Ringraziamo tutta la vita Sigma Science Mission Obiettivi ID squadra Biblioteca di sviluppo, in particolare Kevin Gutshall per trovare la tecnologia e negoziare i termini della licenza, e Heather Holemon per il suo sostegno e la partecipazione alle discussioni fruttuose risoluzione dei problemi. Ringraziamo anche il Dott. Joop Gäken di King College di Londra per la libera condivisione dei risultati inediti e suggerimenti, e Hamid Qazi di RxBiosciences per preparare un grande lotto di cDNA e la sua persistenza nel ottenerlo clonato. Vorremmo riconoscere Nan Lin e Scott Bahr da RdC per l&#39;esecuzione di array di cDNA e analisi dei dati. MISSION è un marchio registrato di Sigma-Aldrich Biotecnologie LP

<ol>
	<li>Huang, Q., Gumireddy, K., Schrier, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microRNAs+miR-373+and+miR-520c+promote+tumour+invasion+and+metastasis.">The microRNAs miR-373 and miR-520c promote tumour invasion and metastasis.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 10 (2), 202-210 (2008).</li><li>Lichner, Z., Pall, E., Kerekes, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+miR-290-295+cluster+promotes+pluripotency+maintenance+by+regulating+cell+cycle+phase+distribution+in+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">The miR-290-295 cluster promotes pluripotency maintenance by regulating cell cycle phase distribution in mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Differentiation. 81 (1), 11-24 (2011).</li><li>Subramanyam, D., Lamouille, S., Judson, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+targets+of+miR-302+and+miR-372+promote+reprogramming+of+human+fibroblasts+to+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Multiple targets of miR-302 and miR-372 promote reprogramming of human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 29 (5), 443-448 (2001).</li><li>Lim, L. P., Lau, N. C., Garrett-Engele, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microarray+analysis+shows+that+some+microRNAs+downregulate+large+numbers+of+target+mRNAs.">Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs.</a> Nature. 433 (7027), 769-773 (2005).</li><li>Huntzinger, E., Izaurralde, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+silencing+by+microRNAs:+contributions+of+translational+repression+and+mRNA+decay.">Gene silencing by microRNAs: contributions of translational repression and mRNA decay.</a> Nat. Rev. Genet. 12 (2), 99-110 (2011).</li><li>Thomas, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Desperately+seeking+microRNA+targets.">Desperately seeking microRNA targets.</a> Nat. Struc. Mol. Biol. 17 (10), 1169-1174 (2010).</li><li>Baek, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+microRNAs+on+protein+output.">The impact of microRNAs on protein output.</a> Nature. 455 (7209), 71-71 (2008).</li><li>Guo, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+microRNAs+predominantly+act+to+decrease+target+mRNA+levels.">Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease target mRNA levels.</a> Nature. 466 (3708), 835-840 (2010).</li><li>Ma, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour+invasion+and+metastasis+initiated+my+microRNA-10b+in+breast+cancer.">Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated my microRNA-10b in breast cancer.</a> Nature. 449 (7163), 682-688 (2007).</li><li>Visone, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs+miR-221+and+miR-222,+both+overexpressed+in+human+thyroid+papillary+carcinomas,+regulate+p27Kip1+protein+levels+and+cell+cycle.">MicroRNAs miR-221 and miR-222, both overexpressed in human thyroid papillary carcinomas, regulate p27Kip1 protein levels and cell cycle.</a> Endocrine-Related Cancer. 14 (3), 791-798 (2007).</li><li>Lu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA-21+promotes+cell+transformation+by+targeting+the+programmed+cell+death+4+gene.">MicroRNA-21 promotes cell transformation by targeting the programmed cell death 4 gene.</a> Oncogene. 27 (31), 4373-4379 (2008).</li><li>Guo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+noncoding+RNA,+miR-126,+suppresses+the+growth+of+neoplastic+cells+by+targeting+phosphatidylinositol+3-kinase+signaling+and+is+frequently+lost+in+colon+cancers.">The noncoding RNA, miR-126, suppresses the growth of neoplastic cells by targeting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling and is frequently lost in colon cancers.</a> Genes Chrom. Cancer. 47 (11), 939-946 (2008).</li><li>Yamakuchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-34a+repression+of+SIRT1+regulates+apoptosis.">miR-34a repression of SIRT1 regulates apoptosis.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (36), 13421-13426 (2008).</li><li>Wickramasinghe, N. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estradiol+downregulates+miR-21+expression+and+increases+miR-21+target+gene+expression+in+MCF-7+breast+cancer+cells.">Estradiol downregulates miR-21 expression and increases miR-21 target gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.</a> Nucleic Acid Res. 37 (8), 2584-2595 .</li><li>Ciaudo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+dynamic+and+sex-specific+expression+of+microRNAs+during+early+ES+cell+differentiation.">Highly dynamic and sex-specific expression of microRNAs during early ES cell differentiation.</a> PLoS Genetics. 5, e1000620 (2009).</li><li>Vallejo, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+Notch+signaling+by+the+conserved+miR-8/200+microRNA+family+in+development+and+cancer+cells.">Targeting Notch signaling by the conserved miR-8/200 microRNA family in development and cancer cells.</a> EMBO J. 30 (4), 756-769 (2011).</li><li>Jafarifar, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repression+of+VEGFA+by+CA-rich+element-binding+microRNAs+is+modulated+by+hnRNAP.">Repression of VEGFA by CA-rich element-binding microRNAs is modulated by hnRNAP.</a> L. EMBO J. 30 (7), 1324-1334 (2011).</li><li>Clancy, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mRNA+isoform+diversity+can+obscure+detection+of+miRNA-mediated+control+of+translation.">mRNA isoform diversity can obscure detection of miRNA-mediated control of translation.</a> RNA. 17 (6), 1025-1033 (2011).</li></ol>

Gli autori dichiarano rapporti finanziari con gli enti commerciali che hanno un interesse per il lavoro presentato.

microRNA sono 20-24 nucleotidi RNA che regolano l&#39;espressione genica post-trascrizionale di mRNA inibendo traduzione, e spesso, destabilizzando l&#39;mRNA bersaglio (recensione in [6]). Un singolo miRNA può regolare centinaia di mRNA per controllare la risposta di una cellula di segnali di sviluppo e ambientali. Identificazione e validazione mRNA bersaglio è essenziale per determinare il ruolo di un miRNA e la funzione in queste vie. Tuttavia, l&#39;identificazione di destinazione non è semplice perché, negli animali, i miRNA ei loro siti bersaglio non sono del tutto complementari. La regione &quot;seme&quot;, si basa da 2 a 7 dalla 5&#39;-end del miRNA, di solito è complementare ai suoi obiettivi. Tuttavia, ci sono molte eccezioni alla regola seme, ed a valle di base di accoppiamento in grado di compensare per una partita di semi imperfetta. Un certo numero di algoritmi informatici sono stati sviluppati per prevedere obiettivi miRNA basate sulla corrispondenza dei semi e la compensazione a valle, struttura di destinazione unoposizione d, conservazione della sequenza, e vari altri parametri che sono stati osservati per i target validati sperimentalmente (recensione in [7]). Mentre in silico previsioni sono convenienti e fare identificare numerosi obiettivi miRNA validi, la maggior parte dei geni non prevede test di validazione sperimentale, e molti obiettivi reali non sono previsti. Inoltre, poiché gli algoritmi informatici sono basate su bersaglio precedentemente determinate, non consentono scoperta di bersagli che si discostano da ciò che è già noto. Un certo numero di sistemi sperimentali sono stati utilizzati con successo per identificare o scoprire bersagli funzionali miRNA nelle cellule viventi. Questi metodi di screening globali includono microarray e sequenziamento RNA, RNA co-immunoprecipitazione (RIP), all&#39;imballaggio e all&#39;etichettatura isotopi stabili di aminoacidi nelle cellule in coltura (SILAC), un metodo proteomico (recensione in [7]). Ogni metodo ha vantaggi e svantaggi. Dal momento che miRNA di mira spesso destabilizza un mRNA e porta alla sua degradazione, perdita ogain r in livello di mRNA, dopo l&#39;introduzione di un miRNA imitare o inibitore, rispettivamente, in grado di identificare bersagli miRNA. Questa perdita di guadagno o mRNA viene prontamente rilevata da microarray o sequenziamento profondo. Mentre i metodi di rilevazione di mRNA sono più semplici e più sensibili rispetto ai metodi di rilevazione delle proteine, rilevamento mRNA mancherà tutti gli obiettivi miRNA che non sono degradati. Recenti rapporti dal laboratorio Bartell confrontando i risultati bersaglio miRNA dal rilevamento RNA con quelli provenienti da SILAC [8] o profiling ribosoma [9] indicano che i microRNA di mammifero prevalentemente agiscono riducendo i livelli di mRNA bersaglio. Tuttavia, molti altri laboratori che lavorano con gli obiettivi di miRNA individuali hanno rilevato cambiamento di proteine, ma nessun cambiamento nel livello di mRNA. Rapporti di quelli che sembrano essere regolazione traduzionale senza perdita di mRNA rilevabile comprendono: miR-10b su HOXD10 [10], il miR221/222 p27Kip1 [11], miR-21 in Pdcd4 [12], miR-126 su p85β [13] , miR-34 in SIRT1 [14], miR-21 in PTEN [15], miR-302d su Arid4b [16], miR-200c su JAG1 [17], e miR-299, 297, 567, unond 609 sulla VEGFA [18]. Inoltre, Clancy et al [19] ha recentemente riferito che la regolamentazione traslazionale dal let-7 è stato rilevato solo quando i singoli isoforme di mRNA che contengono il sito di let-7 di destinazione sono stati rilevati in modo selettivo. Quest&#39;ultimo suggerisce che, almeno in alcuni casi, regolazione traduzionale può essere trascurata in un profilo composito - cioè, quando tutte le isoforme di mRNA vengono rilevati come un mRNA - come ottenuta con microarray molti e analisi della sequenza. Co-immunoprecipitazione di complessi miRNA-mRNA tramite Argonaute (di solito Ago2) o un&#39;altra proteina associata (RNA immunoprecipitazione, o RIP) isolerà obiettivi miRNA indipendentemente dal meccanismo di regolazione. Inoltre, rileva RIP endogena, e presumibilmente biologicamente rilevanti, interazioni. Tuttavia, non è noto se tutti i miRNA-mRNA interazioni sono funzionali, e RIP avrebbe perso tutti gli obiettivi di mRNA che associano solo transitoriamente o sono rapidamente degradato. Inoltre, specifici miRNA-mRNA partner deve essere dedotto bioinformatimente perché tutti i miRNA-mRNA coppie di co-precipitato insieme. Infine, SILAC identifica direttamente il prodotto finale della regolamentazione miRNA, la stessa proteina, ma è insensibile e manca quindi proteine ​​rare e piccole modifiche volte dei livelli di proteine. Alla luce delle limitazioni con i metodi attuali miRNA bersaglio di identificazione, ci siamo sentiti un test aggiuntivo globale per identificare gli obiettivi miRNA funzionali da un meccanismo alternativo era necessario. Per soddisfare questa esigenza, abbiamo concesso in licenza una tecnologia inventata da Joop Gaken e Azim Mohamedali di King College di Londra. La loro invenzione è un doppio proteina di fusione di selezione, in particolare, una chinasi-timidina zeocin fusione, regolata da una libreria di cDNA di sequenze bersaglio potenziali miRNA nella sua 3&#39;UTR. Cellule stabilmente trasfettate con esprimendo TKzeo-cDNA costrutti possono essere selezionati con zeocin, come illustrato in Figura 2. Dopo aver espresso uno miRNA di interesse, obiettivi che miRNA possono essere selezionati with ganciclovir, come illustrato in Fig. 3. Ganciclovir uccide le cellule che esprimono timidina chinasi, che è, le cellule che esprimono TKzeo-cDNA mancanza di un obiettivo per il miRNA di interesse. Mirato cDNA può essere isolato mediante amplificazione PCR di DNA da cellule che sopravvivono ganciclovir utilizzando primer che fiancheggiano i prodotti di cDNA, e PCR possono essere sequenziati per identificare bersagli. Abbiamo sviluppato una tecnologia Collegio del Re in un nuovo strumento per l&#39;identificazione globale e la scoperta di obiettivi funzionali miRNA umani - il Target Biblioteca MISSIONE ID. Con l&#39;ID della libreria di destinazione, gli utenti possono isolare bersagli miRNA da una serie di transfezione mammiferi coltura cellulare e fasi di selezione di droga. La Biblioteca è completo, e contiene 66-79% dei geni umani. I primi risultati indicano che sia già scoperto così come nuovi obiettivi può essere isolato dalla libreria ID MISSIONE Target. Sebbene il protocollo sia di una certa lunghezza,l&#39;utilizzo della Libreria ID di destinazione richiede tecniche standard di laboratorio molecolari - colture cellulari di mammifero, trasfezione, la selezione dei farmaci, PCR, e il sequenziamento - e quindi, dovrebbe essere ampiamente nelle possibilità della maggior parte dei biologi. Suggeriamo che l&#39;attenzione sufficiente attenzione alla corretta progettazione sperimentale, ottimizzando le condizioni di coltura, e, soprattutto, pre-test di ogni tipo di nuova cella per determinare i livelli di farmaco ottimali per fasi di selezione (kill-curve) per assicurare il successo con la Libreria ID Target. Come con tutti i metodi di miRNA bersaglio di identificazione, è altamente raccomandato che gli obiettivi individuati dalla screening della Biblioteca ID di destinazione essere convalidato con un secondo metodo, come ad esempio microarray, qRT-PCR, test reporter (cioè, luciferasi), o analisi occidentale.

<table border="1" ><tbody><tr><td> Nome del reattivo </td><td> Azienda </td><td> Numero di catalogo </td><td> Comments </td></tr><tr><td> JumpStart REDTaq Readymix </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P0982 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ganciclovir </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> G2536 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> G418 </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> G8168 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Puromicina </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P9620 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Topo TA </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> KNM4500-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GenElute mammiferi Genomic DNA Kit Miniprep </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> G1N10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cella k Nucleofection specificoessa </td><td> Lonza </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Nucleofector </td><td> Lonza </td><td> AAD-1001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Zeocin </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> <a href="http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/en/US/adirect/invitrogen?cmd=catProductDetail&amp;productID=R25001">R250-01</a> </td><td></td></tr><tr><td height="1"> Obiettivo ID Biblioteca </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> MREH01 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

genome-wide screen for mirna targets using the mission target id library

La Biblioteca ID di destinazione è stato progettato per aiutare a obiettivi di individuazione e identificazione dei microRNA (miRNA). La Biblioteca ID di destinazione è un plasmide-based, genome-wide libreria di cDNA clonato nei 3&#39;UTR valle del dual-selezione proteina di fusione, la timidina chinasi-zeocin (TKzeo). Il primo turno di selezione è per trasformanti stabili, seguita con l&#39;introduzione di un miRNA di interesse, e, infine, selezionando per cDNA contenenti obiettivo del Mirna. CDNA selezionati sono identificati mediante sequenziamento (si veda la Figura 1-3 per flusso di lavoro Biblioteca ID Target e dettagli). Per garantire un&#39;ampia copertura del trascrittoma umano, Target ID Biblioteca cDNA sono stati generati tramite oligo-dT priming con un pool di RNA totale preparati da diversi tessuti umani e linee cellulari. CDNA risultante intervallo da 0,5 a 4 kb, con una dimensione media di 1,2 kb, e sono stati clonati nel dual-selezione p3TKzeo plasmide (vedi figura 4 per la mappa del plasmide). Gli obiettivi gene rappresentati nel library si possono trovare sul sito Sigma-Aldrich. I risultati di sequenziamento Illumina (Tabella 3), mostra che la biblioteca comprende 16.922 dei 21,518 geni unici in UCSC RefGene (79%), o 14.000 geni con 10 o più letture (66%).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genome-wide Screen for miRNA Targets Using the MISSION Target ID Library at JoVE.com

Genome-wide Screen for miRNA Targets Using the MISSION Target ID Library

La Biblioteca ID di destinazione è un plasmide-based, genome-wide collezione di cDNA clonati utilizzati per identificare gli obiettivi miRNA. Qui mostriamo il suo utilizzo ed applicazione.

Genome-Wide Screen per le destinazioni miRNA utilizzo di target Biblioteca MISSION ID

The Target ID Library is designed to assist in discovery and identification of microRNA (miRNA) targets. The Target ID Library is a plasmid-based, ...

genome-wide-screen-for-mirna-targets-using-mission-target-id

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

17.5K Views.  Sigma-Aldrich. La Biblioteca ID di destinazione è un plasmide-based, genome-wide collezione di cDNA clonati utilizzati per identificare gli obiettivi miRNA. Qui mostriamo il suo utilizzo ed applicazione.

Video: Genome-wide Screen for miRNA Targets Using the MISSION Target ID Library

Genome-wide Analysis of Aminoacylation (Charging) Levels of tRNA Using Microarrays

tRNA aminoacylation, or charging, levels can rapidly change within a cell in response to the environment[1]. Changes in tRNA charging levels in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells lead to translational regulation which is a major cellular mechanism of stress response. Familiar examples are the stringent response in E. coli and the Gcn2 stress response pathway in yeast ([2-6]). Recent work in E. coli and S. cerevisiae have shown that tRNA charging patterns are highly dynamic and depends on the type of stress experienced by cells [1, 6, 7]. The highly dynamic, variable nature of tRNA charging makes it essential to determine changes in tRNA charging levels at the genomic scale, in order to fully elucidate cellular response to environmental variations. In this review we present a method for simultaneously measuring the relative charging levels of all tRNAs in S. cerevisiae . While the protocol presented here is for yeast, this protocol has been successfully applied for determining relative charging levels in a wide variety of organisms including E. coli and human cell cultures[7, 8].

Genome-wide Analysis of Aminoacylation Charging Levels of tRNA Using Microarrays

We describe a method for microarray analysis to determine relative aminoacylation levels of all tRNAs from S. cerivisiae.

Genoma Analisi dei Aminoacylation (carica) I livelli di tRNA usando i microarrays

tRNA aminoacylation, or charging, levels can rapidly change within a cell in response to the environment[1]. Changes in tRNA charging levels in both ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the protein domains that bind to specific histone modifications. One such domain is the plant homeodomain (PHD), found in several chromatin-binding proteins. The epigenetic factor RBP2 has multiple PHD domains, however, they have different functions (Figure 4). In particular, the C-terminal PHD domain, found in a RBP2 oncogenic fusion in human leukemia, binds to trimethylated lysine 4 in histone H3 (H3K4me3)1. The transcript corresponding to the RBP2 isoform containing the C-terminal PHD accumulates during differentiation of promonocytic, lymphoma-derived, U937 cells into monocytes2. Consistent with both sets of data, genome-wide analysis showed that in differentiated U937 cells, the RBP2 protein gets localized to genomic regions highly enriched for H3K4me33. Localization of RBP2 to its targets correlates with a decrease in H3K4me3 due to RBP2 histone demethylase activity and a decrease in transcriptional activity. In contrast, two other PHDs of RBP2 are unable to bind H3K4me3. Notably, the C-terminal domain PHD of RBP2 is absent in the smaller RBP2 isoform4. It is conceivable that the small isoform of RBP2, which lacks interaction with H3K4me3, differs from the larger isoform in genomic location. The difference in genomic location of RBP2 isoforms may account for the observed diversity in RBP2 function. Specifically, RBP2 is a critical player in cellular differentiation mediated by the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Consistent with these data, previous genome-wide analysis, without distinction between isoforms, identified two distinct groups of RBP2 target genes: 1) genes bound by RBP2 in a manner that is independent of differentiation; 2) genes bound by RBP2 in a differentiation-dependent manner.
To identify differences in localization between the isoforms we performed genome-wide location analysis by ChIP-Seq. Using antibodies that detect both RBP2 isoforms we have located all RBP2 targets. Additionally we have antibodies that only bind large, and not small RBP2 isoform (Figure 4). After identifying the large isoform targets, one can then subtract them from all RBP2 targets to reveal the targets of small isoform. These data show the contribution of chromatin-interacting domain in protein recruitment to its binding sites in the genome.

Here we are presenting a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) procedure for genome-wide location analysis of protein isoforms that differ in a histone-binding domain. We are applying it to ChIP-Seq analysis to identify the targets of the KDM5A/JARID1A/RBP2 histone demethylase.

Genoma Analisi mediante ChIP per identificare Isoform obiettivi specifici per Gene

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the ...

MISSION LentiPlex Pooled shRNA Library Screening in Mammalian Cells

RNA interference (RNAi) is an intrinsic cellular mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Harnessing the innate power of this system enables us to knockdown gene expression levels in loss of gene function studies.
There are two main methods for performing RNAi. The first is the use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are chemically synthesized, and the second utilizes short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) encoded within plasmids 1. The latter can be transfected into cells directly or packaged into replication incompetent lentiviral particles. The main advantages of using lentiviral shRNAs is the ease of introduction into a wide variety of cell types, their ability to stably integrate into the genome for long term gene knockdown and selection, and their efficacy in conducting high-throughput loss of function screens. To facilitate this we have created the LentiPlex pooled shRNA library.
The MISSION LentiPlex Human shRNA Pooled Library is a genome-wide lentiviral pool produced using a proprietary process. The library consists of over 75,000 shRNA constructs from the TRC collection targeting 15,000+ human genes 2. Each library is tested for shRNA representation before product release to ensure robust library coverage. The library is provided in a ready-to-use lentiviral format at titers of at least 5 x 108 TU/ml via p24 assay and is pre-divided into ten subpools of approximately 8,000 shRNA constructs each. Amplification and sequencing primers are also provided for downstream target identification.
Previous studies established a synergistic antitumor activity of TRAIL when combined with Paclitaxel in A549 cells, a human lung carcinoma cell line 3, 4. In this study we demonstrate the application of a pooled LentiPlex shRNA library to rapidly conduct a positive selection screen for genes involved in the cytotoxicity of A549 cells when exposed to TRAIL and Paclitaxel. One barrier often encountered with high-throughput screens is the cost and difficulty in deconvolution; we also detail a cost-effective polyclonal approach utilizing traditional sequencing.

Here we use a human LentiPlex pooled library and traditional sequencing methods to identify gene targets promoting cell survival. We demonstrate how to set up and deconvolute a LentiPlex screen and validate the results.

LentiPlex MISSIONE pool di screening Biblioteca shRNA in cellule di mammifero

RNA interference (RNAi) is an intrinsic cellular mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Harnessing the innate power of this system enables us to ...

Quantitative and Automated High-throughput Genome-wide RNAi Screens in C. elegans

RNA interference is a powerful method to understand gene function, especially when conducted at a whole-genome scale and in a quantitative context. In C. elegans, gene function can be knocked down simply and efficiently by feeding worms with bacteria expressing a dsRNA corresponding to a specific gene 1. While the creation of libraries of RNAi clones covering most of the C. elegans genome 2,3 opened the way for true functional genomic studies (see for example 4-7), most established methods are laborious. Moy and colleagues have developed semi-automated protocols that facilitate genome-wide screens 8. The approach relies on microscopic imaging and image analysis. 
	Here we describe an alternative protocol for a high-throughput genome-wide screen, based on robotic handling of bacterial RNAi clones, quantitative analysis using the COPAS Biosort (Union Biometrica (UBI)), and an integrated software: the MBioLIMS (Laboratory Information Management System from Modul-Bio) a technology that provides increased throughput for data management and sample tracking. The method allows screens to be conducted on solid medium plates. This is particularly important for some studies, such as those addressing host-pathogen interactions in C. elegans, since certain microbes do not efficiently infect worms in liquid culture.
	We show how the method can be used to quantify the importance of genes in anti-fungal innate immunity in C. elegans. In this case, the approach relies on the use of a transgenic strain carrying an epidermal infection-inducible fluorescent reporter gene, with GFP under the control of the promoter of the antimicrobial peptide gene nlp 29 and a red fluorescent reporter that is expressed constitutively in the epidermis. The latter provides an internal control for the functional integrity of the epidermis and nonspecific transgene silencing9. When control worms are infected by the fungus they fluoresce green. Knocking down by RNAi a gene required for nlp 29 expression results in diminished fluorescence after infection. Currently, this protocol allows more than 3,000 RNAi clones to be tested and analyzed per week, opening the possibility of screening the entire genome in less than 2 months.

Quantitative and Automated High-throughput Genome-wide RNAi Screens in C. elegans

We describe a protocol using C. elegans and RNAi feeding libraries that allows automated measurement of multiple parameters such as fluorescence, size and opacity of individual worms in a population. We give one example of a screen to identify genes involved in anti-fungal innate immunity in C. elegans.

Quantitative e automatica High-throughput Genome-wide Schermi RNAi in C. elegans</em

RNA interference is a powerful method to understand gene function, especially when conducted at a whole-genome scale and in a quantitative context. In C. ...

A Novel Bayesian Change-point Algorithm for Genome-wide Analysis of Diverse ChIPseq Data Types

ChIPseq is a widely used technique for investigating protein-DNA interactions. Read density profiles are generated by using next-sequencing of protein-bound DNA and aligning the short reads to a reference genome. Enriched regions are revealed as peaks, which often differ dramatically in shape, depending on the target protein1. For example, transcription factors often bind in a site- and sequence-specific manner and tend to produce punctate peaks, while histone modifications are more pervasive and are characterized by broad, diffuse islands of enrichment2. Reliably identifying these regions was the focus of our work.
Algorithms for analyzing ChIPseq data have employed various methodologies, from heuristics3-5 to more rigorous statistical models, e.g. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs)6-8. We sought a solution that minimized the necessity for difficult-to-define, ad hoc parameters that often compromise resolution and lessen the intuitive usability of the tool. With respect to HMM-based methods, we aimed to curtail parameter estimation procedures and simple, finite state classifications that are often utilized.
Additionally, conventional ChIPseq data analysis involves categorization of the expected read density profiles as either punctate or diffuse followed by subsequent application of the appropriate tool. We further aimed to replace the need for these two distinct models with a single, more versatile model, which can capably address the entire spectrum of data types.
To meet these objectives, we first constructed a statistical framework that naturally modeled ChIPseq data structures using a cutting edge advance in HMMs9, which utilizes only explicit formulas-an innovation crucial to its performance advantages. More sophisticated then heuristic models, our HMM accommodates infinite hidden states through a Bayesian model. We applied it to identifying reasonable change points in read density, which further define segments of enrichment. Our analysis revealed how our Bayesian Change Point (BCP) algorithm had a reduced computational complexity-evidenced by an abridged run time and memory footprint. The BCP algorithm was successfully applied to both punctate peak and diffuse island identification with robust accuracy and limited user-defined parameters. This illustrated both its versatility and ease of use. Consequently, we believe it can be implemented readily across broad ranges of data types and end users in a manner that is easily compared and contrasted, making it a great tool for ChIPseq data analysis that can aid in collaboration and corroboration between research groups. Here, we demonstrate the application of BCP to existing transcription factor10,11 and epigenetic data12 to illustrate its usefulness.

Our Bayesian Change Point (BCP) algorithm builds on state-of-the-art advances in modeling change-points via Hidden Markov Models and applies them to chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIPseq) data analysis. BCP performs well in both broad and punctate data types, but excels in accurately identifying robust, reproducible islands of diffuse histone enrichment.

A Novel bayesiano Cambia punto di Algoritmo per Genome-wide analisi di diversi tipi di dati ChIPseq

ChIPseq is a widely used technique for investigating protein-DNA interactions. Read density profiles are generated by using next-sequencing of ...

Genome-wide Gene Deletions in Streptococcus sanguinis by High Throughput PCR

Transposon mutagenesis and single-gene deletion are two methods applied in genome-wide gene knockout in bacteria 1,2. Although transposon mutagenesis is less time consuming, less costly, and does not require completed genome information, there are two weaknesses in this method: (1) the possibility of a disparate mutants in the mixed mutant library that counter-selects mutants with decreased competition; and (2) the possibility of partial gene inactivation whereby genes do not entirely lose their function following the insertion of a transposon. Single-gene deletion analysis may compensate for the drawbacks associated with transposon mutagenesis. To improve the efficiency of genome-wide single gene deletion, we attempt to establish a high-throughput technique for genome-wide single gene deletion using Streptococcus sanguinis as a model organism. Each gene deletion construct in S. sanguinis genome is designed to comprise 1-kb upstream of the targeted gene, the aphA-3 gene, encoding kanamycin resistance protein, and 1-kb downstream of the targeted gene. Three sets of primers F1/R1, F2/R2, and F3/R3, respectively, are designed and synthesized in a 96-well plate format for PCR-amplifications of those three components of each deletion construct. Primers R1 and F3 contain 25-bp sequences that are complementary to regions of the aphA-3 gene at their 5' end. A large scale PCR amplification of the aphA-3 gene is performed once for creating all single-gene deletion constructs. The promoter of aphA-3 gene is initially excluded to minimize the potential polar effect of kanamycin cassette. To create the gene deletion constructs, high-throughput PCR amplification and purification are performed in a 96-well plate format. A linear recombinant PCR amplicon for each gene deletion will be made up through four PCR reactions using high-fidelity DNA polymerase. The initial exponential growth phase of S. sanguinis cultured in Todd Hewitt broth supplemented with 2.5% inactivated horse serum is used to increase competence for the transformation of PCR-recombinant constructs. Under this condition, up to 20% of S. sanguinis cells can be transformed using ~50 ng of DNA. Based on this approach, 2,048 mutants with single-gene deletion were ultimately obtained from the 2,270 genes in S. sanguinis excluding four gene ORFs contained entirely within other ORFs in S. sanguinis SK36 and 218 potential essential genes. The technique on creating gene deletion constructs is high throughput and could be easy to use in genome-wide single gene deletions for any transformable bacteria.

Genome-wide Gene Deletions in Streptococcus sanguinis by High Throughput PCR

An efficient genome-wide single gene mutation method has been established using Streptococcus sanguinis as a model organism. This method has achieved via high throughput recombinant PCRs and transformations.

Genome-wide gene delezioni in<em&gt; Streptococcus sanguinis</em&gt; Da Throughput PCR ad alta

Transposon  mutagenesis and single-gene deletion are two methods applied in genome-wide  gene knockout in bacteria 1,2. Although transposon mutagenesis is ...

Detection of miRNA Targets in High-throughput Using the 3'LIFE Assay

Luminescent Identification of Functional Elements in 3&#8217;UTRs (3&#8217;LIFE) allows the rapid identification of targets of specific miRNAs within an array of hundreds of queried 3&#8217;UTRs. Target identification is based on the dual-luciferase assay, which detects binding at the mRNA level by measuring translational output, giving a functional readout of miRNA targeting. 3&#8217;LIFE uses non-proprietary buffers and reagents, and publically available reporter libraries, making genome-wide screens feasible and cost-effective. 3&#8217;LIFE can be performed either in a standard lab setting or scaled up using liquid handling robots and other high-throughput instrumentation. We illustrate the approach using a dataset of human 3&#8217;UTRs cloned in 96-well plates, and two test miRNAs, let-7c and miR-10b. We demonstrate how to perform DNA preparation, transfection, cell culture and luciferase assays in 96-well format, and provide tools for data analysis. In conclusion 3&#39;LIFE is highly reproducible, rapid, systematic, and identifies high confidence targets.

Detection of miRNA Targets in High-throughput Using the 3&#039;LIFE Assay

Luminescent identification of functional elements in 3&#8217; untranslated regions (3&#8217;UTRs) (3&#8217;LIFE) is a technique to identify functional regulation in 3&#8217;UTRs by miRNAs or other regulatory factors. This protocol utilizes high-throughput methodology such as 96-well transfection and luciferase assays to screen hundreds of putative interactions for functional repression.

Rivelazione di bersagli miRNA in high-throughput usando il saggio 3&#39;LIFE

Luminescent Identification of Functional Elements in 3&#8217;UTRs (3&#8217;LIFE) allows the rapid identification of targets of specific miRNAs within an ...

Genome-wide Mapping of Drug-DNA Interactions in Cells with COSMIC (Crosslinking of Small Molecules to Isolate Chromatin)

The genome is the target of some of the most effective chemotherapeutics, but most of these drugs lack DNA sequence specificity, which leads to dose-limiting toxicity and many adverse side effects. Targeting the genome with sequence-specific small molecules may enable molecules with increased therapeutic index and fewer off-target effects. N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole polyamides are molecules that can be rationally designed to target specific DNA sequences with exquisite precision. And unlike most natural transcription factors, polyamides can bind to methylated and chromatinized DNA without a loss in affinity. The sequence specificity of polyamides has been extensively studied in vitro with cognate site identification (CSI) and with traditional biochemical and biophysical approaches, but the study of polyamide binding to genomic targets in cells remains elusive. Here we report a method, the crosslinking of small molecules to isolate chromatin (COSMIC), that identifies polyamide binding sites across the genome. COSMIC is similar to chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), but differs in two important ways: (1) a photocrosslinker is employed to enable selective, temporally-controlled capture of polyamide binding events, and (2) the biotin affinity handle is used to purify polyamide&#8211;DNA conjugates under semi-denaturing conditions to decrease DNA that is non-covalently bound. COSMIC is a general strategy that can be used to reveal the genome-wide binding events of polyamides and other genome-targeting chemotherapeutic agents.

Genome-wide Mapping of Drug-DNA Interactions in Cells with COSMIC Crosslinking of Small Molecules to Isolate Chromatin

Identifying the direct targets of genome-targeting molecules remains a major challenge. To understand how DNA-binding molecules engage the genome, we developed a method that relies on crosslinking of small molecules to isolate chromatin (COSMIC).

Mappatura Genome-wide di Drug-DNA interazioni nelle celle con COSMIC (reticolazione di piccole molecole per isolare cromatina)

The genome is the target of some of the most effective chemotherapeutics, but most of these drugs lack DNA sequence specificity, which leads to ...

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are common genetic elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are reported in other eukaryotes as well. EccDNAs contribute to genetic variation among somatic cells in multicellular organisms and to evolution of unicellular eukaryotes. Sensitive methods for detecting eccDNA are needed to clarify how these elements affect genome stability and how environmental and biological factors&#160;induce their formation in eukaryotic cells. This video presents a sensitive eccDNA-purification method called Circle-Seq. The method encompasses column purification of circular DNA, removal of remaining linear chromosomal DNA, rolling-circle amplification of eccDNA, deep sequencing, and mapping. Extensive exonuclease treatment&#160;was&#160;required for sufficient linear chromosomal DNA degradation. The rolling-circle amplification step by &#966;29 polymerase enriched for circular DNA over linear DNA. Validation of the Circle-Seq method on three S. cerevisiae CEN.PK populations of 1010 cells detected hundreds of eccDNA profiles in sizes larger than 1 kilobase. Repeated findings of ASP3-1, COS111, CUP1, RSC30,&#160;HXT6, HXT7 genes on circular DNA in both S288c and CEN.PK suggests that DNA circularization is conserved between strains at these loci. In sum, the Circle-Seq method has broad applicability for genome-scale screening for eccDNA in eukaryotes as well as for detecting specific eccDNA types.

This paper presents a sensitive method called Circle-Seq for purifying extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA). The method encompasses column purification, removal of remaining linear chromosomal DNA, rolling-circle amplification and high-throughput sequencing. Circle-Seq is applicable to genome-scale screening of eukaryotic eccDNA and studying genome instability and copy-number variation.

Purificazione genoma a livello di extrachromosomal circolare DNA dalle cellule eucariotiche

Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are common genetic elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are reported in other eukaryotes as well. EccDNAs ...

Comprehensive Workflow for the Genome-wide Identification and Expression Meta-analysis of the ATL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Grapevine

Classification and nomenclature of genes in a family can significantly contribute to the description of the diversity of encoded proteins and to the prediction of family functions based on several features, such as the presence of sequence motifs or of particular sites for post-translational modification and the expression profile of family members in different conditions. This work describes a detailed protocol for gene family characterization. Here, the procedure is applied to the characterization of the Arabidopsis T&#243;xicos in Levadura (ATL) E3 ubiquitin ligase family in grapevine. The methods include the genome-wide identification of family members, the characterization of gene localization, structure, and duplication, the analysis of conserved protein motifs, the prediction of protein localization and phosphorylation sites as well as gene expression profiling across the family in different datasets. Such procedure, which could be extended to further analyses depending on experimental purposes, could be applied to any gene family in any plant species for which genomic data are available, and it provides valuable information to identify interesting candidates for functional studies, giving insights into the molecular mechanisms of plant adaptation to their environment.

This article describes the procedure for the identification and characterization of a gene family in grapevine applied to the family of Arabidopsis T&#243;xicos in Levadura (ATL) E3 ubiquitin ligases.

Flusso di lavoro globale per l'identificazione del genoma e la Meta-analisi di espressione della famiglia genica ATL E3 ubiquitina ligasi a Grapevine

Classification and nomenclature of genes in a family can significantly contribute to the description of the diversity of encoded proteins and to the ...