Ringraziamo il Dott. Carlo Greenberg per l&#39;uso della sua macchina in tempo reale PCR. Questo lavoro è supportato da MUSC Hollings Cancer Center di avvio del fondo, Hollings Cancer Center ACS IRG, ASCO Conquer Cancer Premio alla Carriera della Fondazione per lo sviluppo, NIH 1K08HL 103780-01A1, e NIH 3P30CA138313-01S3. Il contenuto è di esclusiva responsabilità degli autori e non necessariamente rappresentano le opinioni ufficiali del National Institutes of Health o agenti di finanziamento.

1. Midollo osseo di isolamento cellulare <ol><li> Eutanasia maschi donatori FVB / NJ topi e femmine FVB / NJ topi utilizzando CO 2 metodo seguito da dislocazione cervicale. Le femmine FVB / NJ cellule di midollo osseo saranno utilizzate come cellule competitivi. </li><li> Utilizzare piccole forbici e pinze, sezionare femore e tibiaes da topi e metterli in un piatto 60 millimetri tessuto di coltura contenente 6 ml ghiacciata RPMI1640 con FBS di calore 5% inattivato. Usare tessuti Kimwipe per rimuovere muscolo e altri tessuti. Tagliare entrambe le estremità di ciascun albero osso nel piatto. </li><li> Collegare l&#39;estremità dell&#39;osso con l&#39;ago 23G in siringa da 3 cc, risciacquare midollo osseo con RPMI1640 con FBS di calore 5% inattivato nel piatto. Disaggregare i tessuti del midollo osseo da aspirazioni ripetute con lo stesso ago. Trasferire la sospensione cellulare a 15 ml provetta da centrifuga. </li><li> Centrifugare le cellule per 5 min a 400 xg, rimuovere il surnatante, risospendere le cellule in 1 ml di temperatura ambiente rosso tampone di lisi delle cellule del sangue (155 mM potassium bicarbonato, cloruro di ammonio 10 mM, 0,1 mM di EDTA, pH = 7,4) e incubare a temperatura ambiente per 5 min quindi aggiungere 5-10 ml di RPMI 1640 con 5% di FBS inattivato al calore. </li><li> Far passare le cellule attraverso un colino cellula. Raccogliere il flusso attraverso una nuova provetta. Centrifugare per 5 min a 400 x g. Rimuovere il surnatante, il pellet cellulare non dovrebbe contenere alcun colore rosso. L&#39;assenza di colore rosso indica una rimozione completa di globuli rossi. Risospendere il pellet in 10 ml di RPMI1640 con FBS inattivato al calore 5%. Delicatamente vortex per assicurarsi che la sospensione cellulare è completamente uniforme. Prelevare un &#39;aliquota e contare le cellule in un emocitometro. Calcolare quanto il volume di cellule necessarie per il trapianto di midollo osseo e delle cellule aliquote abbastanza e mescolare cellule del donatore di sesso maschile con le cellule concorrenti femminili in un rapporto di 5:2. Centrifugare per 5 min a 400 xg, lavate con PBS, Risospendere in PBS alla concentrazione finale di cellule donatrici a 5 × 10 6 cellule / ml e concorrente a 2 x 10 6 </sup&gt; / ml. </li></ol> 2. Competitivo di midollo osseo <ol><li> Irradiano topi riceventi femmine (8-12 settimane di età) con radiatore 137Cs raggi gamma alla dose singola di 11Gy 4-6 ore prima del trapianto di midollo osseo. </li><li> Mettere i topi irradiati femminile in un dispositivo di immobilizzazione del mouse. Iniettare il donatore mista e cellule concorrenti con vena della coda in 0,1 ml di volume totale tale che ciascun topo riceve 5 x 10 5 cellule donatrici e 2 × 10 5 concorrente cellule di midollo osseo. </li></ol> 3. Raccolta dei campioni Coppie settimane dopo il trapianto di midollo osseo, raccogliere campioni di sangue periferico (~ 50 ml) di topo ricevente femminile di retro-orbitale sanguinamento in condizioni di anestesia. I campioni vengono raccolti in tubi rivestiti EDTA. BM campioni possono essere raccolti alla fine della sperimentazione, di solito almeno 4 mesi dopo il trapianto, con modalità identiche a prima descritte (Fase 1);% di solito 20-401 tibia cellule BM sono abbastanza per fare una quantità sufficiente di DNA. Campioni di sangue o di BM di pari età topi normali femminili e maschili sono raccolti anche per preparare la curva standard. 4. Isolamento del DNA genomico <ol><li> Aggiungere 4 × volume della camera lisi temperatura del tampone RBC (~ 200 pl) per ogni campione di sangue. Mescolare bene e incubare a temperatura ambiente per 5 min. Aggiungere 1 ml di PBS, poi girare verso il basso per rimuovere la maggior parte del lisato RBC. </li><li> Isolare DNA utilizzando un kit del DNA del sangue di estrazione (kit del DNA QIAmp Sangue estrazione). Pre-riscaldare il tampone di eluizione (AE) a 37 ° C per migliorare la resa di DNA eluito. DNA di sesso maschile e femminile per la curva standard sono isolati in modo simile. </li><li> (Facoltativo) DNA genomico può essere ulteriormente purificato o concentrati usando EtOH metodo di precipitazione in presenza di 3 M acetato di sodio (pH = 5,5). I pellet di DNA vengono quindi risospese in 40-50 microlitri di acqua distillata per analisi immediatamente o conservato a -20 ° C per utilizzo futuro. </li><li> Misurare la Concentrazione DNAzione con Nanodrop ND-1000 fotometro spettri. I campioni con OD 260/280 tra 1,8-2,0 vengono utilizzati per ulteriori analisi. </li><li> Diluire con DNA DNAasi libera H 2 O a 4ng/μl in un volume totale di 50 microlitri. </li></ol> 5. Preparazione Curva standard Diluire DNA maschio e femmina DNA ad una concentrazione di 4 ng / mL, e rendere la miscela di DNA secondo la Table1 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> % Di DNA maschile in background Femmina </td><td> Volume (pl) di 4ng/μl DNA maschile </td><td> Volume (pl) di 4ng/μl DNA femminile </td><td> Volume totale (pl) </td></tr><tr><td> 0,2 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 499 </td><td> 500 </td></tr><tr><td> 0,5 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 199 </td><td> 200 </td></tr><tr><td> 2,5 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 195 </td><td> 200 </td></tr><tr><td> 12,5 </td><td> 25 </td><td> 175 </td><td> 200 </td></tr><tr><td> 50 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 200 </td></tr><tr><td> 87,5 </td><td> 175 </td><td> 25 </td><td> 200 </td></tr><tr><td> 100 </td><td> 200 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 200 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabella 1. Preparazione del campione per la curva standard. Normali maschili e femminili FVB / NJ topi all&#39;età di 8-12wks sono stati sacrificati. Cellule del sangue e BM sono stati raccolti. DNA da cellule maschili e femminili cellule sono state isolate e risospese ad una concentrazione di 4ng/μl. I DNA maschili e femminili sono stati miscelati in rapporti diversi per generare le miscele standard del campione di DNA. 6. Real-time PCR <ol><li> Impostare la piastra di reazione PCR mediante miscelazione dei reagenti SYBR Green Supermix con primer e del DNA genomico. Il volume di reazione (20 pl) contenente 400 nM di ciascun primer e 5 microlitri di DNA genomico delle cellule del sangue (4ng/μl pl x5 = 20 ng) in ciascuna reazione. DNA samples e gli standard sono stati istituiti in triplice copia. Le sequenze dei primers sono mostrati nella Tabella 2. </li></ol><table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome del gene </td><td> Avanti </td><td> Invertire </td></tr><tr><td> Bcl2 </td><td> 5&#39;-AAGCTGTCACAGAGGGGCTA </td><td> 5&#39;-CAGGCTGGAAGGAGAAGATG </td></tr><tr><td> Zfy1 </td><td> 5-TGGAGAGCCACAAGCTAACCA </td><td> 5&#39;-CCCAGCATGAGAAAGATTCTTC </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabella 2. RT-PCR per la sequenza del primer Bcl2 murino e Zfy1. <ol start="2"><li> Effettuare reazione di PCR utilizzando Biorad iQ5 macchina PCR con le seguenti condizioni: 95 ° C 3 min, 42 cicli di amplificazione di 95 ° C per 10 sec, 58 ° C per 25 sec e 72 ° C per 15 secondi, seguito da una curva di fusione- passo. </li><li> Ottenere ciclo soglia (Ct) i valori da Bio-Rad iQ5 2.1 Sistema Standard Edition ottico. Calcola ACT (Ct Zfy1 &lt;/ Sup&gt;-Ct Bcl2) valore, e Zfy1 livello di espressione viene calcolato come valore di 2-δ Ct. </li><li> Stabilire curve standard per ogni serie di reazione con 2-ACT lettura di note miscele standard maschio / femmina. Le curve standard sono generati tracciando la media di 2-ACT valore triplicati al DNA% noto maschio nella miscela con raccordo regressione lineare. </li></ol>

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	<li>McCulloch, E. A., Till, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+radiation+sensitivity+of+normal+mouse+bone+marrow+cells,+determined+by+quantitative+marrow+transplantation+into+irradiated+mice.">The radiation sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells, determined by quantitative marrow transplantation into irradiated mice.</a> Radiat. Res. 13, 115-125 (1960).</li><li>Xiao, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematopoietic+stem+cells+lacking+Ott1+display+aspects+associated+with+aging+and+are+unable+to+maintain+quiescence+during+proliferative+stress.">Hematopoietic stem cells lacking Ott1 display aspects associated with aging and are unable to maintain quiescence during proliferative stress.</a> Blood. 119, 4898-4907 (2012).</li><li>Kang, Y., Chen, B. J., Deoliveira, D., Mito, J., Chao, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+enhancement+of+donor+hematopoietic+cell+engraftment+by+the+CXCR4+antagonist+AMD3100+in+a+mouse+transplantation+model.">Selective enhancement of donor hematopoietic cell engraftment by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 in a mouse transplantation model.</a> PLoS One. 5, e11316 (2010).</li><li>Sadeghi, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GVHD+after+chemotherapy+conditioning+in+allogeneic+transplanted+mice.">GVHD after chemotherapy conditioning in allogeneic transplanted mice.</a> Bone Marrow Transplant. 42, 807-818 (2008).</li><li>Taketo, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FVB/N:+an+inbred+mouse+strain+preferable+for+transgenic+analyses.">FVB/N: an inbred mouse strain preferable for transgenic analyses.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 2065-2069 (1991).</li><li>Morisaki, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genotypic+analysis+using+a+Y-chromosome-specific+probe+following+bone+marrow+transplantation.">Genotypic analysis using a Y-chromosome-specific probe following bone marrow transplantation.</a> Am. J. Hematol. 27, 30-33 (1988).</li><li>Lo, Y. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+fetal+DNA+in+maternal+plasma+and+serum:+implications+for+noninvasive+prenatal+diagnosis.">Quantitative analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum: implications for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis.</a> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62, 768-775 (1998).</li><li>Byrne, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chimerism+analysis+in+sex-mismatched+murine+transplantation+using+quantitative+real-time+PCR.">Chimerism analysis in sex-mismatched murine transplantation using quantitative real-time PCR.</a> Biotechniques. 32, 279-280 (2002).</li><li>Ma, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+recipient-derived+cells+in+allograft+neointima+formation+and+the+response+to+stent+implantation.">Contribution of recipient-derived cells in allograft neointima formation and the response to stent implantation.</a> PLoS One. 3, e1894 (2008).</li><li>Bosio, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+between+real-time+quantitative+PCR+and+DNA+hybridization+for+quantitation+of+male+DNA+following+myoblast+transplantation.">A comparison between real-time quantitative PCR and DNA hybridization for quantitation of male DNA following myoblast transplantation.</a> Cell Transplant. 13, 817-821 (2004).</li><li>Merchant, A., Joseph, G., Wang, Q., Brennan, S., Matsui, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gli1+regulates+the+proliferation+and+differentiation+of+HSCs+and+myeloid+progenitors.">Gli1 regulates the proliferation and differentiation of HSCs and myeloid progenitors.</a> Blood. 115, 2391-2396 (2010).</li><li>Nagamine, C. M., Chan, K., Hake, L. E., Lau, Y. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+two+candidate+testis-determining+Y+genes+(Zfy-1+and+Zfy-2)+are+differentially+expressed+in+fetal+and+adult+mouse+tissues.">The two candidate testis-determining Y genes (Zfy-1 and Zfy-2) are differentially expressed in fetal and adult mouse tissues.</a> Genes &amp; development. 4, 63-74 (1990).</li><li>Grundler, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+of+PIM+serine/threonine+kinases+in+FLT3-ITD-induced+leukemogenesis+reveals+PIM1+as+regulator+of+CXCL12-CXCR4-mediated+homing+and+migration.">Dissection of PIM serine/threonine kinases in FLT3-ITD-induced leukemogenesis reveals PIM1 as regulator of CXCL12-CXCR4-mediated homing and migration.</a> J. Exp. Med. 206, 1957-1970 (2009).</li></ol>

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L&#39;obiettivo del nostro studio è quello di fornire il pubblico una tecnica PCR per quantificare l&#39;attecchimento delle cellule del donatore in un modello murino competitivo trapianto di midollo osseo. Diversi studi sono stati riportati con RT-PCR per rilevare le cellule del donatore in modelli di trapianto 9-10. Gruppo del Dr. Schwarzenberger primo sviluppato un modello murino di midollo osseo trapianto con real-time PCR per amplificare y-cromosoma-specifici 8. Questo metodo è stato utilizz...

Murine midollo osseo (BM) trapianto di modello è stato sviluppato nel 1960 1. Questo modello è stato ampiamente utilizzato per lo studio di cellule staminali ematopoietiche del donatore (HSC) biologia in un mouse destinatario host. Murine midollo osseo trapianto di modello ci ha fornito preziose conoscenze sulle funzioni HSC e la loro regolazione ed è indispensabile nella ricerca HSC. Trapianto allogenico di midollo osseo trapianto di modello come C57BL/6J H2b-Balb / C H2D o modello trapianto congenic come C56Bl/6J CD45.2-B6.SJL CD45.1 sono utilizzati in molti laboratori per studiare la funzione dei geni sull&#39;attività HSC 2, effetto di trattamento farmacologico di patologie HSC funzione 3 o il trapianto correlati, come graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) 4. Marcatori cellulari di superficie come aplotipo MHC o CD45.1 sono comunemente usati per distinguere i donatori cellule derivate da cellule destinatario-origine. C57BL/6J H2b, CD45.2 </sup&gt;, Balb / C e H2D B6.SJL CD45.1 sono i ceppi di topi più comunemente utilizzate nel trapianto di midollo osseo in quanto il contributo cellula donatrice può essere facilmente valutata mediante citometria a flusso misurando CD45.1 vs CD45.2 o H2b vs H2D. Tuttavia, molti altri ceppi come FVB / NJ 5 e C3H sono spesso utilizzati per generare transgenici o geneticamente topi knockout. Questi topi possono essere re-incrociata a una linea inbred e mantenuto in un ambiente misto genetico / MHC sfondo. In questi casi, la determinazione delle cellule attecchimento donatore e funzione HSC potrebbe essere difficile da donatori specifici marcatori di superficie delle cellule può non essere disponibile. Utilizzando Y-cromosoma-specifici test sul DNA per individuare le cellule del donatore di sesso maschile con macchia meridionale sesso non corrispondenti trapianto di midollo osseo è stato sviluppato dal gruppo del Dr. Miwa 6. Poi, una real-time PCR per l&#39;determina il sesso Y regione è risultato essere un metodo accurato ed altamente specifico per quantificare maLe cellule fetali nel sangue materno sistema 7. Questo concetto è stato adattato da Dr. Schwarzenberger gruppo per lo sviluppo di una real-time PCR in un modello murino di trapianto di midollo osseo per determinare cellula donatrice attecchimento 8. Abbiamo ulteriormente modificato questo metodo per la misura di attecchimento delle cellule del donatore in FVB / NJ modello trapianto di midollo osseo del mouse. Questo metodo è attualmente ampiamente utilizzata nel nostro gruppo per studiare il ruolo della chinasi PIM1 in biologia HSC.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome del reagente </td><td> Azienda </td><td> Numero di catalogo </td><td> Commenti (opzionale) </td></tr><tr><td> RPMI 1640 </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SH30255.01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 16140-017 </td><td> Inattivato al calore </td></tr><tr><td> Cloruro di ammonio </td><td> MP Biomedicaals </td><td> 194806 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Bicarbonato di potassio </td><td> Pescatore </td><td> P184-500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> QIAamp DNA sangue minikit </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 51106 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cella filtro </td><td> Bioscienze BD </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> iQ SYBR Green Supermix </td><td> Biorad </td><td> 170-8882 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> iQ5 real time PCR macchina </td><td> Biorad </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Spectra fotometro </td><td> Nanodrop ND-1000 </td><td> ND-1000 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

using quantitative real-time pcr to determine donor cell engraftment in a competitive murine bone marrow transplantation model

Murini osseo modelli di trapianto di midollo fornire un importante strumento per la misurazione di cellule staminali ematopoietiche (HSC) funzioni e geni che determinano / molecole che regolano la CSE. In questi sistemi modello di trapianto, la funzione di CSE è determinato dalla capacità di queste cellule di topi riceventi attecchire e ricostituire letalmente irradiati. Comunemente, la cellula donatrice contributo / attecchimento si misura con gli anticorpi alle proteine ​​delle cellule del donatore-specifici di superficie in citometria a flusso. Tuttavia, questo metodo dipende fortemente la specificità e la capacità del marcatore di superficie cellulare per differenziare donatore cellule derivate da cellule destinatario-origine, che possono non essere disponibili per tutti i ceppi di topo. Considerando i vari ambiti di provenienza di ceppi di topi geneticamente modificati sul mercato, questa superficie delle cellule / citometria a flusso a base di metodo presenta limitazioni significative soprattutto in ceppi di topi che mancano ben definiti marcatori di superficie di cellule del donatore separate da congenic destinatario ceLLS. Qui, abbiamo riportato un PCR-based tecnica per determinare l&#39;attecchimento delle cellule del donatore / contributo in topi riceventi di trapianto. Abbiamo trapiantato maschi donatori cellule staminali emopoietiche del midollo osseo di topi irradiati letalmente congenici femminili. Campioni di sangue periferico sono stati raccolti in diversi tempi post-trapianto punti. Campioni di midollo osseo sono stati ottenuti al termine degli esperimenti. DNA genomico è stato isolato e il gene cromosoma Y specifico Zfy1, è stato amplificato mediante PCR quantitativa in tempo reale. L&#39;attecchimento dei maschi donatori cellule derivate nei topi riceventi femminili è stato calcolato contro curva standard con percentuale nota di DNA maschile vs femminile. Bcl2 è stato usato come un gene di riferimento per normalizzare la quantità totale di DNA. I nostri dati suggeriscono che questo approccio determina affidabile attecchimento delle cellule del donatore e fornisce un metodo utile, ma semplice per misurare la ricostituzione delle cellule ematopoietiche in modelli murini di trapianto di midollo osseo. Il nostro metodo può essere eseguita di routine nella maggior parte dei laboratori perché noapparecchiature costose quali citometria di flusso è necessario.

Figura 1 e 2 mostrato esempi di curve standard tracciate con valori medi di 2-ACT contro percentuali di DNA maschile. Figura 1A mostrato specifica temperatura di fusione per Bcl2 e Zfy1 ampliconi localizzati a 78,5 ° C e 88,5 ° C, rispettivamente. Bcl2 è utilizzato come gene di riferimento per normalizzare la quantità totale di DNA caricato in ciascuna reazione PCR. Bcl2 curve di amplificazione (vedi Log) per ciascun campione standard fondersi tra loro indipendente dalla ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model at JoVE.com

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Determinare l&#39;attecchimento delle cellule del donatore rappresenta una sfida in modelli di trapianto di midollo osseo di topo che non hanno ben definiti marcatori fenotipici. Abbiamo descritto una metodologia per quantificare maschio attecchimento delle cellule del donatore nel topo femmina riceventi di trapianto. Questo metodo può essere utilizzato in tutti i ceppi di topo per lo studio delle funzioni HSC.

Utilizzando quantitativa real-time PCR per la determinazione cellulare attecchimento dei donatori in un modello murino competitivo trapianto di midollo osseo

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

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15.3K Views.  Medical University of South Carolina. Determinare l'attecchimento delle cellule del donatore rappresenta una sfida in modelli di trapianto di midollo osseo di topo che non hanno ben definiti marcatori fenotipici. Abbiamo descritto una metodologia per quantificare maschio attecchimento delle cellule del donatore nel topo femmina riceventi di trapianto. Questo metodo può essere utilizzato in tutti i ceppi di topo per lo studio delle funzioni HSC.

Video: Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation

The transplantation of stem cells and viruses in utero has tremendous potential for treating congenital disorders in the human fetus. For example, in utero transplantation (IUT) of hematopoietic stem cells has been used to successfully treat patients with severe combined immunodeficiency.1,2 In several other conditions, however, IUT has been attempted without success.3 Given these mixed results, the availability of an efficient non-human model to study the biological sequelae of stem cell transplantation and gene therapy is critical to advance this field. We and others have used the mouse model of IUT to study factors affecting successful engraftment of in utero transplanted hematopoietic stem cells in both wild-type mice4-7 and those with genetic diseases.8,9 The fetal environment also offers considerable advantages for the success of in utero gene therapy. For example, the delivery of adenoviral10, adeno-associated viral10, retroviral11, and lentiviral vectors12,13 into the fetus has resulted in the transduction of multiple organs distant from the site of injection with long-term gene expression. in utero gene therapy may therefore be considered as a possible treatment strategy for single gene disorders such as muscular dystrophy or cystic fibrosis. Another potential advantage of IUT is the ability to induce immune tolerance to a specific antigen. As seen in mice with hemophilia, the introduction of Factor IX early in development results in tolerance to this protein.14 
In addition to its use in investigating potential human therapies, the mouse model of IUT can be a powerful tool to study basic questions in developmental and stem cell biology. For example, one can deliver various small molecules to induce or inhibit specific gene expression at defined gestational stages and manipulate developmental pathways. The impact of these alterations can be assessed at various timepoints after the initial transplantation. Furthermore, one can transplant pluripotent or lineage specific progenitor cells into the fetal environment to study stem cell differentiation in a non-irradiated and unperturbed host environment.
The mouse model of IUT has already provided numerous insights within the fields of immunology, and developmental and stem cell biology. In this video-based protocol, we describe a step-by-step approach to performing IUT in mouse fetuses and outline the critical steps and potential pitfalls of this technique.

A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation

The mouse model of in utero transplantation is a versatile tool that can be used to study the potential clinical applications of stem cell transplantation and gene therapy in the fetus. In this protocol, we present a general approach to performing this technique

Un modello murino di Nell&#39;utero Trapianto

The transplantation of stem cells and viruses in utero has tremendous potential for treating congenital disorders in the human fetus.  For example, in ...

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MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process including development1, apoptosis2, and cell cycle regulation3. MiRNAs are estimated to regulate the expression of 30% to 90% of human genes4 by binding to their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs)5. Widespread dysregulation of miRNAs has been reported in various diseases and cancer subtypes6. Due to their prevalence and unique structure, these small molecules are likely to be the next generation of biomarkers, therapeutic agents and/or targets.
Methods used to investigate miRNA expression include SYBR green I dye- based as well as Taqman-probe based qPCR. If miRNAs are to be effectively used in the clinical setting, it is imperative that their detection in fresh and/or archived clinical samples be accurate, reproducible, and specific. qPCR has been widely used for validating expression of miRNAs in whole genome analyses such as microarray studies7. The samples used in this protocol were from patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer; however other tissues and cell lines can be substituted in. Prostate specimens were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen after resection. Clinical variables and follow-up information for each patient were collected for subsequent analysis8.
Quantification of miRNA levels in prostate tumor samples. The main steps in qPCR analysis of tumors are: Total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and detection of qPCR products using miRNA-specific primers. Total RNA, which includes mRNA, miRNA, and other small RNAs were extracted from specimens using TRIzol reagent. Qiagen's miScript System was used to synthesize cDNA and perform qPCR (Figure 1). Endogenous miRNAs are not polyadenylated, therefore during the reverse transcription process, a poly(A) polymerase polyadenylates the miRNA. The miRNA is used as a template to synthesize cDNA using oligo-dT and Reverse Transcriptase. A universal tag sequence on the 5' end of oligo-dT primers facilitates the amplification of cDNA in the PCR step. PCR product amplification is detected by the level of fluorescence emitted by SYBR Green, a dye which intercalates into double stranded DNA. Specific miRNA primers, along with a Universal Primer that binds to the universal tag sequence will amplify specific miRNA sequences. 
The miScript Primer Assays are available for over a thousand human-specific miRNAs, and hundreds of murine-specific miRNAs. Relative quantification method was used here to quantify the expression of miRNAs. To correct for variability amongst different samples, expression levels of a target miRNA is normalized to the expression levels of a reference gene. The choice of a gene on which to normalize the expression of targets is critical in relative quantification method of analysis. Examples of reference genes typically used in this capacity are the small RNAs RNU6B, RNU44, and RNU48 as they are considered to be stably expressed across most samples. In this protocol, RNU6B is used as the reference gene.

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR

Quantitative Real Time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a rapid and sensitive method to investigate the expression levels of various microRNA (miRNA) molecules in tumor samples. Using this method expression of hundreds of different miRNA molecules can be amplified, quantified, and analyzed from the same cDNA template.

Rilevamento MicroRNA in tumori della prostata dal Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process ...

Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are attractive druggable therapeutic targets. Here we describe an efficient four-step strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of acute leukemia. Initially, western blot analysis is used to confirm target inhibition in cultured leukemia cells. Functional activity is then evaluated using clonogenic assays in methylcellulose or soft agar cultures. Experimental compounds that demonstrate activity in cell culture assays are evaluated in vivo using NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice transplanted orthotopically with human leukemia cell lines. Initial in vivo pharmacodynamic studies evaluate target inhibition in leukemic blasts isolated from the bone marrow. This approach is used to determine the dose and schedule of administration required for effective target inhibition. Subsequent studies evaluate the efficacy of the TKIs in vivo using luciferase expressing leukemia cells, thereby allowing for non-invasive bioluminescent monitoring of leukemia burden and assessment of therapeutic response using an in vivo bioluminescence imaging system. This strategy has been effective for evaluation of TKIs in vitro and in vivo and can be applied for identification of molecularly-targeted agents with therapeutic potential or for direct comparison and prioritization of multiple compounds.

Receptor tyrosine kinases are ectopically expressed in many cancers and have been identified as therapeutic targets in acute leukemia. This manuscript describes an efficient strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of acute leukemia.

Valutazione pre-clinica della tirosina chinasi inibitori per il trattamento di leucemia acuta

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are ...

Murine Cervical Heart Transplantation Model Using a Modified Cuff Technique

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are available to perform mechanistic in vivo studies. While heart transplantation models using a suture technique were first successfully developed in rats, the translation into an equally widespread used murine equivalent was never achieved due the technical complexity of the microsurgical procedure. In contrast, non-suture cuff techniques, also developed initially in rats, were successfully adapted for use in mice1-3. This technique for revascularization involves two major steps I) everting the recipient vessel over a polyethylene cuff; II) pulling the donor vessel over the formerly everted recipient vessel and holding it in place with a circumferential tie. This ensures a continuity of the endothelial layer, short operating time and very high patency rates4.
Using this technique for vascular anastomosis we performed more than 1,000 cervical heart transplants with an overall success rate of 95%. For arterial inflow the common carotid artery and the proximal aortic arch were anastomosed resulting in a retrograde perfusion of the transplanted heart. For venous drainage the pulmonary artery of the graft was anastomosed with the external jugular vein of the recipient5.
Herein, we provide additional details of this technique to supplement the video.

The murine cervical heart transplantation model is well suited for immunological as well as ischemia reperfusion injury studies. We modified the procedure using a non-suture cuff technique and performed more than 1,000 successful transplants with this approach.
Herein, we provide additional details of this technique to supplement the video.

Murino cervicale Cuore trapianto Modello utilizzando una tecnica Cuff Modificato

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are ...

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture Model to Study Primary Human Bone Marrow and its Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods rely on the ability of cells either to attach to a solid substratum of a tissue culture dish or to grow in suspension in liquid medium. Multiple immortal cell lines have been created and grown using such approaches, however, these methods frequently fail when primary cells need to be grown ex vivo. Such failure has been attributed to the absence of the appropriate extracellular matrix components of the tissue microenvironment from the standard systems where tissue culture plastic is used as a surface for cell growth. Extracellular matrix is an integral component of the tissue microenvironment and its presence is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions such as cell polarization, survival, and proliferation. Here we present a 3-dimensional tissue culture method where primary bone marrow cells are grown in extracellular matrix formulated to recapitulate the microenvironment of the human bone (rBM system). Embedded in the extracellular matrix, cells are supplied with nutrients through the medium supplemented with human plasma, thus providing a comprehensive system where cell survival and proliferation can be sustained for up to 30 days while maintaining the cellular composition of the primary tissue. Using the rBM system we have successfully grown primary bone marrow cells from normal donors and patients with amyloidosis, and various hematological malignancies. The rBM system allows for direct, in-matrix real time visualization of the cell behavior and evaluation of preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics. Moreover, cells can be isolated from the rBM and subsequently used for in vivo transplantation, cell sorting, flow cytometry, and nucleic acid and protein analysis. Taken together, the rBM method provides a reliable system for the growth of primary bone marrow cells under physiological conditions.

In standard culture methods cells are taken out of their physiological environment and grown on the plastic surface of a dish. To study the behavior of primary human bone marrow cells we created a 3-D culture system where cells are grown under conditions recapitulating the native microenvironment of the tissue.

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture modello per studiare Primario Osso Osseo e le sue Malignità

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods ...

Cerebrospinal Fluid MicroRNA Profiling Using Quantitative Real Time PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their translational repression. Changes in miRNA expression have been shown to be involved in the development of all major complex diseases. Furthermore, recent findings showed that miRNAs can be secreted to the extracellular environment and enter the bloodstream and other body fluids where they can circulate with high stability. The function of such circulating miRNAs remains largely elusive, but systematic high throughput approaches, such as miRNA profiling arrays, have lead to the identification of miRNA signatures in several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders and several types of cancers. In this context, the identification of miRNA expression profile in the cerebrospinal fluid, as reported in our recent study, makes miRNAs attractive candidates for biomarker analysis.
There are several tools available for profiling microRNAs, such as microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and deep sequencing. Here, we describe a sensitive method to profile microRNAs in cerebrospinal fluids by quantitative real-time PCR. We used the Exiqon microRNA ready-to-use PCR human panels I and II V2.R, which allows detection of 742 unique human microRNAs. We performed the arrays in triplicate runs and we processed and analyzed data using the GenEx Professional 5 software.
Using this protocol, we have successfully profiled microRNAs in various types of cell lines and primary cells, CSF, plasma, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.

We describe a protocol of real time PCR to profile microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). With the exception of RNA extraction protocols, the procedure can be extended to RNA extracted from other body fluids, cultured cells, or tissue specimens.

Liquido cerebrospinale MicroRNA profiling Utilizzando quantitativa Real Time PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their ...

Murine Corneal Transplantation: A Model to Study the Most Common Form of Solid Organ Transplantation

Corneal transplantation is the most common form of organ transplantation in the United States with between 45,000 and 55,000 procedures performed each year. While several animal models exist for this procedure and mice are the species that is most commonly used. The reasons for using mice are the relative cost of using this species, the existence of many genetically defined strains that allow for the study of immune responses, and the existence of an extensive array of reagents that can be used to further define responses in this species. This model has been used to define factors in the cornea that are responsible for the relative immune privilege status of this tissue that enables corneal allografts to survive acute rejection in the absence of immunosuppressive therapy. It has also been used to define those factors that are most important in rejection of such allografts. Consequently, much of what we know concerning mechanisms of both corneal allograft acceptance and rejection are due to studies using a murine model of corneal transplantation. In addition to describing a model for acute corneal allograft rejection, we also present for the first time a model of late-term corneal allograft rejection.

Mice have been used as a model for studying many forms of transplantation, including corneal transplantation. We describe in this report a murine model for both acute and late-term corneal transplantation.

Murini trapianto di cornea: Un modello per studiare la forma più comune di trapianto di organi solidi

Corneal transplantation is the most common form of organ transplantation in the United States with between 45,000 and 55,000 procedures performed each ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated death 1. Common sites of metastatic spread include lung, lymph node, brain, and bone 2. Mechanisms that drive metastasis are intense areas of cancer research. Consequently, effective assays to measure metastatic burden in distant sites of metastasis are instrumental for cancer research. Evaluation of lung metastases in mammary tumor models is generally performed by gross qualitative observation of lung tissue following dissection. Quantitative methods of evaluating metastasis are currently limited to ex vivo and in vivo imaging based techniques that require user defined parameters. Many of these techniques are at the whole organism level rather than the cellular level 3-6. Although newer imaging methods utilizing multi-photon microscopy are able to evaluate metastasis at the cellular level 7, these highly elegant procedures are more suited to evaluating mechanisms of dissemination rather than quantitative assessment of metastatic burden. Here, a simple in vitro method to quantitatively assess metastasis is presented. Using quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), tumor cell specific mRNA can be detected within the mouse lung tissue.

This protocol describes how to use quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) to detect tumor cell specific mRNA representing metastasis within the mouse lung tissue.

Valutazione del polmone metastasi in mouse mammarie tumorali modelle da Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...

Murine Cervical Aortic Transplantation Model using a Modified Non-Suture Cuff Technique

With the introduction of powerful immunosuppressive protocols, distinct advances are possible in the prevention and therapy of acute rejection episodes. However, only minor improvement in the long-term results of transplanted solid organs could be observed over the past decades. In this context, chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) still represents the leading cause of late organ failure in cardiac, renal and pulmonary transplantation.
Thus far, the underlying pathogenesis of CAV development remains unclear, explaining why effective treatment strategies are presently missing and emphasizing a need for relevant experimental models in order to study the underlying pathophysiology leading to CAV formation. The following protocol describes a murine heterotopic cervical aortic transplantation model using a modified non-suture cuff technique. In this technique, a segment of the thoracic aorta is interpositioned in the right common carotid artery. With the use of the non-suture cuff technique, an easy to learn and reproducible model can be established, minimizing the possible heterogeneity of sutured vascular micro anastomoses.

Here, we present a protocol of heterotopic aortic transplantation in mice using the non-suture cuff technique in a cervical murine model. This model can be used to study the underlying pathology of chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and can help evaluate new therapeutic agents in order to prevent its formation.

Modello di trapianto aortico cervicale murine utilizzando una tecnica di manette non sutura modificata

With the introduction of powerful immunosuppressive protocols, distinct advances are possible in the prevention and therapy of acute rejection episodes. ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets within the Murine Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes and Synovial Tissue in an Osteoarthritis Model

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases, affecting patients suffering from pain and physical limitations. Recent evidence indicates a potential inflammatory component of the disease, with both T-cells and monocytes/macrophages potentially associated with the pathogenesis of OA. Further studies postulated an important role for subsets of both inflammatory cell lineages, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and T-regulatory lymphocytes, and M1, M2, and synovium-tissue-resident macrophages. However, the interaction between the local synovial and systemic inflammatory cellular response and the structural changes in the joint is unknown. To fully understand how T-cells and monocytes/macrophages contribute towards OA, it is important to be able to quantitively identify these cells and their subsets simultaneously in synovial tissue, secondary lymphatic organs and systemically (the spleen and bone marrow). Nowadays, the different inflammatory cell subsets can be identified by a combination of cell-surface markers making multi-color flow cytometry a powerful technique in investigating these cellular processes. In this protocol, we describe detailed steps regarding the harvest of synovial tissue and secondary lymphatic organs as well as generation of single cell suspensions. Furthermore, we present both an extracellular staining assay to identify monocytes/macrophages and their subsets as well as an extra- and intra-cellular staining assay to identify T-cells and their subsets within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue. Each step of this protocol was optimized and tested, resulting in a highly reproducible assay that can be utilized for other surgical and non-surgical OA mouse models.

Here, we describe a detailed and reproducible flow cytometry protocol to identify monocyte/macrophage and T-cell subsets using both extra- and intracellular staining assays within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue, utilizing an established surgical model of murine osteoarthritis.

Analisi della citometria del flusso di sottoinsiemi di cellule immunitarie all'interno della milza murina, del midollo osseo, dei nodi linfociti e del tessuto sinoviale in un modello di osteoartrite