Gli autori desiderano ringraziare tutti i membri di laboratorio Jarvis che hanno migliorato il protocollo nel corso degli anni.

<ol>
	<li>Clayton, D. F., Huecas, M. E., Sinclair-Thompson, E. Y., Nastiuk, K. L., Nottebohm, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probes+for+rare+mRNAs+reveal+distributed+cell+subsets+in+canary+brain.">Probes for rare mRNAs reveal distributed cell subsets in canary brain.</a> Neuron. 1, 249-261 (1988).</li><li>Wada, K., Sakaguchi, H., Jarvis, E. D., Hagiwara, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+glutamate+receptors+in+avian+neural+pathways+for+learned+vocalization.">Differential expression of glutamate receptors in avian neural pathways for learned vocalization.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 476, 44-64 (2004).</li><li>Haesler, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FoxP2+expression+in+avian+vocal+learners+and+non-learners.">FoxP2 expression in avian vocal learners and non-learners.</a> J. Neurosci. 24, 3164-3175 (2004).</li><li>Jarvis, E. D., Nottebohm, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor-driven+gene+expression.">Motor-driven gene expression.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 4097-4102 (1997).</li><li>Holzenberger, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+expression+of+insulin-like+growth+factor+II+in+the+songbird+brain.">Selective expression of insulin-like growth factor II in the songbird brain.</a> J. Neurosci. 17, 6974-6987 (1997).</li><li>Mahmood, R., Mason, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-situ+hybridization+of+radioactive+riboprobes+to+RNA+in+tissue+sections.">In-situ hybridization of radioactive riboprobes to RNA in tissue sections.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 461, 675-686 (2008).</li><li>Wilkinson, D. G., Nieto, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+messenger+RNA+by+in+situ+hybridization+to+tissue+sections+and+whole+mounts.">Detection of messenger RNA by in situ hybridization to tissue sections and whole mounts.</a> Methods Enzymol. 225, 361-373 (1993).</li><li>Acloque, H., Wilkinson, D. G., Nieto, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+hybridization+analysis+of+chick+embryos+in+whole-mount+and+tissue+sections.">In situ hybridization analysis of chick embryos in whole-mount and tissue sections.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 87, 169-185 (2008).</li><li>Moorman, A. F., Houweling, A. C., de Boer, P. A., Christoffels, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitive+nonradioactive+detection+of+mRNA+in+tissue+sections:+novel+application+of+the+whole-mount+in+situ+hybridization+protocol.">Sensitive nonradioactive detection of mRNA in tissue sections: novel application of the whole-mount in situ hybridization protocol.</a> J. Histochem. Cytochem. 49, 1-8 (2001).</li><li>Horita, H., Wada, K., Rivas, M. V., Hara, E., Jarvis, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dusp1+immediate+early+gene+is+regulated+by+natural+stimuli+predominantly+in+sensory+input+neurons.">The dusp1 immediate early gene is regulated by natural stimuli predominantly in sensory input neurons.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 518, 2873-2901 (2010).</li><li>Braissant, O., Wahli, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simplified+in+situ+hybridization+protocol+using+non-radioactively+labelled+probes+to+detect+abundant+and+rare+mRNAs+on+tissue+sections.">A simplified in situ hybridization protocol using non-radioactively labelled probes to detect abundant and rare mRNAs on tissue sections.</a> Biochemica. 1, 10-16 (1998).</li><li>Kubikova, L., Wada, K., Jarvis, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+receptors+in+a+songbird+brain.">Dopamine receptors in a songbird brain.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 518, 741-769 (2010).</li><li>Wada, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+molecular+neuroethological+approach+for+identifying+and+characterizing+a+cascade+of+behaviorally+regulated+genes.">A molecular neuroethological approach for identifying and characterizing a cascade of behaviorally regulated genes.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 15212-15217 (2006).</li><li>Jarvis, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Avian+brains+and+a+new+understanding+of+vertebrate+brain+evolution.">Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 151-159 (2005).</li><li>Hoke, K. L., Ryan, M. J., Wilczynski, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+cues+shift+functional+connectivity+in+the+hypothalamus.">Social cues shift functional connectivity in the hypothalamus.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 10712-10717 (2005).</li><li>Burmeister, S. S., Jarvis, E. D., Fernald, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+behavioral+and+genomic+responses+to+social+opportunity.">Rapid behavioral and genomic responses to social opportunity.</a> PLoS. Biol. 3, e363 (2005).</li><li>Jarvis, E. D., Schwabl, H., Ribeiro, S., Mello, C. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+gene+regulation+by+territorial+singing+behavior+in+freely+ranging+songbirds.">Brain gene regulation by territorial singing behavior in freely ranging songbirds.</a> Neuroreport. 8, 2073-2077 (1997).</li><li>Jarvis, E. D., Scharff, C., Grossman, M. R., Ramos, J. A., Nottebohm, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=For+whom+the+bird+sings:+context-dependent+gene+expression.">For whom the bird sings: context-dependent gene expression.</a> Neuron. 21, 775-788 (1998).</li><li>Feenders, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mapping+of+movement-associated+areas+in+the+avian+brain:+a+motor+theory+for+vocal+learning+origin.">Molecular mapping of movement-associated areas in the avian brain: a motor theory for vocal learning origin.</a> PLoS One. 3, e1768 (2008).</li><li>Chen, C. C., Fernald, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distributions+of+two+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+receptor+types+in+a+cichlid+fish+suggest+functional+specialization.">Distributions of two gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor types in a cichlid fish suggest functional specialization.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 495, 314-323 (2006).</li></ol>

Non abbiamo nulla da rivelare.

Radioattivo ibridazione in situ di mRNA è ampiamente usato per molteplici scopi, compresi per lo studio dell&#39;organizzazione regionale tessuto, tipi di cellule, e l&#39;attività cerebrale funzionale 2-5,10,12-14. L&#39;uso successivo è sui geni la cui espressione mRNA nel cervello dipende da una maggiore attività neurale, spesso chiamati attività-dipendente geni o geni precoci immediati. Con questi usi, il nostro metodo è stato applicato tra le specie più, anche in uccelli, mammiferi (ad esempio umano), pesci e anfibi, in diversi tessuti, compreso il cervello, pelle e muscoli, ed età diversi, tra cui hatchlings / neonati, minori , gli adulti, e qui nelle sezioni embrioni interi 2,3,5,15-17. Le caratteristiche speciali del nostro protocollo sono: (1) produce un equilibrio tra specificità anatomica e specificità quantitativa. Per quantificare l&#39;espressione del gene sul x-ray film, scattare foto digitali delle immagini (es:. Fig. 1A e 1B), utilizzare il Photoshop (Adobe) funzione istogramma per misurare la densità di pixel nelle regioni di interesse e sottrarre i livelli di fondo del film al di fuori del tessuto, ma ancora sul vetrino 2,4. Per quantificare l&#39;espressione a livello cellulare, prendiamo immagini di granuli di argento su cellule in alto ingrandimento (40-100X; Fig. 4). Abbiamo quindi utilizzare la soglia e le funzioni di misura J Immagine Wayne Rasband a NIH per contare il numero di granuli di argento nell&#39;immagine, sottrarre il conteggio di fondo in una zona simile senza cellule sul vetrino, dividere per il numero di celle, per ottenere un valore di espressione per cella. 4,18 (2) può essere velocità relativamente elevata, permettendo l&#39;elaborazione di 100-200 diapositive simultaneamente, a causa della tenuta coverslip tenuta creata dal bagno d&#39;olio minerale. Standard in-situ di ibridazione metodi di richiedere più tempo per sigillare i vetrini con parafilm, smalto, ed altri mezzi, dove scorre prendono un sacco di spazio, (3) E &#39;moltosensibile per trascritti poco abbondanti a causa di destrano solfato e la soluzione di Denhardt nel tampone di ibridazione 2,13; (4) L&#39;approccio di imaging in campo scuro produce immagini ad alto contrasto a causa fotografare sotto illuminazione a campo scuro un microscopio da dissezione 4,5. Inoltre, permette di rivelazione sensibile piccoli cambiamenti nell&#39;espressione genica, come in attività dipendente espressione genica per identificare regioni specifiche del cervello attivate durante la percezione e la produzione di specifici comportamenti 19. Le limitazioni relative non radioattivi sono protocolli che questi ultimi sono più chiare nella risoluzione cellulare e la posizione del mRNA all&#39;interno della cellula, e lavorando con emulsione è molto sensibile alla manipolazione e alla luce. È possibile combinare il nostro metodo con altri metodi, come la non-radioattivo ibridazione in situ per etichettare l&#39;espressione mRNA di più di un gene nel tessuto stesso 10,17,20. Esso può essere combinato con l&#39;immunocitochimicaetichettare sia RNA e proteica sullo stesso campione al fine di localizzare la co-mRNA con certi tipi di cellule 10. Le modifiche necessarie per il protocollo tali esperimenti doppia marcatura sono descritti nei riferimenti citati. In sintesi, il nostro approccio facilita la comprensione dei tempi e localizzazione cellulare di espressione genica, al fine di comprendere l&#39;organizzazione regione, l&#39;attività funzionale dei tessuti, e la funzione del gene.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome del reattivo </td><td> Azienda </td><td> Numero di catalogo </td><td> Comments </td></tr><tr><td> Anidride acetica </td><td> VWR </td><td> MK242002 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cloroformio </td><td> VWR </td><td> BDH1109 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Viola acetato cresolo </td><td> Sigma </td><td> C5042 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Criostato </td><td> Thermo Scientific </td><td> Microm HM550 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Formammide deionizzata </td><td> Sigma </td><td> F9037 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DTT </td><td> Promega </td><td> P1171 </td><td> 100mM </td></tr><tr><td> EDTA </td><td> Sigma </td><td> ED </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Incorporare stampo </td><td> VWR </td><td> 15160-215 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fisher marchio Superfrost più scorrevole </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 22-034-979 </td&gt; <td></td></tr><tr><td> Formaldeide </td><td> VWR </td><td> BDH0506-4LP </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Formammide </td><td> Sigma </td><td> F7508 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GeneClean kit </td><td> Q-Bio gene </td><td> 1001-200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Kodak BioMax MR cinema </td><td> Sigma </td><td> Z350370 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Kodak NTB Emulsione </td><td> Carestream Health </td><td> 8895666 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Kodak Professional developer D19 </td><td> Kodak </td><td> 1462593 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Kodak Professional Fixer </td><td> Kodak </td><td> 1971746 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> β-mercaptoetanolo </td><td> Calbiochem </td><td> 444203 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Olio minerale </td><td> VWR </td><td> IC15169491 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NaOH </td><td> VWR </td><td> SX0600-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldeide </td><td> Sigma </td><td> 76240 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Poly A </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> POLYA.GF </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> RATP </td><td> Promega </td><td> P1132 </td><td> 10mM </td></tr><tr><td> rCTP </td><td> Promega </td><td> P1142 </td><td> 10mM </td></tr><tr><td> rGTP </td><td> Promega </td><td> P1152 </td><td> 10mM </td></tr><tr><td> RNasin </td><td> Promega </td><td> N2111 </td><td> 40Units/μl </td></tr><tr><td> S 35 UTP </td><td> PerkinElmer </td><td> NEG039C001MC </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Safety-Solve soluzione </td><td> Sicurezza Risolvere Research Products International </td><td> 111177 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Acetato di sodio </td><td> Sigma </td><td> S7899 </td><td> 3M </td></tr><tr><td> Fosfato di sodio bibasico </td><td> Sigma </td><td> S3264 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sodio fosfato monobasico </td><td> Sigma </td><td> S3139 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> SP6RNA polimerasi </td><td> Promega </td><td> P1085 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Colorazione telaio metallico </td><td> Scienze della microscopia elettronica </td><td> 70312-54 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> T7 RNA polimerasi </td><td> Promega </td><td> P2075 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tissue-Tek ottobre </td><td> Sakura </td><td> 4583 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Trascrizione del buffer 5x </td><td> Promega </td><td> P1181 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Trietanolammina </td><td> VWR </td><td> IC15216391 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tris-HCl (1 M, pH 8,0) </td><td> VWR </td><td> 101449-446 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> tRNA </td><td> Roche </td><td> 10109509001 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> Soluzioni: <ol><li> Reagenti per la produzione di ribosonde: 1,5 microlitri modello DNA (0.2-0.3 mg / pl), 2 microlitri di tampone 5x trascrizione ottimizzato, 1 ml di DTT 100mm (viene fornito con Polymerase da Promega, mixbene a temperatura ambiente), 0,3 pl di RNasin (40 unità / mL), 1,5 pl di soluzione di miscela AGC ribonucleotide, 3,5 pl di S 35 UTP, e 1 pl RNA polimerasi. Portare a 10 ml con acqua priva di nucleasi. </li><li> AGC mix soluzione ribonucleotide: miscelare la stessa quantità di 10mM ATP, GTP e CTP insieme. </li><li> Soluzione di sodio acetato per EtOH precipitazione per rimuovere libera S 35 UTP: 40 microlitri e acqua RNase DNase free, 5 pl di acetato di sodio 3M, e 125 microlitri di EtOH al 100%. </li><li> Ibridazione tampone (10 ml stock): 5 ml del 100% formammide deionizzata, 600 pl di 5M NaCl, 1M Tris-HCl (pH = 8,0), 240 pl di 0,5 M EDTA (pH = 8,0), 100 pl di soluzione di Denhart 100x, 100 pl di 1M DTT, 250 pl di 20mg/ml tRNA, 125 pl di 20 mg / ml di poli A, e 1 g di solfato di sodio destrano. Aggiungere acqua trattata con DEPC per portare il volume totale di 10 ml. Agitare vigorosamente e incubare a 55 ° C fino a quando tutti destrano solfato di sodio viene sciolto. Conservare il tampone di ibridazione in-20 ° C, che è buono per ~ 6 mesi. </li><li> 4% soluzione di paraformaldeide tamponata: Aggiungere 40 g di paraformaldeide in 760 ml di acqua distillata in un pallone designato per paraformaldeide, il calore a 50 ° C su una piastra bollente sotto agitazione. Aggiungere 320 microlitri di NaOH 10N per sciogliere il paraformaldeide. Dopo aver dissolto (~ 10 min), aggiungere 100 ml di PBS 10x, e portare il volume al massimo con acqua distillata fino a 1 litro. Mescolare e riscaldare la soluzione fino a quando paraformaldeide si scioglie. Il pH dovrebbe essere 7.4. </li><li> L&#39;acetilazione tampone: 13,6 ml di trietanolammina più 2,52 ml di anidride acetica in 1 litro di acqua distillata. </li><li> 20x SSPE soluzione: 3M NaCl, 200 mM NaH 2 PO 4-H 2 O, e 200 mM EDTA in acqua distillata. Regolare la soluzione a pH 7,4 con NaOH 10N. </li><li> 10x tampone PBS: 80 g di NaCl, 2,0 g di KCl, 14.4g di Na 2 HPO 4, e 2,4 g di KH 2 PO 4 in acqua distillata. Regolare la soluzione a pH 7,0 e portare il volume totale a 1 liter. </li><li> Soluzione secondo lavaggio: 0,1% β-mercaptoetanolo e 50% formammide a 2x SSPE </li><li> Cresolo acetato soluzione viola: 3% acetato violetto cresolo in acqua di rubinetto (acqua distillata impedisce una buona colorazione), disciolto notte con agitazione in un pallone a temperatura ambiente. Filtrare con aspirazione a vuoto attraverso un filtro di carta Whatman 1 millimetro e imbuto Buchner. </li></ol>

radioactive in situ hybridization for detecting diverse gene expression patterns in tissue

Conoscendo il tempo, livello, localizzazione cellulare, e tipo di cellula che un gene viene espresso in contribuisce alla nostra comprensione della funzione del gene. Ciascuna di queste caratteristiche può essere realizzato con ibridazione in situ di mRNA all&#39;interno delle cellule. Qui vi presentiamo un metodo radioattivo in ibridazione in situ modificato da Clayton et al. (1988) 1, che opera con successo nel nostro laboratorio da molti anni, soprattutto per adulti cervelli vertebrati 2-5. Le lunghe RNA complementari (cRNA) sonde alla sequenza bersaglio permette di individuare trascritti poco abbondanti 6,7. L&#39;incorporazione di nucleotidi radioattivi nelle sonde cRNA consente di sensibilità di rivelazione ulteriore trascrizioni poco abbondanti e analisi quantitative, sia dalla luce sensibile alla pellicola a raggi X o emulsione rivestita sul tessuto. Questi metodi di rilevamento forniscono un lungo periodo di registrazione di espressione del gene bersaglio. Rispetto ai non-probe radioattivo methods, come DIG-etichettatura, il metodo di ibridazione della sonda radioattiva non richiede fasi di amplificazione multipli utilizzando HRP-anticorpi e / o TSA kit per rilevare trascritti poco abbondanti. Pertanto, questo metodo fornisce una relazione lineare fra l&#39;intensità del segnale e la quantità di mRNA bersaglio per l&#39;analisi quantitativa. Esso consente l&#39;elaborazione 100-200 vetrini simultaneamente. Funziona bene per varie fasi di sviluppo di embrioni. Maggior parte degli studi di sviluppo di espressione genica utilizzare gli embrioni interi e non-radioattivi approcci 8,9, in parte perché il tessuto embrionale è più fragile tessuto adulto, con meno della coesione tra le cellule, il che rende difficile vedere confini tra popolazioni di cellule con sezioni di tessuto. Al contrario, il nostro approccio radioattivo, a causa della più ampia gamma di sensibilità, è in grado di ottenere una maggiore risoluzione di contrasto in genica tra le regioni di tessuto, rendendo più facile vedere confini tra le popolazioni. Usando questo metodo, i ricercatori potrebbero rivelare lapossibile significato di un gene appena identificato, e ulteriormente prevedere la funzione del gene di interesse.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue at JoVE.com

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

Questo protocollo è utilizzato con successo per rilevare quantitativamente i livelli e dei modelli spaziali di espressione di mRNA in diversi tipi di tessuto in tutta specie di vertebrati. Il metodo può rilevare trascrizioni poco abbondanti e permette l&#39;elaborazione di centinaia di diapositive simultaneamente. Vi presentiamo questo protocollo con profilo di espressione di aviaria formazione del cervello dell&#39;embrione come esempio.

Radioattivo In situ Ibridazione per il rilevamento Diversi schemi di espressione genica nei tessuti

Knowing the timing, level, cellular localization, and cell type that a gene is expressed in contributes to our understanding of the function of the gene. ...

radioactive-situ-hybridization-for-detecting-diverse-gene-expression

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

15.6K Views.  Duke University. Questo protocollo è utilizzato con successo per rilevare quantitativamente i livelli e dei modelli spaziali di espressione di mRNA in diversi tipi di tessuto in tutta specie di vertebrati. Il metodo può rilevare trascrizioni poco abbondanti e permette l'elaborazione di centinaia di diapositive simultaneamente. Vi presentiamo questo protocollo con profilo di espressione di aviaria formazione del cervello dell'embrione come esempio.

Video: Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

La preparazione di colture primarie di cellule emopoietiche dal midollo osseo murino per elettroporazione

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species

The high-throughput expression analysis technologies available today give scientists an overflow of expression profiles but their resolution in terms of tissue specific expression is limited because of problems in dissecting individual tissues. Expression data needs to be confirmed and complemented with expression patterns using e.g. in situ hybridization, a technique used to localize cell specific mRNA expression. The in situ hybridization method is laborious, time-consuming and often requires extensive optimization depending on species and tissue. In situ experiments are relatively more difficult to perform in woody species such as the conifer Norway spruce (Picea abies). Here we present a modified DIG in situ hybridization protocol, which is fast and applicable on a wide range of plant species including P. abies. With just a few adjustments, including altered RNase treatment and proteinase K concentration, we could use the protocol to study tissue specific expression of homologous genes in male reproductive organs of one gymnosperm and two angiosperm species; P. abies, Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus. The protocol worked equally well for the species and genes studied. AtAP3 and BnAP3 were observed in second and third whorl floral organs in A. thaliana and B. napus and DAL13 in microsporophylls of male cones from P. abies. For P. abies the proteinase K concentration, used to permeablize the tissues, had to be increased to 3 g/ml instead of 1 g/ml, possibly due to more compact tissues and higher levels of phenolics and polysaccharides. For all species the RNase treatment was removed due to reduced signal strength without a corresponding increase in specificity. By comparing tissue specific expression patterns of homologous genes from both flowering plants and a coniferous tree we demonstrate that the DIG in situ protocol presented here, with only minute adjustments, can be applied to a wide range of plant species. Hence, the protocol avoids both extensive species specific optimization and the laborious use of radioactively labeled probes in favor of DIG labeled probes. We have chosen to illustrate the technically demanding steps of the protocol in our film.
Anna Karlgren and Jenny Carlsson contributed equally to this study.
Corresponding authors: Anna Karlgren at Anna.Karlgren@ebc.uu.se and Jens F. Sundstr&#246;m at Jens.Sundstrom@vbsg.slu.se

Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species

We describe a modified DIG in situ hybridization protocol, which is fast and applicable on a wide range of plant species including Norway spruce. With just a few adjustments, including altered RNase treatment and proteinase K concentration, the protocol may be used in studies of different tissues and species.

Non radioattivo In situ Protocollo di ibridazione applicabile per la Norvegia Abete e una serie di specie di piante

The high-throughput expression analysis technologies available today give scientists an overflow of expression profiles but their resolution in terms of ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Utilizzando il sistema di elettroporazione Gene Pulser MXcell per trasfettare cellule primarie con alta efficienza

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

L&#39;utilizzo di un contatore automatico cella per semplificare gli studi sull&#39;espressione genica: Knockdown siRNA di IL-4 genica dipendente nelle celle Namalwa

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

Ricostituzione in vitro di Active T. castaneum telomerasi

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

A High Throughput in situ Hybridization Method to Characterize mRNA Expression Patterns in the Fetal Mouse Lower Urogenital Tract

Development of the lower urogenital tract (LUT) is an intricate process. This complexity is evidenced during formation of the prostate from the fetal male urethra, which relies on androgenic signals and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions1,2. Understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for prostate development may reveal growth mechanisms that are inappropriately reawakened later in life to give rise to prostate diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.
The developing LUT is anatomically complex. By the time prostatic budding begins on 16.5 days post conception (dpc), numerous cell types are present. Vasculature, nerves and smooth muscle reside within the mesenchymal stroma3. This stroma surrounds a multilayered epithelium and gives rise to the fetal prostate through androgen receptor-dependent paracrine signals4. The identity of the stromal androgen receptor-responsive genes required for prostate development and the mechanism by which prostate ductal epithelium forms in response to these genes is not fully understood. The ability to precisely identify cell types and localize expression of specific factors within them is imperative to further understand prostate development. In situ hybridization (ISH) allows for localization of mRNAs within a tissue. Thus, this method can be used to identify pattern and timing of expression of signaling molecules and their receptors, thereby elucidating potential prostate developmental regulators.
Here, we describe a high throughput ISH technique to identify mRNA expression patterns in the fetal mouse LUT using vibrating microtome-cut sections. This method offers several advantages over other ISH protocols. Performing ISH on thin sections adhered to a slide is technically difficult; cryosections frequently have poor structural quality while both cryosections and paraffin sections often result in weak signal resolution. Performing ISH on whole mount tissues can result in probe trapping. In contrast, our high throughput technique utilizes thick-cut sections that reveal detailed tissue architecture. Modified microfuge tubes allow easy handling of sections during the ISH procedure. A maximum of 4 mRNA transcripts can be screened from a single 17.5dpc LUT with up to 24 mRNA transcripts detected in a single run, thereby reducing cost and maximizing efficiency. This method allows multiple treatment groups to be processed identically and as a single unit, thereby removing any bias for interpreting data. Most pertinently for prostate researchers, this method provides a spatial and temporal location of low and high abundance mRNA transcripts in the fetal mouse urethra that gives rise to the prostate ductal network.

A High Throughput in situ Hybridization Method to Characterize mRNA Expression Patterns in the Fetal Mouse Lower Urogenital Tract

Here, we describe an efficient high throughput in situ hybridization (ISH) method for visualizing patterns of mRNA expression in developing fetal mouse prostate tissue sections. The method can be easily adapted to visualize mRNA expression patterns in other mouse tissues or in tissues from other species.

A High Throughput In situ Metodo di ibridazione di caratterizzare gli schemi di espressione di mRNA del mouse fetale basso tratto urogenitale

Development of the lower urogenital tract (LUT) is an intricate process. This complexity is evidenced during formation of the prostate from the fetal male ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway that polypeptide chain follows during co-translational folding to achieve its functional form is still an enigma. In order to understand this process and to determine the exact conformation of the co-translational folding intermediates, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the isolation of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes to allow their further structural analysis.
SecM (secretion monitor) is a 170 amino acid E. coli protein that regulates expression of the downstream SecA (secretion driving) ATPase in the secM-secA operon6. Nakatogawa and Ito originally found that a 17 amino acid long sequence (150-FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP-166) in the C-terminal region of the SecM protein is sufficient and necessary to cause stalling of SecM elongation at Gly165, thereby producing peptidyl-glycyl-tRNA stably bound to the ribosomal P-site7-9. More importantly, it was found that this 17 amino acid long sequence can be fused to the C-terminus of virtually any full-length and/or truncated protein thus allowing the production of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes7. Thus, when fused or inserted into the target protein, SecM stalling sequence produces arrest of the polypeptide chain elongation and generates stable RNCs both in vivo in E. coli cells and in vitro in a cell-free system. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is further utilized to isolate RNCs.
The isolated RNCs can be used to analyze structural and functional features of the co-translational folding intermediates. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to gain insights into the structure of several ribosome bound nascent chains10,11. Here we describe the isolation of bovine Gamma-B Crystallin RNCs fused to SecM and generated in an in vitro translation system.

We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.

Utilizzando Sequence SECM arresto come uno strumento per isolare ribosoma Polipeptidi Bound

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 protein variants encoded by the var genes.
The haploid P. falciparum genome harbors approximately 60 different var genes of which only one has been believed to be transcribed per cell at a time during the blood stage of the infection. How such mutually exclusive regulation of var gene transcription is achieved is unclear, as is the identification of individual var genes or sub-groups of var genes associated with different receptors and the consequence of differential binding on the clinical outcome of P. falciparum infections. Recently, the mutually exclusive transcription paradigm has been called into doubt by transcription assays based on individual P. falciparum transcript identification in single infected erythrocytic cells using RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of var gene transcription by the parasite in individual nuclei of P. falciparum IE1.
Here, we present a detailed protocol for carrying out the RNA-FISH methodology for analysis of var gene transcription in single-nuclei of P. falciparum infected human erythrocytes. The method is based on the use of digoxigenin- and biotin- labeled antisense RNA probes using the TSA Plus Fluorescence Palette System2 (Perkin Elmer), microscopic analyses and freshly selected P. falciparum IE. The in situ hybridization method can be used to monitor transcription and regulation of a variety of genes expressed during the different stages of the P. falciparum life cycle and is adaptable to other malaria parasite species and other organisms and cell types.

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization FISH

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify mRNA transcripts in individual cells allows analysis of polygenic activity such as the simultaneous transcription of more than one member of the var multigene family in Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes 1. The technique is adaptable and can be used on different types of genes, cells and organisms.

Analisi di Single-cell trascrizione del gene per l&#39;RNA fluorescente<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Ibridazione (FISH)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualizzazione e l&#39;analisi di molecole di mRNA mediante fluorescenza<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Ibridazione in<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

This article focuses on whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of zebrafish embryos. The WISH technology facilitates the assessment of gene expression both in terms of tissue distribution and developmental stage. Protocols are described for the use of WISH of zebrafish embryos using antisense RNA probes labeled with digoxigenin. Probes are generated by incorporating digoxigenin-linked nucleotides through in vitro transcription of gene templates that have been cloned and linearized. The chorions of embryos harvested at defined developmental stages are removed before incubation with specific probes. Following a washing procedure to remove excess probe, embryos are incubated with anti-digoxigenin antibody conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. By employing a chromogenic substrate for alkaline phosphatase, specific gene expression can be assessed. Depending on the level of gene expression the entire procedure can be completed within 2-3 days.

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

The zebrafish, a small tropical fish, has become a popular model for studying gene function during vertebrate development and disease. The temporal and spatial expression of target genes can be determined by in situ hybridization. Our improved protocol allows for the detection of low abundant transcripts with low non-specific background signal.

Alta Risoluzione intero monte<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Ibridazione in embrioni di zebrafish per studiare l&#39;espressione genica e la funzione

This article focuses on whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of zebrafish embryos. The WISH technology facilitates the assessment of gene expression ...