of the middle cerebral artery are among the most common causes of ischaemic stroke. Since varying ischemic intervals can be chosen freely in this model depending on the time point of reperfusion, ischaemic lesions with varying degrees of severity can be produced. Reperfusion by removal of the occluding filament at least partially models the restoration of blood flow after spontaneous or therapeutic (tPA) lysis of a thromboembolic clot in humans.
In this video we will present the basic technique as well as the major pitfalls and confounders which may limit the predictive value of this model.

Filamentous occlusion of the Middle cerebral artery is a common model for studying ischemic stroke in mice.

Corsa di modellazione in Mouse - Medio occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale con il Modello Filament

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Mice

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the world, with an estimated cost of near $70 billion 
in the United States in 20091,2. The intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was developed by Koizumi4 in 1986 to simulate this 
impactful human pathology in the rat. A modification of the MCAO method was later presented by Longa3. Both techniques have been widely used to identify 
molecular mechanisms of brain injury resulting from ischemic stroke and potential therapeutic modalities5. This relatively noninvasive method in rats has been 
extended to use in mice to take advantage of transgenic and knockout strains6,7. To model focal cerebral ischemia, an intraluminal suture is advanced via 
the internal carotid artery to occlude the base of the MCA. Retracting the suture after a specified period of time mimics spontaneous reperfusion, but the 
suture can also be permanently retained. This video will be demonstrating the two major approaches for performing intraluminal MCAO procedure in mice in a 
stepwise fashion, as well as providing insights for potential drawbacks and pitfalls. The ischemic brain tissue will subsequently be stained by 
2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction8.

Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion MCAO Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Mice

The intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model is the most frequent used model among experimental ischemic stroke models. Here we will demonstrate the entire model in detail with the guide of Laser Doppler flowmetry, and its representative results.

Intraluminali occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media (MCAO) Modello per l&#39;ictus ischemico con la guida flussimetria laser Doppler in topi

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the world, with an estimated cost of near $70 billion 
in the United ...

The Application Of Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Ligation in the Mouse

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to develop suitable animal models to study the events that unfold during ischemic insult. These techniques include transient or permanent, focal or global ischemia models using many different animal models, with the most common being rodents.
The permanent MCA ligation method which is also referred as pMCAo in the literature is used extensively as a focal ischemia model in rodents 1-6. This method was originally described for rats by Tamura et al. in 1981 7. In this protocol a craniotomy was used to access the MCA and the proximal regions were occluded by electrocoagulation. The infarcts involve mostly cortical and sometimes striatal regions depending on the location of the occlusion. This technique is now well established and used in many laboratories 8-13. Early use of this technique led to the definition and description of &#x201C;infarct core&#x201D; and &#x201C;penumbra&#x201D; 14-16, and it is often used to evaluate potential neuroprotective compounds 10, 12, 13, 17. Although the initial studies were performed in rats, permanent MCA ligation has been used successfully in mice with slight modifications 18-20 .
This model yields reproducible infarcts and increased post-survival rates. Approximately 80% of the ischemic strokes in humans happen in the MCA area 21 and thus this is a very relevant model for stroke studies. Currently, there is a paucity of effective treatments available to stroke patients, and thus there is a need for good models to test potential pharmacological compounds and evaluate physiological outcomes. This method can also be used for studying intracellular hypoxia response mechanisms in vivo. 
Here, we present the MCA ligation surgery in a C57/BL6 mouse. We describe the pre-surgical preparation, MCA ligation surgery and 2,3,5 Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining for quantification of infarct volumes.

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation is a technique to study focal cerebral ischemia in animal models. In this method, the middle cerebral artery is exposed by craniotomy and ligated by cauterization. This method gives highly reproducible infarct volumes and increased post-operative survival rates compared to other methods available.

L&#39;applicazione di permanente legatura dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media nel mouse

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to ...

Endothelin-1 Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Rat

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world, costing an estimated $70 billion in the United States in 20091, 2. Several models of cerebral ischemia have been developed to mimic the human condition of stroke. It has been suggested that up to 80% of all strokes result from ischemic damage in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) area3. In the early 1990s, endothelin-1 (ET-1) 4 was used to induce ischemia by applying it directly adjacent to the surface of the MCA after craniotomy. Later, this model was modified 5 by using a stereotaxic injection of ET-1 adjacent to the MCA to produce focal cerebral ischemia. The main advantages of this model include the ability to perform the procedure quickly, the ability to control artery constriction by altering the dose of ET-1 delivered, no need to manipulate the extracranial vessels supplying blood to the brain as well as gradual reperfusion rates that more closely mimics the reperfusion in humans5-7. On the other hand, the ET-1 model has disadvantages that include the need for a craniotomy, as well as higher variability in stroke volume8. This variability can be reduced with the use of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to verify cerebral ischemia during ET-1 infusion. Factors that affect stroke variability include precision of infusion and the batch of the ET-1 used6. Another important consideration is that although reperfusion is a common occurrence in human stroke, the duration of occlusion for ET-1 induced MCAO may not closely mimic that of human stroke where many patients have partial reperfusion over a period of hours to days following occlusion9, 10. This protocol will describe in detail the ET-1 induced MCAO model for ischemic stroke in rats. It will also draw attention to special considerations and potential drawbacks throughout the procedure.

Several animal models of cerebral ischemia have been developed to simulate the human condition of stroke. This protocol describes the endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model for ischemic stroke in rats. In addition, important considerations, advantages, and shortcomings of this model are discussed.

L&#39;endotelina-1 indotta cerebrale media occlusione dell&#39;arteria modello per l&#39;ictus ischemico con guida laser flussimetria Doppler in Rat

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world, costing an estimated $70 billion in the United States in ...

Utilizing a Cranial Window to Visualize the Middle Cerebral Artery During Endothelin-1 Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Creation of a cranial window is a method that allows direct visualization of structures on the cortical surface of the brain1-3. This technique can be performed in many locations overlying the rat cerebrum, but is most easily carried out by creating a craniectomy over the readily accessible frontal or parietal bones. Most frequently, we have used this technique in combination with the endothelin-1 middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke to quantify the changes in middle cerebral artery vessel diameter that occur with injection of endothelin-1 into the brain parenchyma adjacent to the proximal MCA4, 5. In order to visualize the proximal portion of the MCA during endothelin -1 induced MCAO, we use a technique to create a cranial window through the temporal bone on the lateral aspect of the rat skull (Figure 1). Cerebral arteries can be visualized either with the dura intact or with the dura incised and retracted. Most commonly, we leave the dura intact during visualization since endothelin-1 induced MCAO involves delivery of the vasoconstricting peptide into the brain parenchyma. This bypasses the need to incise the dura directly over the visualized vessels for drug delivery. This protocol will describe how to create a cranial window to visualize cerebral arteries in a step-wise fashion, as well as how to avoid many of the potential pitfalls pertaining to this method.

This article describes a method for visualizing rat cerebral arteries through a cranial window using temporal craniectomy in order to view proximal portions of the middle cerebral artery (Figure 1). This versatile method can be combined with various techniques of drug delivery to measure cerebral artery reactivity in vivo.

Utilizzando una finestra craniale per visualizzare l&#39;arteria cerebrale media Durante endotelina-1 indotta da occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media

Creation of a cranial window is a method that allows direct visualization of structures on the cortical surface of the brain1-3. This technique can be ...

Optimized System for Cerebral Perfusion Monitoring in the Rat Stroke Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal models of acute ischemic stroke allows to confirm successful arterial occlusion and exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral perfusion monitoring can also be used to study intracranial collateral circulation, which is emerging as a powerful determinant of stroke outcome and a possible therapeutic target. Despite a recognized role of Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring as part of the current guidelines for experimental cerebral ischemia, a number of technical difficulties exist that limit its widespread use. One of the major issues is obtaining a secure and prolonged attachment of a deep-penetration Laser Doppler probe to the animal skull. In this video, we show our optimized system for cerebral perfusion monitoring during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal filament in the rat. We developed in-house a simple method to obtain a custom made holder for twin-fibre (deep-penetration) Laser Doppler probes, which allow multi-site monitoring if needed. A continuous and prolonged monitoring of cerebral perfusion could easily be obtained over the intact skull.

Cerebral perfusion monitoring has been demonstrated to improve accuracy in ischemic stroke models. Technical difficulties often limit the use of this essential tool for cerebrovascular research. In this video, an optimized system is shown to obtain a single or multi-site hemodynamic monitoring during intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Sistema ottimizzato per il monitoraggio perfusione cerebrale nel modello Rat Stroke of intraluminale occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal ...

Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

Clinically, thrombolytic therapy with use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the most effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke. However, the use of tPA is limited by its narrow therapeutic window and by increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation. There is an urgent need to develop suitable stroke models to study new thrombolytic agents and strategies for treatment of ischemic stroke. At present, two major types of ischemic stroke models have been developed in rats and mice: intraluminal suture MCAO and embolic MCAO. Although MCAO models via the intraluminal suture technique have been widely used in mechanism-driven stroke research, these suture models do not mimic the clinical situation and are not suitable for thrombolytic studies. Among these models, the embolic MCAO model closely mimics human ischemic stroke and is suitable for preclinical investigation of thrombolytic therapy. This embolic model was first developed in rats by Overgaard et al.1 in 1992 and further characterized by Zhang et al. in 19972. Although embolic MCAO has gained increasing attention, there are technical problems faced by many laboratories. To meet increasing needs for thrombolytic research, we present a highly reproducible model of embolic MCAO in the rat, which can develop a predictable infarct volume within the MCA territory. In brief, a modified PE-50 tube is gently advanced from the external carotid artery (ECA) into the lumen of the internal carotid artery (ICA) until the tip of the catheter reaches the origin of the MCA. Through the catheter, a single homologous blood clot is placed at the origin of the MCA. To identify the success of MCA occlusion, regional cerebral blood flow was monitored, neurological deficits and infarct volumes were measured. The techniques presented in this paper should help investigators to overcome technical problems for establishing this model for stroke research.

Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion MCAO for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

In this paper, we demonstrate a standard method for producing an embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion with homologous blood clots (fibrin-rich) in adult rat. This model closely mimics human ischemic stroke and is suitable for preclinical study of thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke.

Embolic occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media (MCAO) per l&#39;ictus ischemico con omologhi coaguli di sangue nei ratti

Clinically, thrombolytic therapy with use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the most effective treatment for acute ischemic ...

Quantification of Neurovascular Protection Following Repetitive Hypoxic Preconditioning and Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Experimental animal models of stroke are invaluable tools for understanding stroke pathology and developing more effective treatment strategies. A 2 week protocol for repetitive hypoxic preconditioning (RHP) induces long-term protection against central nervous system (CNS) injury in a mouse model of focal ischemic stroke. RHP consists of 9 stochastic exposures to hypoxia that vary in both duration (2 or 4 hr) and intensity (8% and 11% O2). RHP reduces infarct volumes, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and the post-stroke inflammatory response for weeks following the last exposure to hypoxia, suggesting a long-term induction of an endogenous CNS-protective phenotype. The methodology for the dual quantification of infarct volume and BBB disruption is effective in assessing neurovascular protection in mice with RHP or other putative neuroprotectants. Adult male Swiss Webster mice were preconditioned by RHP or duration-equivalent exposures to 21% O2 (i.e. room air). A 60 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) was induced 2 weeks following the last hypoxic exposure. Both the occlusion and reperfusion were confirmed by transcranial laser Doppler flowmetry. Twenty-two hr after reperfusion, Evans Blue (EB) was intravenously administered through a tail vein injection. 2 hr later, animals were sacrificed by isoflurane overdose and brain sections were stained with 2,3,5- triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Infarcts volumes were then quantified. Next, EB was extracted from the tissue over 48 hr to determine BBB disruption after tMCAo. In summary, RHP is a simple protocol that can be replicated, with minimal cost, to induce long-term endogenous neurovascular protection from stroke injury in mice, with the translational potential for other CNS-based and systemic pro-inflammatory disease states.

This protocol describes repetitive hypoxic preconditioning, or brief exposures to systemic hypoxia that reduce infarct volumes and blood-brain barrier disruption following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. It also details dual quantification of infarct volume and blood-brain barrier disruption after stroke to assess the efficacy of neurovascular protection.

Quantificazione della Protezione Neurovascular seguito ripetitivo ipossico precondizionamento e transitoria occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media nei topi

Experimental animal models of stroke are invaluable tools for understanding stroke pathology and developing more effective treatment strategies. A 2 week ...

Surgical Approach for Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion Induced Stroke in Mice

Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and continues to be one of the major causes of long-term adult disabilities. About 87% of strokes are ischemic in origin and occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Currently the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for the treatment of this devastating disease is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). However, tPA has a small therapeutic window for administration (3 - 6 hr), and is only effective in 4% of the patients who actually receive it. Current research focuses on understanding the pathophysiology of stroke in order to find potential therapeutic targets. Thus, reliable models are crucial, and the MCA occlusion (MCAo) model (also termed the intraluminal filament or suture model) is deemed to be the most clinically relevant surgical model of ischemic stroke, and is fairly non-invasive and easily reproducible. Typically the MCAo model is used with rodents, especially with mice due to all the genetic variations available for this species. Here we describe (and present in the video) how to successfully perform the MCAo model (with reperfusion) in mice to generate reliable and reproducible data.

In order to understand the pathophysiology of stroke, it is important to use reliable models. This paper will describe one of the most frequently used stroke models in mice, termed the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model (also termed the intraluminal filament or suture model) with reperfusion.

Approccio chirurgico per occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media e riperfusione indotta ictus nei topi

Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and continues to be one of the major causes of long-term adult disabilities. About 87% of strokes are ...

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats

A number of animal models have been used to study hypoxic-ischemic injury, traumatic injury, global hypoxia, or permanent ischemia in both the immature and mature brain. Stroke occurs commonly in the perinatal period in humans, and transient ischemia-reperfusion is the most common form of stroke in neonates. The reperfusion phase is a critical component of injury progression, which occurs over a period of days to weeks, and of the endogenous response to injury. This postnatal day 10 (p10) rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) creates a unilateral, non-hemorrhagic focal ischemia-reperfusion injury that can be utilized to study the mechanisms of focal injury and repair in the full-term-equivalent brain. The injury pattern that is produced by tMCAO is consistent and highly reproducible and can be confirmed with MRI or histological analyses. The severity of injury can be manipulated through changes in occlusion time and other methods that will be discussed.

Neonatal stroke is a significant cause of early brain injury requiring a translational model with consistent focal injury patterns and high reproducibility in order to enable study. This study describes the detailed surgical procedure for creating a non-hemorrhagic, unilateral focal ischemia-reperfusion injury in full-term-equivalent rodents.

Transient Medio occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale Modello di Stroke neonatale nei ratti P10

A number of animal models have been used to study hypoxic-ischemic injury, traumatic injury, global hypoxia, or permanent ischemia in both the immature ...