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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PKR-like+endoplasmic+reticulum+kinase+(PERK)+activation+following+brain+ischemia+is+independent+of+unfolded+nascent+proteins.">PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) activation following brain ischemia is independent of unfolded nascent proteins.</a> Neuroscience. 169, 1307-1314 (2010).</li><li>Hazelton, J. 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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebellar+Purkinje+Cell+Neurodegeneration+After+Cardiac+Arrest:+Effect+of+Therapeutic+Hypothermia.">Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Neurodegeneration After Cardiac Arrest: Effect of Therapeutic Hypothermia.</a> Resuscitation. , (2012).</li><li>Pulsinelli, W. A., Brierley, J. B., Plum, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+profile+of+neuronal+damage+in+a+model+of+transient+forebrain+ischemia.">Temporal profile of neuronal damage in a model of transient forebrain ischemia.</a> Annals of Neurology. 11, 491-498 (1982).</li><li>Edinger, A. L., Thompson, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Death+by+design:+apoptosis,+necrosis+and+autophagy.">Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 16, 663-669 (2004).</li><li>Kirino, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+neuronal+death+in+the+gerbil+hippocampus+following+ischemia.">Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemia.</a> Brain Research. 239, 57-69 (1982).</li><li>Yager, J. Y., Brucklacher, R. M., Vannucci, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+energy+metabolism+during+hypoxia-ischemia+and+early+recovery+in+immature+rats.">Cerebral energy metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia and early recovery in immature rats.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 262, 672-677 (1992).</li><li>Sugawara, T., Fujimura, M., Morita-Fujimura, Y., Kawase, M., Chan, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+release+of+cytochrome+c+corresponds+to+the+selective+vulnerability+of+hippocampal+CA1+neurons+in+rats+after+transient+global+cerebral+ischemia.">Mitochondrial release of cytochrome c corresponds to the selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA1 neurons in rats after transient global cerebral ischemia.</a> J. Neurosci. 19, RC39 (1999).</li><li>Nishino, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiological+process+after+transient+ischemia+of+the+middle+cerebral+artery+in+the+rat.">Pathophysiological process after transient ischemia of the middle cerebral artery in the rat.</a> Brain Research Bulletin. 35, 51-56 (1994).</li><li>Ross, D. T., Ebner, F. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thalamic+retrograde+degeneration+following+cortical+injury:+an+excitotoxic+process.">Thalamic retrograde degeneration following cortical injury: an excitotoxic process.</a> Neuroscience. 35, 525-550 (1990).</li><li>Soriano, M. A., Ferrer, I., Rodriguez-Farre, E., Planas, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis+and+c-Jun+in+the+thalamus+of+the+rat+following+cortical+infarction.">Apoptosis and c-Jun in the thalamus of the rat following cortical infarction.</a> Neuroreport. 7, 425-428 (1996).</li><li>Watanabe, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+synthesis+inhibitor+transiently+reduces+neuronal+death+in+the+thalamus+of+spontaneously+hypertensive+rats+following+cortical+infarction.">Protein synthesis inhibitor transiently reduces neuronal death in the thalamus of spontaneously hypertensive rats following cortical infarction.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 233, 25-28 (1997).</li><li>Wei, L., Ying, D. J., Cui, L., Langsdorf, J., Yu, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Necrosis,+apoptosis+and+hybrid+death+in+the+cortex+and+thalamus+after+barrel+cortex+ischemia+in+rats.">Necrosis, apoptosis and hybrid death in the cortex and thalamus after barrel cortex ischemia in rats.</a> Brain Research. 1022, 54-61 (2004).</li><li>Zong, W. X., Thompson, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Necrotic+death+as+a+cell+fate.">Necrotic death as a cell fate.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 20, 1-15 (2006).</li><li>Ito, U., Spatz, M., Walker, J. T., Klatzo, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+cerebral+ischemia+in+mongolian+gerbils.+I.+Light+microscopic+observations.">Experimental cerebral ischemia in mongolian gerbils. I. Light microscopic observations.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 32, 209-223 (1975).</li><li>Saver, J. L., Albers, G. W., Dunn, B., Johnston, K. C., Fisher, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stroke+Therapy+Academic+Industry+Roundtable+(STAIR)+recommendations+for+extended+window+acute+stroke+therapy+trials.">Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) recommendations for extended window acute stroke therapy trials.</a> Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 40, 2594-2600 (2009).</li><li>Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Globus, M. Y., Ginsberg, M. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+intra-ischemic+blood+pressure+on+outcome+from+2-vessel+occlusion+forebrain+ischemia+in+the+rat.">Effects of intra-ischemic blood pressure on outcome from 2-vessel occlusion forebrain ischemia in the rat.</a> Brain Research. 586, 188-194 (1992).</li><li>Sugawara, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+hypotension+severity+on+hippocampal+CA1+neurons+in+a+rat+global+ischemia+model.">Effect of hypotension severity on hippocampal CA1 neurons in a rat global ischemia model.</a> Brain Research. 877, 281-287 (2000).</li></ol>

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Il modello qui descritto produce un insulto ischemico al cervello che può verificarsi come risultato di arresto cardiaco e rianimazione, fornendo un infortunio simile a quella trovata in esseri umani. Questo metodo per produrre ischemia cerebrale globale è una delle più protocolli. Utilizziamo questo protocollo soprattutto per il suo tasso relativamente basso di mortalità, recupero rapido e risultati riproducibili. Il modello di arresto / rianimazione cardiaca è probabilmente il modello più clinicamente rilevante,...

Danni cerebrali a seguito di arresto cardiaco e di ictus è una delle principali cause di morte e disabilità a lungo termine. Mentre rianimazione cardiopolmonare per le vittime di arresto cardiaco riesce a ripristinare la circolazione spontanea in circa 70.000 pazienti all&#39;anno negli Stati Uniti 7,8 per almeno il 60% di questi pazienti muore successivamente in ospedale a causa di gravi danni cerebrali e solo il 3-10% di pazienti rianimati possono riprendere la loro ex stili di vita 9,10. Chiaramente, la comprensione dei meccanismi che portano a danni cerebrali a seguito di ischemia cerebrale globale e la progettazione di interventi terapeutici per ridurre al minimo il trauma neurologico è di importanza critica. Cervello ischemia può essere modellato utilizzando più metodi. Più comunemente, ischemia cerebrale è prodotto nel roditore occludendo un vaso sanguigno nel cervello, l&#39;arteria cerebrale media, producendo così un ictus ischemico focale 11,12. Mentre clinicamente importante,ischemia cerebrale focale non è un metodo accurato per studiare i danni cerebrali prodotte da arresto cardiaco / rianimazione. Per modellare questo paradigma clinico l&#39;intera testa deve essere fatta ischemica seguita da reintroduzione del flusso sanguigno. Per imitare da vicino questa presentazione clinica, gli investigatori sperimentalmente inducono arresto cardiaco seguito da rianimazione con RCP e defibrillazione 13,14. Questo modello è clinicamente rilevante, i tempi di rianimazione comunque imprevedibili possono aumentare la variabilità e possono rendere l&#39;analisi dei dati di difficile interpretazione. Inoltre, questo modello è associata ad un alto tasso di mortalità, aumentando ulteriormente il numero degli animali necessari per verificare un&#39;ipotesi. Indagare la risposta cerebrale a ischemia globale e / o di riperfusione in un insulto più riproducibile, coerente, e sopravvivere può essere preferito. Ischemia globale può essere indotta nel cervello preservando certo flusso sanguigno sistemicamente. Questo riduce la mortalità, pur consentendo investigation dei meccanismi di danno tissutale nel cervello 2. Per produrre ischemia cerebrale globale, è necessario interrompere o limitare notevolmente il flusso in tutte e quattro vasi che alimentano il cervello, le arterie carotidi interne e le arterie vertebrali. Queste navi forniscono il cervello con il flusso di sangue attraverso una struttura vascolare chiamata Circolo di Willis, che forma un loop anastomotica. Questa architettura vascolare permette al cervello di conservare perfusione in caso di occlusione vascolare prossimale. Pertanto, per indurre ischemia completa del cervello, flusso di sangue attraverso tutti i vasi contributiva deve avvenire. Occlusione dell&#39;arteria carotide può essere realizzata utilizzando un mininvasiva collo ventrale cut-down e l&#39;applicazione di clip aneurisma per un periodo desiderato. Interruzione del flusso sanguigno attraverso le arterie vertebrali può essere difficile, in quanto sono incased nella forami trasversale della colonna vertebrale. Gli investigatori hanno affrontato questo electrocauterizing le arterie vertebrali 24-48 ore prima della carotideocclusione e ischemia cerebrale (4VO modello) 15. In contrasto con questo approccio, Smith et al. Sviluppato un metodo per indurre ischemia cerebrale globale riducendo la pressione arteriosa media (MAP) sistemicamente a 40 mmHg per ridurre la perfusione attraverso le arterie vertebrali ad un punto in cui il flusso di sangue è perso o fortemente ridotta 2 . Quando accoppiato con occlusione carotidea, questo metodo produce ischemia tutto il proencefalo, risultante in un modello di danno cerebrale che imita da vicino quella di sopravvissuti arresto cardiaco. In un ulteriore perfezionamento di questo metodo, il modello che presentiamo qui necessita di regolamentazione MAPPA stretto a 30 mmHg ± 1mHg durante l&#39;intero 8 min di ischemia. Abbiamo trovato questa alterazione migliora la riproducibilità del danno cerebrale indotto da questo modello, preservando il basso tasso di mortalità della tecnica originale disegnato da Smith et al. Il fenotipo precisa della morte cellulare e l&#39;entità complessiva del danno tissutale causato dail modello presentato qui sono direttamente dipendenti durata ischemica 16. Seguendo 8 minuti di ischemia, neuroni CA1 esibiscono ritardato morte cellulare, suggerendo che vi sia una finestra temporale di intervento terapeutico durante la fase di riperfusione 15,17. All&#39;inizio della riperfusione, i neuroni riacquistano rapidamente la funzione e non la morte cellulare immediato è rilevabile 18. Tuttavia questo insulto provoca l&#39;induzione di cascate di morte cellulare (apoptosi) che culminano nel rilascio di proteine ​​apoptogenica dai mitocondri, tra cui il citocromo c, tra 4-6 ore di riperfusione 3,19. Tra il 6 e 24 ore di riperfusione, i neuroni del CA1 dell&#39;ippocampo sono impegnati a morte cellulare, e il programma di morte cellulare per apoptosi viene eseguito 19. Va notato che la morte delle cellule fenotipo responsabile del danno ischemico è molto controverso. I primi studi hanno suggerito la necrosi è il primario morte cellulare fenotipo 20,21, mentre altri altri riferiscono apoptOsis come il meccanismo principale 22,23. In totale, le prove attuali suggeriscono che le cellule muoiono di uno spettro di fenotipi di morte cellulare che vanno dal classico al apoptosi necrosi. Della specifica modalità di morte cellulare dipende da molti fattori, con il grado di contributo di ciascun fenotipo seconda della gravità dell&#39;insulto, tra gli altri fattori 24,25. Con 24 ore di riperfusione, le cellule muoiono possiedono nuclei picnotici, citosol condensato con chiara evidenza di contenuti aggregati cellulari, e la perdita della morfologia funzionale mitocondriale. Le cellule morte sono ulteriormente suddivise, inghiottiti da cellule del sistema immunitario come i macrofagi e / o microglia, e liquidati dalla regione CA1 dell&#39;ippocampo. Da 4-7 giorni di riperfusione, le cellule morte vengono rimosse, e tutto ciò che rimane sono le cellule infiammatorie e cellule gliali attivate 17,26. Pertanto, 7 giorni di riperfusione rappresenta un momento ottimale in cui CA1 dell&#39;ippocampo morte neuronale può essere quantificato utilizzando semplici macchie di cellule non-specifici, including violetto cresolo o hemotoxylin-eosina e contato sulla base di criteri di inclusione morfologici. Le cellule rimanenti in questo intervallo di riperfusione tardiva possono essere considerate come cellule sopravvissute, fornendo così un indice di danno cerebrale. Se questo modello deve essere utilizzato per testare gli interventi terapeutici, si suggerisce che il disegno sperimentale seguire criteri SCALE (Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable) 27. Queste linee guida dovrebbero essere seguite durante la progettazione e la realizzazione di uno studio, tuttavia, non sono discussi qui.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Material Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5-0 VICRYL suture, reverse cutting </td>
 <td>Ethicon</td>
 <td>J391H</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scalpel, No.10</td>
 <td>Swann-Morton</td>
 <td>6601</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gauze Sponges</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>22-362-178</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18G x 1 &frac12; in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305201</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>23G x 1 in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305145</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>26 G x 3/8 in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305110</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18 G x 1 &frac14; catheter</td>
 <td>EXEL</td>
 <td>26735</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309659</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309604</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>60 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309653</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Surgilube</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1152666</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>.9% Saline, plastic IV bag</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1537468</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Suture 3-0 Silk</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1007842</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Puralube Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>3390017</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Betadine</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>6903564</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sterile Towel Drape</td>
 <td>Moore Medical</td>
 <td>14170</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polyethylene Tubing, 50</td>
 <td>Intramedic</td>
 <td>427411</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Stopcock, 3 way</td>
 <td>Smiths medical</td>
 <td>MX9311L</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Drug Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>AERRANE (isoflurane)</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>2091966</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mapap Liquid (Tylenol)</td>
 <td>Major Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>1556</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Kedavet (ketamine)</td>
 <td>Ketathesia Butney</td>
 <td>NDC 50989-996-06</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Butorphic (butorphanol)</td>
 <td>Lloyd Labs</td>
 <td>4881</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heparin</td>
 <td>APP Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>504011</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Chemical Name </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paraformaldehyde prills</td>
 <td>Elecron Microscopy Sci.</td>
 <td>19202</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2-methylbutane</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>270342</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cresyl Violet Acetate</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C5042</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sucrose</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>S9378</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Software</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ImageJ</td>
 <td>NIH</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

2-vessel occlusion/hypotension: a rat model of global brain ischemia

Seguita da arresto cardiaco rianimazione provoca spesso danni cerebrali causati da ischemia drammatico e successiva riperfusione del cervello. Ischemia globale cerebrale produce danni a regioni specifiche del cervello dimostrato di essere molto sensibile all&#39;ischemia 1. Neuroni dell&#39;ippocampo hanno una maggiore sensibilità agli insulti ischemici rispetto ad altre popolazioni cellulari, e in particolare, la regione CA1 dell&#39;ippocampo è particolarmente vulnerabile ad ischemia / riperfusione 2. La progettazione di interventi terapeutici, o studio dei meccanismi coinvolti nel danno cerebrale, richiede un modello che produce danni simile alla condizione clinica e in modo riproducibile. Carotidea bilaterale occlusione nave con ipotensione (2VOH) è un modello che produce ischemia reversibile prosencefalo, emulando gli eventi cerebrali che possono verificarsi durante l&#39;arresto cardiaco e rianimazione. Descriviamo un modello modificato da Smith et al. (1984) 2, Come prima presentata nella sua forma attuale nel Sanderson et al. (2008) 3, che produce lesioni riproducibile per selettivamente regioni cerebrali vulnerabili 3-6. L&#39;affidabilità di questo modello è dettata da un controllo preciso della pressione arteriosa sistemica durante ipotensione applicata, la durata dell&#39;ischemia, controllo della temperatura, un regime specifico anestesia, e diligente cura post-operatoria. Un insulto ischemico 8 minuti produce la morte cellulare di neuroni CA1 dell&#39;ippocampo che progredisce nel corso di 6-24 ore di riperfusione, mentre le regioni del cervello meno vulnerabili sono risparmiati. Questa progressiva morte cellulare è quantificato facilmente dopo 7-14 giorni di riperfusione, come una perdita completa presso neuroni CA1 è evidente in questo momento. In aggiunta a questo modello di lesione cerebrale, presentiamo un metodo per la quantificazione CA1 danni utilizzando un semplice, ma approfondita, metodologia. Importante, quantificazione può essere realizzata utilizzando un microscopio semplice telecamera montata, unaDa Free ImageJ (NIH) software plugin, ovviando alla necessità di programmi software stereologia costo proibitivo e un palcoscenico microscopico motorizzato per la valutazione dei danni.

Il modello 2VOH di ischemia cerebrale / riperfusione globale provoca la morte neuronale nella regione CA1 dell&#39;ippocampo. Figura 2 rappresenta la lesione prodotta da 8 minuti di ischemia cerebrale globale, trasformati 14 giorni dopo la riperfusione. Figure 2A e 2B confronta ippocampi da sham e cervelli post-ischemica, colorate con violetto cresolo. Figura 2A mostra un ippocampo di un topo sham-operated che presenta normale morfologia, tra cui un CA1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia at JoVE.com

2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

Occlusione carotidea bilaterale accoppiato con ipotensione sistemica produce ischemia cerebrale globale nel ratto, con conseguenti danni al dell&#39;ippocampo con severità riproducibile. Soggetti animali sono compromesse con modelli prevedibili di danni cerebrali, si riprendono speditamente, ed i tassi di mortalità sono relativamente bassi.

2-occlusione di vasi / Ipotensione: un modello di ratto di Global Ischemia cerebrale

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ...

2-vessel-occlusionhypotension-a-rat-model-of-global-brain-ischemia

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.8K Views.  Wayne State University School of Medicine. Occlusione carotidea bilaterale accoppiato con ipotensione sistemica produce ischemia cerebrale globale nel ratto, con conseguenti danni al dell'ippocampo con severità riproducibile. Soggetti animali sono compromesse con modelli prevedibili di danni cerebrali, si riprendono speditamente, ed i tassi di mortalità sono relativamente bassi.

Video: 2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

MRI-guidato Interruzione della barriera emato-encefalica transcranica con ultrasuoni focalizzati in un modello murino

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

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Medicina

A Murine Closed-chest Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ischemia and reperfusion. Immune response includes cytokine expression and release or secretion of endogenous ligands of innate immune receptors. Activation of innate immunity can potentially modulate infarct size. We have modified an existing murine closed-chest model using hanging weights which could be useful for studying myocardial pre- and postconditioning and the role of innate immunity in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. This model allows animals to recover from surgical trauma before onset of myocardial ischemia.
Volatile anesthetics have been intensely studied and their preconditioning effect for the ischemic heart is well known. However, this protective effect precludes its use in open chest models of coronary artery ligation. Thus, another advantage could be the use of the well controllable volatile anesthetics for instrumentation in a chronic closed-chest model, since their preconditioning effect lasts up to 72 hours. Chronic heart diseases with intermittent ischemia and multiple hit models are other possible applications of this model.
For the chronic closed-chest model, intubated and ventilated mice undergo a lateral blunt thoracotomy via the 4th intercostal space. Following identification of the left anterior descending a ligature is passed underneath the vessel and both suture ends are threaded through an occluder. Then, both suture ends are passed through the chest wall, knotted to form a loop and left in the subcutaneous tissue. After chest closure and recovery for 5 days, mice are anesthetized again, chest skin is reopened and hanging weights are hooked up to the loop under ECG control.
At the end of the ischemia/reperfusion protocol, hearts can be stained with TTC for infarct size assessment or undergo perfusion fixation to allow morphometric studies in addition to histology and immunohistochemistry.

Surgical trauma induces an inflammatory response. Cytokines and endogenous ligands are known to modulate myocardial infarct size following ischemia and reperfusion. We present a modified closed-chest model of murine ischemia and reperfusion using hanging weights to minimize effects of thoracotomy.

A Murine chiuso del torace modello di ischemia miocardica e riperfusione

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ...

Rat Model of Blood-brain Barrier Disruption to Allow Targeted Neurovascular Therapeutics

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier1. The barrier selectively excludes molecules from crossing between the blood and the brain based upon their size and charge. This function can impede the delivery of therapeutics for neurological disorders. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs, for example, will not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to reach tumor cells2. Thus, improving the delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier is an area of interest.
The most prevalent methods for enhancing the delivery of drugs to the brain are direct cerebral infusion and blood-brain barrier disruption3. Direct intracerebral infusion guarantees that therapies reach the brain; however, this method has a limited ability to disperse the drug4. Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) allows drugs to flow directly from the circulatory system into the brain and thus more effectively reach dispersed tumor cells. Three methods of barrier disruption include osmotic barrier disruption, pharmacological barrier disruption, and focused ultrasound with microbubbles. Osmotic disruption, pioneered by Neuwelt, uses a hypertonic solution of 25% mannitol that dehydrates the cells of the blood-brain barrier causing them to shrink and disrupt their tight junctions. Barrier disruption can also be accomplished pharmacologically with vasoactive compounds such as histamine5 and bradykinin6. This method, however, is selective primarily for the brain-tumor barrier7. Additionally, RMP-7, an analog of the peptide bradykinin, was found to be inferior when compared head-to-head with osmotic BBBD with 25% mannitol8. Another method, focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubble ultrasound contrast agents, has also been shown to reversibly open the blood-brain barrier9. In comparison to FUS, though, 25% mannitol has a longer history of safety in human patients that makes it a proven tool for translational research10-12.
In order to accomplish BBBD, mannitol must be delivered at a high rate directly into the brain's arterial circulation. In humans, an endovascular catheter is guided to the brain where rapid, direct flow can be accomplished. This protocol models human BBBD as closely as possible. Following a cut-down to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, a catheter is inserted retrograde into the ECA and used to deliver mannitol directly into the internal carotid artery (ICA) circulation. Propofol and N2O anesthesia are used for their ability to maximize the effectiveness of barrier disruption13. If executed properly, this procedure has the ability to safely, effectively, and reversibly open the blood-brain barrier and improve the delivery of drugs that do not ordinarily reach the brain 8,13,14.

Blood-brain barrier disruption aids the delivery of certain drugs to the brain. Mannitol delivered intra-arterially shrinks cells surrounding blood vessels in order to physically disrupt the barrier.

Modello Rat di emato-encefalica Turbativa Barriera per consentire mirato Therapeutics neurovascolare

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain ...

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite tissue. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a known cause of partial free flap failure and has no effective treatment. Establishing a laboratory model of this injury can prove costly both financially as larger mammals are conventionally used and in the expertise required by the technical difficulty of these procedures typically requires employing an experienced microsurgeon. This publication and video demonstrate the effective use of a model of IRI in rats which does not require microsurgical expertise. This procedure is an in situ model of a transverse abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap where atraumatic clamps are utilized to reproduce the ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with this surgery. A laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) scanner is employed to assess flap perfusion and the image processing software, Image J to assess percentage area skin survival as a primary outcome measure of injury.

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is widely employed in reconstructive surgery to restore form and function following oncological resection and trauma. Preconditioning this tissue prior to surgery may improve outcome. This article describes an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats as a means for testing preconditioning strategies.

In situ trasversale retto addominale miocutaneo Flap: un modello di ratto di miocutaneo ischemia riperfusione

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite ...

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents account for 80% of all strokes. A common cause of IR injury is the rapid inflow of fluids following an acute/chronic occlusion of blood, nutrients, oxygen to the tissue triggering the formation of free radicals.
Ischemic stroke is followed by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and vasogenic brain edema. Structurally, tight junctions (TJs) between the endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). IR injury is an early secondary injury leading to a non-specific, inflammatory response. Oxidative and metabolic stress following inflammation triggers secondary brain damage including BBB permeability and disruption of tight junction (TJ) integrity.
Our protocol presents an in vitro example of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) on rat brain endothelial cell TJ integrity and stress fiber formation. Currently, several experimental in vivo models are used to study the effects of IR injury; however they have several limitations, such as the technical challenges in performing surgeries, gene dependent molecular influences and difficulty in studying mechanistic relationships. However, in vitro models may aid in overcoming many of those limitations. The presented protocol can be used to study the various molecular mechanisms and mechanistic relationships to provide potential therapeutic strategies. However, the results of in vitro studies may differ from standard in vivo studies and should be interpreted with caution.

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The goal of the in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) described here is to assess the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on a variety of cells, particularly in blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells.

L&#39;ossigeno-glucosio Deprivazione e riossigenazione come<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Ischemia-riperfusione Injury modello per lo studio barriera sanguigna del cervello Erettile

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic ...

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA thrombolysis) rarely produces benefits in mechanical occlusion-based experimental models, which dominate preclinical stroke research. This split between the bench and bedside suggests the need to employ tPA-responsive models in preclinical stroke research. To this end, a simple and tPA-reactive thrombotic stroke model is invented and described here. This model consists of transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and delivery of 7.5% oxygen through a face mask in adult mice for 30 min, while maintaining the animal rectal temperature at 37.5 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C. Although reversible ligation of the unilateral carotid artery or hypoxia each suppressed cerebral blood flow only transiently, the combination of both insults caused lasting reperfusion deficits, fibrin and platelet deposition, and large infarct in the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory. Importantly, tail-vein injection of recombinant tPA at 0.5, 1, or 4 hr post-tHI (10 mg/kg) provided time-dependent reduction of the mortality rate and infarct size. This new stroke model is simple and can be standardized across laboratories to compare experimental results. Further, it induces thrombosis without craniectomy or introducing pre-formed emboli. Given these unique merits, the tHI model is a useful addition to the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

Un trombotica Stroke modello basato sulla transitoria cerebrale ipossia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing and treating this complication using experimental models of spinal cord ischemia. The model described here demonstrates varying degrees of paraplegia that relate to the length of occlusion following thoracic aortic occlusion in a rat spinal cord ischemia model.
A 2-Fr. balloon-tipped catheter was advanced through the femoral artery into the descending thoracic aorta until the catheter tip was placed at the left subclavian artery in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by inflating the catheter balloon. After a set period of occlusion (9, 10, or 11 min), the balloon was deflated. Neurologic assessment was performed using the motor deficit index at 24 h after surgery, and the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological examination.
Rats that underwent 9 min of aortic occlusion showed mild and reversible motor impairment in the hind limb. Rats subjected to 10 min of aortic occlusion presented with moderate but reversible motor impairment. Rats subjected to 11 min of aortic occlusion displayed complete and persistent paralysis. The motor neurons in the spinal cord sections were more preserved in rats subjected to shorter duration of aortic occlusion.
Researchers can achieve a reproducible hind limb motor deficit following thoracic aortic occlusion using this spinal cord ischemia model.

This study demonstrates the technique to make a minimally invasive and easily reproducible model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. Various degrees of hind limb motor deficit can be produced by controlling the aortic occlusion time.

Deficit motore riproducibile a seguito dell&#39;occlusione aortica in un modello di ratto dell&#39;ischemia del midollo spinale

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing ...

Assessing Therapeutic Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard therapy, a considerable number of CLI patients are not suited for either surgical or endovascular revascularization. Angiogenic therapies are emerging as an option for these patients but are currently still under investigation. Before application in humans, those therapies must be tested in animal models and its mechanisms must be clearly understood. An animal model of hindlimb ischemia (HLI) has been developed by the ligation and excision of the distal external iliac and femoral arteries and veins in mice. A comprehensive panel of tests was assembled to assess the effects of ischemia and putative angiogenic therapies at functional, histologic and molecular levels. Laser Doppler was used for the flow measurement and functional assessment of perfusion. Tissue response was evaluated by the analysis of capillary density after staining with the anti-CD31 antibody on histological sections of gastrocnemius muscle and by measurement of collateral vessel density after diaphonization. Expression of angiogenic genes was quantified by RT-PCR targeting selected angiogenic factors exclusively in endothelial cells (ECs) after laser capture microdissection from mice gastrocnemius muscles. These methods were sensitive in identifying differences between ischemic and non-ischemic limbs and between treated and non-treated limbs. This protocol provides a reproducible model of CLI and a framework for testing angiogenic therapies.

Here, a critical hindlimb ischemia experimental model is presented followed by a battery of functional, histologic and molecular tests&#160;to assess the effectiveness of angiogenic therapies.&#8203;

Valutazione dell'angiogenesi terapeutica in un modello Murine di Ischemia hindlimb

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

Un modello di ratto preclinico per lo studio delle lesioni ischemia-reperfusione in microchirurgia ricostruttiva

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Acupuncture in a Rat Model of Asthma

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes methods for the fabrication of the high platform, establishes a rat model of asthma and measures changes in respiratory function using a noninvasive and real-time whole-body plethysmography (WBP) system.

Agopuntura in un modello di ratto di asma

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes ...