Questo lavoro è stato supportato dal National Institutes of Allergy e malattie infettive Concedere P01 A1078894 a CAG

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	<li>Nathan, C., Ding, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonresolving+Inflammation.">Nonresolving Inflammation.</a> Cell. 140 (6), 871-882 (2010).</li><li>Karin, M., Lawrence, T., Nizet, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immunity+gone+awry:+linking+microbial+infections+to+chronic+inflammation+and.">Innate immunity gone awry: linking microbial infections to chronic inflammation and.</a> 124, 823-835 (2006).</li><li>Connor, S. M., Taylor, C. E., Hughes, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+infectious+determinants+of+chronic+diseases.">Emerging infectious determinants of chronic diseases.</a> Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (7), 1051-1057 (2006).</li><li>Barth, K., Remick, D. G., Genco, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+immune+regulation+by+microbial+pathogens+and+resulting+chronic+inflammation.">Disruption of immune regulation by microbial pathogens and resulting chronic inflammation.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. , (2012).</li><li>Hayashi, C., Gudino, C. V., Gibson, F. C., Genco, C. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engagement+of+specific+innate+immune+signaling+pathways+during+Porphyromonas+gingivalis+induced+chronic+inflammation+and+atherosclerosis.">Engagement of specific innate immune signaling pathways during Porphyromonas gingivalis induced chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis.</a> Frontiers in Bioscience: a Journal and Virtual Library. 13, 2041-2059 (2008).</li><li>Pihlstrom, B. L., Michalowicz, B. S., Johnson, N. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periodontal+diseases.">Periodontal diseases.</a> Lancet. 366 (9499), 1809-1820 (2005).</li><li>Baker, P. J., Evans, R. T., Roopenian, D. 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C., Hong, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immune+recognition+of+invasive+bacteria+accelerates+atherosclerosis+in+apolipoprotein+E-deficient+mice.">Innate immune recognition of invasive bacteria accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.</a> Circulation. 109 (22), 2801-2806 (2004).</li><li>Hayashi, C., Viereck, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Porphyromonas+gingivalis+accelerates+inflammatory+atherosclerosis+in+the+innominate+artery+of+ApoE+deficient+mice.">Porphyromonas gingivalis accelerates inflammatory atherosclerosis in the innominate artery of ApoE deficient mice.</a> Atherosclerosis. 215 (1), 52-59 (2011).</li><li>Hayashi, C., Madrigal, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogen-mediated+inflammatory+atherosclerosis+is+mediated+in+part+via+Toll-like+receptor+2-induced+inflammatory+responses.">Pathogen-mediated inflammatory atherosclerosis is mediated in part via Toll-like receptor 2-induced inflammatory responses.</a> Journal of Innate Immunity. 2 (4), 334-343 (2010).</li><li>Hayashi, C., Papadopoulos, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+role+for+TLR4+signaling+in+atherosclerosis+progression+as+revealed+by+infection+with+a+common+oral+pathogen.">Protective role for TLR4 signaling in atherosclerosis progression as revealed by infection with a common oral pathogen.</a> Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950). 189 (7), 3681-3688 (2012).</li><li>Papadopoulos, G., Weinberg, E. 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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

Il P. gingivalis modello di infezione orale fornisce un valido strumento per lo studio del patogeno-indotta infiammazione cronica nei siti locali e sistemiche. Questo modello unico permette la caratterizzazione di entrambi i meccanismi specifici di accoglienza e patogeni che contribuiscono a infiammazione cronica e immunopatologia. Inoltre, il modello può essere usato per individuare nuove strategie terapeutiche, comprese le vaccinazioni e intervento farmacologico. La procedura descritta in questo protocollo d...

L&#39;infiammazione cronica è una delle principali cause di danni ai tessuti patologici e una caratteristica unificante di molte malattie croniche negli esseri umani. Queste malattie includono neoplastiche, autoimmuni e malattie infiammatorie croniche 1. L&#39;eziologia di molte malattie croniche è ancora chiaro, ma è inteso come complesso e multifattoriale, che coinvolge sia la predisposizione genetica e l&#39;introduzione di fattori ambientali. Mentre i continuatori di infiammazione rimangono elusivi, i profili cellulari e molecolari di attivazione immunitaria si sovrappongono considerevolmente con quei modelli osservati in risposta dell&#39;ospite ai patogeni 2. Prove di montaggio implica infezione da agenti patogeni microbici nello sviluppo e progressione di infiammazione cronica e le sue diverse manifestazioni cliniche 2,3. Gli agenti patogeni possono indurre e sostenere l&#39;infiammazione cronica direttamente dal sovvertire il sistema immunitario dell&#39;ospite e infezioni persistenti <sup&gt; 4. In assenza di persistenza batterica, infezione può precipitare infiammazione cronica da reazioni autoimmuni innescati da mimetismo molecolare di auto-antigeni, cambiamenti di auto-antigeni che li rendono immunogenico, o danni che rilascia antigeni ospitanti precedentemente mascherati. Raramente però hanno patogeni specifici state identificate come la causa universale di una particolare malattia cronica. Piuttosto, la maggior parte dei dati disponibili suggeriscono che i patogeni usano meccanismi distinti per suscitare l&#39;infiammazione cronica con un ampio spettro di manifestazioni cliniche e gli esiti della malattia in soggetti geneticamente suscettibili 3. Così, una comprensione dettagliata dei meccanismi attraverso i quali patogeni specifici indurre l&#39;infiammazione cronica può avere importanti implicazioni per la salute pubblica, nonché il trattamento e la prevenzione di molte malattie croniche. Anche se gli ospiti e patogeni meccanismi specifici che contribuiscono alla preparazione e alla manutenzione di infiammazione cronica sonopoco conosciuti, i progressi nella modellazione di patogeno-indotta infiammazione cronica hanno iniziato ad approfondire la nostra comprensione di questi processi. Il P. gingivalis modello di infezione orale è un unico, modello ben caratterizzato topo di infiammazione cronica patogeno-indotta che permette l&#39;analisi di host e di patogeni meccanismi specifici che contribuiscono a infiammazione cronica a livello locale (perdita di tessuto osseo orale) e siti sistemiche (aterosclerosi) 5,6. P. gingivalis è un agente patogeno orale anaerobi Gram-negativi implicati nella malattia parodontale umano, una malattia infiammatoria cronica infezione-driven caratterizzata dalla distruzione di tessuti di sostegno del dente 7. Oltre alla patologia nel sito iniziale di infezione, prove accumulando implica P. gingivalis indotta infiammazione cronica nello sviluppo e nella progressione delle malattie sistemiche, tra cui l&#39;aterosclerosi 5, una malattia caratterizzata da inflammatio cronican della parete del vaso arterioso. Infezione orale di specifico patogeno topi gratuito con P. gingivalis induce una risposta infiammatoria locale che si traduce in distruzione del dente di sostegno dell&#39;osso alveolare 8. P. gingivalis può essere recuperato dalla bocca di topi infetti fino a 42 giorni dopo l&#39;infezione 8 e topi sviluppano elevati livelli di titoli anticorpali sierici specifici dell&#39;agente patogeno e 9. In un modello murino di aterosclerosi stabilita utilizzando Apolipoproteina-E - / - mice (ApoE - / -), l&#39;infezione orale con P. gingivalis induce infiammazione cronica infiammatoria che spinge la placca deposizione all&#39;interno del seno aortico 10 e l&#39;arteria innominata 11. Infiammazione progressiva all&#39;interno dell&#39;arteria innominata di P. gingivalis -infected topi possono essere monitorati in animali vivi in vivo utilizzando la risonanza magnetica. Istologico, le lesioni arteriose da P. gingivalis -infected topi mostrano una maggiore accumulo di lipidi accompagnato da attivazione dell&#39;endotelio vascolare, un aumento infiltrato di cellule immunitarie, ed elevata espressione di mediatori infiammatori 12. L&#39;uso di questo modello in topi knockout ha chiarito il ruolo di componenti di segnalazione ospitanti e mediatori infiammatori, così come la cella interazioni specifiche che guidano P. gingivalis indotta immunopatologia 12 - 14. Inoltre, esperimenti utilizzando mutanti batterici definiti hanno individuato P. critico gingivalis virulenza fattori che contribuiscono a infiammazione cronica nei siti locali e sistemiche 15. Questo articolo descrive le metodologie per la valutazione di P. gingivalis indotta infiammazione cronica nei siti locali e sistemiche. Forniamo un protocollo dettagliato per l&#39;analisi di perdita di osso alveolare da microCT utilizzando il software Amira. Inoltre, definiamo l&#39;utilità di serie in vivo vivo MRI animale per la valutazione della progressivainfiammazione all&#39;interno della arteria anonima. Includiamo metodologie per la visualizzazione e la quantificazione della placca infiammatoria nelle lesioni arteriose, e descriviamo la loro caratterizzazione istologica. L&#39;uso di topi transgenici e mutanti batterici definiti rende questo modello particolarmente adatto per l&#39;identificazione sia host e fattori microbici coinvolti nella iniziazione, progressione, e l&#39;esito della malattia. Inoltre, il modello può essere usato per individuare nuove strategie terapeutiche, tra cui la vaccinazione e di intervento farmacologico.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:508px;">Name of the Material/Eqiupment</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Catalogue Number</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Comments&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amira analysis software</td>
			<td>Visualization Sciences Group</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anaerobic chamber DW Scientific Model MG500&#160;</td>
			<td>Microbiology International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BHI&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson&#160;</td>
			<td>211059</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>51280-5G</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Menadione (Vitamin K)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>M5625-25G</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson&#160;</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Carboxymethyl cellulose (medium viscocity)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>C-4888</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Oral Suspension 200 mg/40 mg per 5ml</td>
			<td>Hi-Tech Pharmacal</td>
			<td>NDC 50383-823-16</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#956;CT 40&#160;</td>
			<td>Scanco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HistoChoice Tissue Fixative</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>H2904</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sudan IV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>S4261-25G</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">vertical-bore 11.7T Avance spectrometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paravision</td>
			<td>Paravision</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rat anti-mouse F4/80</td>
			<td>Serotec</td>
			<td>MCA497R</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rat anti-mouse TLR2</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>13-9021-80</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica S4 Dissecting Scope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microm HM 550 Cryostat</td>
			<td>Microm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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a mouse model for pathogen-induced chronic inflammation at local and systemic sites

L&#39;infiammazione cronica è una delle principali cause di danni ai tessuti patologici e una caratteristica unificante di molte malattie croniche negli esseri umani compresi neoplastiche, autoimmuni e malattie infiammatorie croniche. Emergenti evidenze implica patogeno-indotta infiammazione cronica nello sviluppo e nella progressione delle malattie croniche con una grande varietà di manifestazioni cliniche. A causa della eziologia complessa e multifattoriale di malattia cronica, la progettazione di esperimenti per la prova della causalità e la creazione di legami meccanicistici è quasi impossibile negli esseri umani. Un vantaggio di utilizzare modelli animali è che entrambi i fattori genetici e ambientali che possono influenzare il decorso di una malattia particolare possono essere controllati. Pertanto, la progettazione di modelli animali rilevanti di infezione rappresenta un passo fondamentale nell&#39;identificazione di accoglienza e patogeni meccanismi specifici che contribuiscono a infiammazione cronica. Qui si descrive un modello murino di patogeno-indotta INFLA cronicammation a siti locali e sistemici dopo l&#39;infezione con il patogeno orale Porphyromonas gingivalis, un batterio strettamente associato alla malattia parodontale umano. Infezione orale di specifico patogeno topi libero induce una risposta infiammatoria locale con conseguente distruzione del dente di sostegno dell&#39;osso alveolare, un segno distintivo della malattia parodontale. In un modello murino di aterosclerosi consolidata, infezione da P. gingivalis accelera infiammatorio deposizione di placche all&#39;interno del seno aortico e dell&#39;arteria innominata, accompagnata dalla attivazione dell&#39;endotelio vascolare, un aumento infiltrato di cellule immunitarie, ed elevata espressione di mediatori infiammatori all&#39;interno lesioni. Siamo dettaglio le metodologie per la valutazione di infiammazione nei siti locali e sistemiche. L&#39;uso di topi transgenici e mutanti batterici definiti rende questo modello particolarmente adatto per l&#39;identificazione sia host e fattori microbici coinvolti nella iniziazione, progressione, e l&#39;esito della malattia. Additionally, il modello può essere usato per individuare nuove strategie terapeutiche, tra cui la vaccinazione e di intervento farmacologico.

Utilizzando il modello murino appropriato e regime di infezione orale, P. gingivalis induce infiammazione cronica e immunopatologia a livello locale (cavità orale) e siti sistemici (arterie) (Figura 1). Nei topi, l&#39;infezione orale con P. gingivalis induce una risposta infiammatoria locale che guida la distruzione del dente di sostegno dell&#39;osso alveolare 8. P. gingivalis -infected topi sviluppano siero risposte anticorpali a que...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites at JoVE.com

A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites

Modelli animali hanno dimostrato di essere strumenti preziosi nella definizione di accoglienza e patogeni meccanismi specifici che contribuiscono allo sviluppo di infiammazione cronica. Qui si descrive un modello murino di infezione orale con il patogeno umano Porphyromonas gingivalis e le metodologie di dettaglio per valutare la progressione di infiammazione nei siti locali e sistemiche.

Un modello di topo per patogeni indotta infiammazione cronica a siti locali e sistemici

Chronic inflammation is a major driver of pathological tissue damage and a unifying characteristic of many chronic diseases in humans including ...

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Immunology and Infection

17.4K Views.  Boston University School of Medicine.  Modelli animali hanno dimostrato di essere strumenti preziosi nella definizione di accoglienza e patogeni meccanismi specifici che contribuiscono allo sviluppo di infiammazione cronica. Qui si descrive un modello murino di infezione orale con il patogeno umano Porphyromonas gingivalis e le metodologie di dettaglio per valutare la progressione di infiammazione nei siti locali e sistemiche. 

Video: A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites

Trichuris muris Infection: A Model of Type 2 Immunity and Inflammation in the Gut

Trichuris muris is a natural pathogen of mice and is biologically and antigenically similar to species of Trichuris that 
infect humans and livestock1. Infective eggs are given by oral gavage, hatch in the distal small intestine, invade the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) 
that line the crypts of the cecum and proximal colon and upon maturation the worms release eggs into the environment1. This model is a powerful tool to 
examine factors that control CD4+ T helper (Th) cell activation as well as changes in the intestinal epithelium. The immune response that occurs in 
resistant inbred strains, such as C57BL/6 and BALB/c, is characterized by Th2 polarized cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) and expulsion of worms while Th1-associated 
cytokines (IL-12, IL-18, IFN-&gamma;) promote chronic infections in genetically susceptible AKR/J mice2-6. Th2 cytokines promote physiological changes in 
the intestinal microenvironment including rapid turnover of IECs, goblet cell differentiation, recruitment and changes in epithelial permeability and smooth muscle 
contraction, all of which have been implicated in worm expulsion7-15. Here we detail a protocol for propagating Trichuris muris eggs which can 
be used in subsequent experiments. We also provide a sample experimental harvest with suggestions for post-infection analysis. Overall, this protocol will provide 
researchers with the basic tools to perform a Trichuris muris mouse infection model which can be used to address questions pertaining to Th proclivity in 
the gastrointestinal tract as well as immune effector functions of IECs.

Trichuris muris Infection: A Model of Type 2 Immunity and Inflammation in the Gut

Trichuris muris infection is an intestinal model of Th2 immunity where resistant mice generate a protective Th2 response and susceptible mice generate a pathological Th1 response.

Trichuris Muris Infezione: un modello di tipo 2 Immunità e infiammazione nell&#39;intestino

Trichuris muris is a natural pathogen of mice and is biologically and antigenically similar to species of Trichuris that 
infect humans and livestock1. ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Using the BLT Humanized Mouse as a Stem Cell based Gene Therapy Tumor Model

Small animal models such as mice have been extensively used to study human disease and to develop new therapeutic interventions. Despite the wealth of information gained from these studies, the unique characteristics of mouse immunity as well as the species specificity of viral diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection led to the development of humanized mouse models. The earlier models involved the use of C. B 17 scid/scid mice and the transplantation of human fetal thymus and fetal liver termed thy/liv (SCID-hu) 1, 2 or the adoptive transfer of human peripheral blood leukocytes (SCID-huPBL) 3. Both models were mainly utilized for the study of HIV infection.
One of the main limitations of both of these models was the lack of stable reconstitution of human immune cells in the periphery to make them a more physiologically relevant model to study HIV disease. To this end, the BLT humanized mouse model was developed. BLT stands for bone marrow/liver/thymus. In this model, 6 to 8 week old NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) immunocompromised mice receive the thy/liv implant as in the SCID-hu mouse model only to be followed by a second human hematopoietic stem cell transplant 4. The advantage of this system is the full reconstitution of the human immune system in the periphery. This model has been used to study HIV infection and latency 5-8.
We have generated a modified version of this model in which we use genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC) to construct the thy/liv implant followed by injection of transduced autologous hHSC 7, 9. This approach results in the generation of genetically modified lineages. More importantly, we adapted this system to examine the potential of generating functional cytotoxic T cells (CTL) expressing a melanoma specific T cell receptor. Using this model we were able to assess the functionality of our transgenic CTL utilizing live positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to determine tumor regression (9).
The goal of this protocol is to describe the process of generating these transgenic mice and assessing in vivo efficacy using live PET imaging. As a note, since we use human tissues and lentiviral vectors, our facilities conform to CDC NIH guidelines for Biosafety Level 2 (BSL2) with special precautions (BSL2+). In addition, the NSG mice are severely immunocompromised thus, their housing and maintenance must conform to the highest health standards (<a href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/research/immunology/005557-housing.html" target="_blank">http://jaxmice.jax.org/research/immunology/005557-housing.html</a>).

The generation and characterization of tumor specific T cells using humanized mice is described here. Human thymic tissue and genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells are transplanted into immunocompromised mice. This results in the reconstitution of an engineered human immune system allowing for in vivo examination of anti-tumor immune responses.

Uso del mouse BLT umanizzato come cellule staminali basata su un Modello Tumore Terapia Genica

Small animal models such as mice have been extensively used to study human  disease and to develop new therapeutic interventions. Despite the wealth of  ...

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that distinguish acute and chronic inflammation in mouse models. With tissue damage or pathogen invasion, neutrophils are the first line of defense, playing a major role in mediating the acute inflammatory response. As the inflammatory reaction progresses, circulating monocytes gradually migrate into the site of injury and differentiate into mature macrophages, which mediate chronic inflammation and promote tissue repair by removing tissue debris and producing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Intraperitoneal injection of luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione, sodium salt) enables detection of acute inflammation largely mediated by tissue-infiltrating neutrophils. Luminol specifically reacts with the superoxide generated within the phagosomes of neutrophils since bioluminescence results from a myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated reaction. Lucigenin (bis-N-methylacridinium nitrate) also reacts with superoxide in order to generate bioluminescence. However, lucigenin bioluminescence is independent of MPO and it solely relies on phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Phox) in macrophages during chronic inflammation. Together, luminol and lucigenin allow non-invasive visualization and longitudinal assessment of different phagocyte populations across both acute and chronic inflammatory phases. Given the important role of inflammation in a variety of human diseases, we believe this non-invasive imaging method can help investigate the differential roles of neutrophils and macrophages in a variety of pathological conditions.

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

We describe a non-invasive imaging method for distinguishing inflammatory stages. Systemic delivery of luminol reveals areas of acute inflammation dependent upon MPO activity in neutrophils. In contrast, injection of lucigenin allows for visualization of chronic inflammation dependent upon Phox activity in macrophages.

In vivo metodo di imaging per distinguere infiammazione acuta e cronica

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that ...

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to the infiltration of tissues with migrating inflammatory cells, primarily neutrophils.&#160;This process has the potential to be destructive to tissues if excessive or held in an unresolved state.&#160; Cocultured in vitro models can be utilized to study the unique molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration.&#160;This type of model provides versatility in experimental design with opportunity for controlled manipulation of the pathogen, epithelial barrier, or neutrophil.&#160;Pathogenic infection of the apical surface of polarized epithelial monolayers grown on permeable transwell filters instigates physiologically relevant basolateral to apical trans-epithelial migration of neutrophils applied to the basolateral surface.&#160;The in vitro model described herein demonstrates the multiple steps necessary for demonstrating neutrophil migration across a polarized lung epithelial monolayer that has been infected with pathogenic P. aeruginosa (PAO1).&#160;Seeding and culturing of permeable transwells with human derived lung epithelial cells is described, along with isolation of neutrophils from whole human blood and culturing of PAO1 and nonpathogenic K12 E. coli (MC1000).&#160; The emigrational process and quantitative analysis of successfully migrated neutrophils that have been mobilized in response to pathogenic infection is shown with representative data, including positive and negative controls.&#160;This in vitro model system can be manipulated and applied to other mucosal surfaces.&#160;Inflammatory responses that involve excessive neutrophil infiltration can be destructive to host tissues and can occur in the absence of pathogenic infections.&#160;A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that promote neutrophil trans-epithelial migration through experimental manipulation of the in vitro coculture assay system described herein has significant potential to identify novel therapeutic targets for a range of mucosal infectious as well as inflammatory diseases.

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Neutrophil trans-epithelial migration in response to mucosal bacterial infection contributes to epithelial injury and clinical disease.&#160;An in vitro model has been developed that combines pathogen, human neutrophils, and polarized human epithelial cell layers grown on transwell filters to facilitate investigations towards unraveling the molecular mechanisms orchestrating this phenomenon.

In vitro Test di cocultura per valutare la migrazione transeteliale neutrofila indotta da agenti patogeni

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to ...

Systemic Injection of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice with Chronic EAE

Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are a promising stem cell source for transplantation approaches aiming at brain repair or restoration in regenerative neurology. This directive has arisen from the extensive evidence that brain repair is achieved after focal or systemic NPC transplantation in several preclinical models of neurological diseases.
These experimental data have identified the cell delivery route as one of the main hurdles of restorative stem cell therapies for brain diseases that requires urgent assessment. Intraparenchymal stem cell grafting represents a logical approach to those pathologies characterized by isolated and accessible brain lesions such as spinal cord injuries and Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, this principle is poorly applicable to conditions characterized by a multifocal, inflammatory and disseminated (both in time and space) nature, including multiple sclerosis (MS). As such, brain targeting by systemic NPC delivery has become a low invasive and therapeutically efficacious protocol to deliver cells to the brain and spinal cord of rodents and nonhuman primates affected by experimental chronic inflammatory damage of the central nervous system (CNS).
This alternative method of cell delivery relies on the NPC pathotropism, specifically their innate capacity to (i) sense the environment via functional cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine receptors; (ii) cross the leaking anatomical barriers after intravenous (i.v.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection; (iii) accumulate at the level of multiple perivascular site(s) of inflammatory brain and spinal cord damage; and (i.v.) exert remarkable tissue trophic and immune regulatory effects onto different host target cells in vivo.
Here we describe the methods that we have developed for the i.v. and i.c.v. delivery of syngeneic NPCs in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as model of chronic CNS inflammatory demyelination, and envisage the systemic stem cell delivery as a valuable technique for the selective targeting of the inflamed brain in regenerative neurology.

The transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) holds great promises in regenerative neurology. The systemic delivery of NPCs has turned into effective, low invasive, and therapeutically very efficacious protocol to deliver stem cells in the brain and spinal cord of rodents and nonhuman primates affected by experimental chronic inflammatory damage of the central nervous system.

Iniezione sistemica di cellule staminali neurali / progenitrici nei topi con EAE cronica

Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are a promising stem cell source for transplantation approaches aiming at brain repair or restoration in regenerative ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

Induzione di Murine infiammazione intestinale per trasferimento adottivo di Effector CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; Alto</sup&gt; T Cells in topi immunodeficienti

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Co-immunoprecipitation of the Mouse Mx1 Protein with the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions of proteins with other macromolecules in a complex sample is called co-immunoprecipitation. The described co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to demonstrate and further investigate the interaction between the antiviral myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) and one of its viral targets, the influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP). The protocol starts with transfected mammalian cells, but it is also possible to use influenza A virus infected cells as starting material. After cell lysis, the viral NP protein is pulled-down with a specific antibody and the resulting immune-complexes are precipitated with protein G beads. The successful pull-down of NP and the co-immunoprecipitation of the antiviral Mx1 protein are subsequently revealed by western blotting. A prerequisite for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 with NP is the presence of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in the cell lysis buffer. NEM alkylates free thiol groups. Presumably this reaction stabilizes the weak and/or transient NP&#8211;Mx1 interaction by preserving a specific conformation of Mx1, its viral target or an unknown third component. An important limitation of co-immunoprecipitation experiments is the inadvertent pull-down of contaminating proteins, caused by nonspecific binding of proteins to the protein G beads or antibodies. Therefore, it is very important to include control settings to exclude false positive results. The described co-immunoprecipitation protocol can be used to study the interaction of Mx proteins from different vertebrate species with viral proteins, any pair of proteins, or of a protein with other macromolecules. The beneficial role of NEM to stabilize weak and/or transient interactions needs to be tested for each interaction pair individually.

This co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to study the interaction between the influenza A virus nucleoprotein and the antiviral Mx1 protein in human cells. The protocol emphasizes the importance of N-ethylmaleimide for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 and influenza A virus nucleoprotein.

Co-immunoprecipitazione della proteina mouse Mx1 con il virus nucleoproteina Influenza A

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions ...

An Optimized Method for Isolating and Expanding Invariant Natural Killer T Cells from Mouse Spleen

The ability to rapidly secrete cytokines upon stimulation is a functional characteristic of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell lineage. iNKT cells are therefore characterized as an innate T cell population capable of activating and steering adaptive immune responses. The development of improved techniques for the culture and expansion of murine iNKT cells facilitates the study of iNKT cell biology in in vitro and in vivo model systems. Here we describe an optimized procedure for the isolation and expansion of murine splenic iNKT cells.
Spleens from C57Bl/6 mice are removed, dissected and strained and the resulting cellular suspension is layered over density gradient media. Following centrifugation, splenic mononuclear cells (MNCs) are collected and CD5-positive (CD5+) lymphocytes are enriched for using magnetic beads. iNKT cells within the CD5+ fraction are subsequently stained with &#945;GalCer-loaded CD1d tetramer and purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS sorted iNKT cells are then initially cultured in vitro using a combination of recombinant murine cytokines and plate-bound T cell receptor (TCR) stimuli before being expanded in the presence of murine recombinant IL-7. Using this technique, approximately 108 iNKT cells can be generated within 18-20 days of culture, after which they can be used for functional assays in vitro, or for in vivo transfer experiments in mice.

Here we present an adapted protocol that can be used to generate a large number of murine invariant natural killer T cells from mouse spleen. The protocol outlines an approach by which splenic iNKT cells can be enriched for, isolated and expanded in vitro using a limited number of animals and reagents.

Un metodo ottimizzato per l&#39;isolamento ed espansione invariante Natural Killer cellule T da Spleen mouse

The ability to rapidly secrete cytokines upon stimulation is a functional characteristic of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell lineage. iNKT cells ...

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We demonstrate the procedure for preparing H. influenzae inoculum, intra-tracheal instillation of H. influenzae into the lung, collection of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), analysis of immune cells in the BALF, and RNA isolation for differential gene expression analysis. This procedure can be used to study the lung inflammatory response to any bacteria, virus or fungi. Direct tracheal instillation is mostly preferred over intranasal or aerosol inhalation procedures because it more efficiently delivers the bacterial inoculum into the lower respiratory tract with less ambiguity.

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

We demonstrate the procedure for intra-tracheal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. This is a very useful tool to study signaling pathways that regulate airway inflammation in mouse models.

Intra-tracheale Amministrazione<em&gt; Haemophilus influenzae</em&gt; In modelli murini per studiare infiammazione delle vie aeree

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We ...

Mouse Body Temperature Measurement Using Infrared Thermometer During Passive Systemic Anaphylaxis and Food Allergy Evaluation

Mouse body temperature measurement is of paramount importance for investigating allergies and anaphylactic symptoms. Rectal probes for temperature readings is common, and they have been proven to be accurate and invaluable in this regard. However, this method of temperature measurement requires the mice to be anesthetized in order to insert the probe without injury to the animal. This limits the ability to observe other phenotypes of the mouse simultaneously. In order to investigate other phenotypes while measuring temperatures, rectal probes are not ideal, and another method is desired. Here, we introduce a noninvasive method of temperature measurement that foregoes the requirement for mouse anesthesia while maintaining equal reliability to rectal probes in measuring body temperature. We use an infrared thermometer that detects body surface temperatures at ranges between 2 and 150 mm. This method of body temperature measurement is successful in reliably replicating temperature change trends during passive system anaphylaxis experiments in mice. We show that body surface temperatures are about 2.0 &#176;C lower than rectal probe measurements, but the degree of temperature drop follows the same trend. Furthermore, we use the same technique to observe mice in a food allergy model to evaluate temperature and activity levels simultaneously.

Here we present a new method to accurately measure body temperature differences in passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA) and food allergy mouse models using an infrared thermometer. This procedure has been accurately duplicated in previous PSA results.

Misurazione della temperatura corpo del mouse utilizzando il termometro a infrarossi durante passiva anafilassi sistemica e la valutazione di allergia alimentare