Questo studio è stato sostenuto dal National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute di Grant HL 103542, e Distinguished Trailblazer Award Il BCH Anesthesia Research Foundation di PAC.

Preparazione <ol><li> Preparare 1 M K-HEPES Stock Solution (aggiustare il pH a 7,2 con KOH). </li><li> Preparare 0,5 M K-EGTA Stock Solution (aggiustare il pH a 8,0 con KOH). </li><li> Preparare 1 M KH 2 PO 4 Stock Solution. </li><li> Preparare 1 M MgCl 2 Stock Solution. </li><li> Preparare omogeneizzazione Buffer (pH 7,2) saccarosio 300 mM, 10 mM K-HEPES, e 1 mM K-EGTA. Conservare a 4 ° C. </li><li> Preparare saccarosio respirazione Buffer 250 mm, 2 mm KH 2 PO 4, 10 mM MgCl 2, 20 mM K-HEPES Buffer (pH 7,2) e 0,5 mM K-EGTA (pH 8,0). Conservare a 4 ° C. </li><li> Preparare 10x PBS Archivio soluzione sciogliendo 80 g di NaCl, 2 g di KCl, 14,4 g di Na 2 HPO 4, e 2,4 g di KH 2 PO 4 in 1 L doppia H 2 O distillata (pH 7,4). </li><li> Preparare 1x PBS pipettando 100 ml di 10x PBS in 1 L doppio distillata H 2 O. </li><li> Preparare Subtilisina A Stock pesando su 4 mg di Subtilisina A inin una provetta da 1,5 ml microcentrifuga. Conservare a -20 ° C fino al momento dell&#39;uso. </li><li> Preparare BSA Archivio pesando i 20 mg di BSA in una provetta da 1,5 ml microcentrifuga. Conservare a -20 ° C fino al momento dell&#39;uso. </li></ol> Isolamento mitocondriale (Figura 1) <ol><li> Immediatamente prima dell&#39;isolamento, sciogliere Subtilisina A in 1 ml di tampone di omogeneizzazione. </li><li> Immediatamente prima dell&#39;isolamento, BSA sciogliere in 1 ml di tampone di omogeneizzazione. </li><li> Raccogliere due campioni di tessuto fresco con un pugno campione bioptico 6 mm e conservare in 1x PBS in una provetta da centrifuga da 50 ml conica sul ghiaccio. </li><li> Trasferire i due punzoni 6 mm di tessuto in una provetta dissociazione C contenente 5 ml di freddo ghiaccio Omogeneizzazione Buffer. </li><li> Omogeneizzare il tessuto inserendo il tubo di dissociazione C sul dissociatore tessuti e selezionare il ciclo di isolamento mitocondriale preimpostato (60 sec omogeneizzazione). </li><li> Rimuovere il tubo di dissociazione C per un secchio di ghiaccio. </li><li> Aggiungere 250 ml di Subtilisina A Stock soluzione alomogeneizzato, mescolare per inversione ed incubare l&#39;omogeneizzato in ghiaccio per 10 min. </li><li> Mettere un filtro a rete 40 micron su un tubo da centrifuga da 50 ml conica su ghiaccio e pre-bagnato il filtro con Omogeneizzazione Buffer e filtrare l&#39;omogeneizzato nel tubo da centrifuga da 50 ml conica sul ghiaccio. </li><li> Aggiungere 250 ml di preparato fresco BSA Stock Solution al filtrato e mescolare per inversione. Nota: Omettere questo passaggio se è necessaria la determinazione delle proteine ​​mitocondriali. </li><li> Mettere un filtro 40 micron su un tubo da centrifuga da 50 ml conica su ghiaccio e pre-bagnato il filtro con Omogeneizzazione Buffer e filtrare l&#39;omogeneizzato nel tubo da centrifuga da 50 ml conica sul ghiaccio. </li><li> Collocare un filtro da 10 micron su un tubo da centrifuga da 50 ml conica su ghiaccio e pre-bagnato il filtro con Omogeneizzazione Buffer e filtrare l&#39;omogeneizzato nel tubo da centrifuga da 50 ml conica sul ghiaccio. </li><li> Trasferire il filtrato di due pre-refrigerati provette da 1,5 ml microcentrifuga e centrifugare a 9.000 xg per 10 min a4 ° C. </li><li> Rimuovere il surnatante e risospendere e combinare pellet in 1 ml di ghiaccio freddo respirazione Buffer. </li></ol> ATP Assay Nota: Per determinare l&#39;attività metabolica dei mitocondri isolati un saggio luminescenza ATP può essere eseguita utilizzando un kit di test ATP. Il protocollo, reagenti e standard sono stati forniti nel kit test. Una sintesi della procedura è descritta di seguito. <ol><li> Equilibrare reagenti del kit a RT. </li><li> Preparare 10 mM ATP Stock Solution sciogliendo liofilizzato pellet ATP in 1.170 ml di acqua bidistillata. Conservare ATP standard di soluzione Stock e campioni mitocondriali preparati sul ghiaccio. </li><li> Aggiungere 5 ml di soluzione Tampone Substrato ad un flacone di soluzione di substrato liofilizzato. Mescolare delicatamente e mettere al buio. </li><li> Aggiungere 100 ml di respirazione tampone a tutti i pozzetti di un nero, fondo opaco, 96 pozzetti. </li><li> Aggiungere 10 ml di mitocondri dai campioni preparati a ciascun bene ofa nero, fondo opaco, 96 pozzetti. Nota: I campioni sono placcati in triplice copia. Include una riga per standard e tre pozzi per il controllo negativo (Respirazione Buffer). </li><li> Aggiungere 50 ml di soluzione di lisi cellulare dei mammiferi a tutti i pozzetti, comprese le norme e controlli. </li><li> Incubare la piastra a 37 ° C per 5 minuti su un agitatore orbitale a 125 rpm. </li><li> Durante l&#39;incubazione preparare norme ATP in concentrazioni di 0,1 mm, 0,05 mm, 0,01 mm, 0.005 mm, 0.001 mm, 0,0001 ATP mm dal 10 mM ATP Stock Solution. Norme Conservare su ghiaccio. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;incubazione, aggiungere 10 ml di norme ATP corrispondenti pozzetti come indicato nella mappa piastra. NOTA: Gli standard vengono eseguiti in duplicato. </li><li> Aggiungere 50 ml di soluzione ricostituita di substrato in ogni pozzetto. </li><li> Incubare la piastra a 37 ° C su agitatore orbitale per 5 min a 125 rpm. </li><li> Aprire il software Gen5 1.11 su un computer collegato con lo spettrofotometro. </li><li> Sotto &quot;Creare un nuovo elemento &quot;, cliccare su&quot; Experiment &quot;. </li><li> Clicca su &quot;protocollo predefinito&quot;. Fare clic su &quot;Ok&quot;. </li><li> Nella colonna di sinistra, selezionare &quot;Protocollo&quot;, poi &quot;Procedura&quot;. </li><li> Selezionare &quot;Delay&quot;. Impostare 00:10:00. Fare clic su &quot;Ok&quot;. </li><li> Selezionare &quot;Leggi&quot;. Selezionare &quot;Luminescence&quot; dal menu a discesa. Regolare le altre impostazioni per quanto segue: Leggere tipo di endpoint, Tempo di integrazione 0: 01.00 MM: ss.ss, Filter Set 1, Emissione Foro, Ottica posizione superiore, Sensibilità 100, Offset Top sonda verticale 1,00 millimetri. </li><li> Quando il piatto è pronto per essere analizzato, fare clic sull&#39;icona &quot;Leggi Targa&quot; sulla riga in alto. Fare clic su &quot;Read&quot;. Quando si apre lo spettrofotometro, posizionare la piastra nel cassetto con pozzetto A1 nell&#39;angolo in alto a sinistra. Una scatola con la temperatura si aprirà. Fare clic su &quot;Read&quot;. Nota: I valori più alti sono correlati con un aumento dei livelli di ATP e una maggiore attività metabolica. </li></ol>

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Tutti gli animali sono stati trattati in conformità con le linee guida istituzionali attuali. Noi non abbiamo concorrenti interessi finanziari da dichiarare.

Per isolare con successo mitocondri utilizzano questo protocollo è essenziale per mantenere tutte le soluzioni e campioni di tessuto sul ghiaccio per conservare la vitalità mitocondriale. Anche quando mantenuto sul ghiaccio, mitocondri isolati esporranno una diminuzione dell&#39;attività funzionale nel tempo 19. Si raccomanda che tutte le soluzioni e le integrazioni essere pre-preparati. Abbiamo pre-pesare e immagazzinare Subtilisina A in 4 aliquote mg in 1,5 ml provette per microcentrifuga e conservare a ...

A correction was made to: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51682">Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration.</a> An optional step was added to step 7 of the &#39;Mitochondrial Isolation&#39; section of the protocol. The step is:
1. Optional in the case that the tissue is fibrous: Centrifuge the solution at 750 x g for 4 min.

A correction was made to: Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration.

Erratum: Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Esistono mitocondri in ogni cellula del corpo ad eccezione dei globuli rossi e sono coinvolti in un gran numero di importanti processi cellulari e metabolici 1-4. A causa di queste numerose funzioni, danno mitocondriale può avere effetti negativi 3. Al fine di indagare la funzione mitocondriale e disfunzione diversi metodi di isolamento mitocondriali sono state descritte. I primi resoconti pubblicati su mitocondriale data isolamento al 1940 5-8. Il primo tentativo documentato dimostrato isolamento mitocondriale dalla macinazione di tessuto epatico in un mortaio seguita da centrifugazione in una soluzione salina a bassa velocità 5,8. Più tardi, altri gruppi estesa, la procedura originale e dimostrato frazionamento del tessuto sulla base di centrifugazione differenziale di 6-8. Questi primi metodi hanno costituito la base delle tecniche attuali, che spesso incorporano omogeneizzazione, e / o differenziale centrifugazione 9-15. Il numero di homogenizatisu e centrifugazione gradini varia tra i protocolli. Questi passaggi ripetitivi aumentano il tempo per l&#39;isolamento dei mitocondri e, infine, ridurre la vitalità. Inoltre, omogeneizzazione manuale può causare danni e inconsistenti risultati mitocondriali se non adeguatamente controllato 10,16. Recentemente, abbiamo utilizzato omogeneizzazione e centrifugazione differenziale per isolare i mitocondri per trapianto nel tessuto miocardico 17,18. Questa procedura di isolamento lunga tenuta di circa 90 minuti e l&#39;applicabilità clinica di questo metodo era quindi limitata. Per consentire l&#39;uso terapeutico acuto nel trattamento clinico e chirurgico abbiamo sviluppato una rapida procedura di isolamento mitocondriale che può essere eseguito in meno di 30 min. I principali vantaggi di questo protocollo è che la dissociazione del tessuto standardizzata consente di uniforme e coerente omogeneizzazione del tessuto che non è facilmente ottenibile con omogeneizzazione manuale. In Additione, l&#39;uso di filtrazione differenziale al posto di centrifugazione differenziale elimina richiede tempo e le fasi di centrifugazione ripetitive consentendo un più rapido isolamento di altamente purificati, vitali e respirazione mitocondri competenti. La capacità di isolare mitocondri competenti vitali e respirazione in meno di 30 minuti permette di applicabilità clinica. Questo protocollo di isolamento ha il potenziale per l&#39;uso in chirurgia di bypass coronarico (CABG) e altre procedure terapeutiche.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="933">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:377px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">84100</td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Substilsin A</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P2173</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S374</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:377px;">ATPlite Luminescence Assay System, 
			1000 Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>6016941</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50 mL Conical Tubes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">40 &#956;m Nylon Filters</td>
			<td>BD&#160;</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GentleMACS C tube</td>
			<td>Miltenyl Biotech</td>
			<td>120-005-331</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1.5 mL Eppendorf tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">6 mm biopsy punch</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td>33-36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10 &#956;m Pluristrainer</td>
			<td>Pluriselect</td>
			<td>43-500-10-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Eppendorf Centrifuge 5415C</td>
			<td>Marshall Scientific</td>
			<td>EP-5415C&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GentleMACS Dissociator&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyl Biotech</td>
			<td>130-093-235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96-well plates, tissue culture treated</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82050-732</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rotomax 120 orbital shaker</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td>544-41200-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Synergy H4 Hybrid Multi-Mode 
			&#160;Microplate Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Multisizer 4 Coulter Counter</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A63076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Oxytherm System</td>
			<td>Hansatech Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hemacytometer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>267110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rapid isolation and purification of mitochondria for transplantation by tissue dissociation and differential filtration

Metodi di isolamento mitocondriali precedentemente descritti utilizzando centrifugazione differenziale e / o Ficoll gradiente di centrifugazione richiedono da 60 a 100 minuti per completare. Noi descriviamo un metodo per il rapido isolamento di mitocondri da biopsie di mammifero usando un dissociatore tessuto commerciale e filtrazione differenziale. In questo protocollo, omogeneizzazione manuale viene sostituito con il ciclo omogeneizzazione standardizzata del dissociatore tessuti. Questo permette uniforme e costante omogeneizzazione del tessuto che non è facilmente ottenibile con omogeneizzazione manuale. A seguito di dissociazione dei tessuti, l&#39;omogeneizzato è filtrata attraverso filtri a rete di nylon, che eliminano le fasi di centrifugazione ripetitivi. Come risultato, l&#39;isolamento mitocondriale può essere eseguito in meno di 30 min. Questo protocollo isolamento produce circa 2 x 10 10 mitocondri competenti vitali e la respirazione da 0,18 ± 0,04 g di campione di tessuto (peso a umido).

Una figura che illustra le fasi procedurali nel isolamento dei mitocondri mediante dissociazione dei tessuti e la filtrazione differenziale è mostrato in Figura 1. Tempo procedurale totale è inferiore a 30 min. I campioni di tessuto sono stati ottenuti utilizzando una biopsia 6 mm. Peso del tessuto era 0,18 ± 0,04 g (peso umido). Il numero dei mitocondri isolati come determinato mediante conteggio granulometria era 2,4 x 10 10 ± 0,1 x 10 10 mitocond...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration at JoVE.com

Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Un metodo rapido isolamento dei mitocondri da biopsie di tessuto mammiferi è descritto. Fegato di ratto o preparazioni muscolari scheletriche sono stati omogeneizzati con un dissociatore tessuto commerciale e mitocondri sono stati isolati per filtrazione differenziale attraverso filtri a rete di nylon. Tempo di isolamento mitocondriale è &lt;30 min rispetto ai 60 - 100 min con metodi alternativi.

Isolamento rapida e purificazione di mitocondri per il trapianto da tessuto Dissociazione e Filtrazione Differenziale

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to ...

rapid-isolation-purification-mitochondria-for-transplantation-tissue

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

37.7K Views.  Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School.  Un metodo rapido isolamento dei mitocondri da biopsie di tessuto mammiferi è descritto. Fegato di ratto o preparazioni muscolari scheletriche sono stati omogeneizzati con un dissociatore tessuto commerciale e mitocondri sono stati isolati per filtrazione differenziale attraverso filtri a rete di nylon. Tempo di isolamento mitocondriale è 

Video: Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells HSCs

Isolamento e trapianto di cellule staminali emopoietiche (CSE)

Ricerca

Biologia

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

La colorazione delle proteine ​​in gel con Coomassie G-250, senza solventi organici acido acetico e

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play essential roles in apoptotic cell death2, cell survival3, mammalian development4, neuronal development and function4, intracellular signalling5, and longevity regulation6. Our understanding of these complex biological processes controlled by mitochondria relies on robust methods for assessing their morphology, their protein and lipid composition, the integrity of their DNA, and their numerous vital functions. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genetically and biochemically manipulable unicellular eukaryote with annotated genome and well-defined proteome, is a valuable model for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying essential biological functions of mitochondria. For these types of studies, it is crucial to have highly pure mitochondria. Here we present a detailed description of a rapid and effective method for purification of yeast mitochondria. This method enables the isolation of highly pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification. Mitochondria purified by this method are suitable for cell-free reconstitution of essential mitochondrial processes and can be used for the analysis of mitochondrial structure and functions, mitochondrial proteome and lipidome, and mitochondrial DNA.

We describe a rapid and effective method for purification of mitochondria from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method enables the high-yield isolation of pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification.

Purificazione dei mitocondri da cellule di lievito

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play ...

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite morphogenesis at the functional and molecular levels. To aid in these analyses, we have developed a strategy for the isolation of a subclass of PNS neurons called dendritic arborization (da) neurons that have been widely used for studying dendrite morphogenesis1,2. These neurons are very difficult to isolate as a pure population, due in part to their extremely low occurrence and their difficult-to-reach location below the tough chitinous larval cuticle. Our newly developed method overcomes these challenges, and is based on a fast and specific cell enrichment using antibody-coated magnetic beads. For our magnetic bead sorting studies, we have used age-matched third instar larvae expressing a mouse CD8 tagged GFP fusion protein (UAS-mCD8-GFP)3 under the control of either the class IV dendritic arborization (da) neuron-specific pickpocket (ppk)-GAL4 driver4 or the control of the pan-da neuron-specific GAL421-7 driver5. Although this protocol has been optimized for isolating PNS cells which are attached to the inner wall of the larval cuticle, by varying a few parameters, the same protocol could be used to isolate many different cell types attached to the cuticle at larval or pupal stages of development (e.g. epithelia, muscle, oenocytes etc.), or other cell types from larval organs depending upon the GAL4-specific driver expression pattern. The RNA isolated by this method is of high quality and can be readily used for downstream genomic analyses such as microarray gene expression profiling studies. This approach offers a powerful new tool to perform studies on isolated Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) neurons thereby providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis.

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

In this video-article we present a method for the isolation and purification of Drosophila peripheral neurons using a fast magnetic bead assisted cell sorting strategy. RNA obtained from the isolated cells can be readily used for downstream applications including microarray analyses.

Isolamento e purificazione di Drosophila Neuroni periferici da Magnetic Ordinamento Bead

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite ...

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental gene expression 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The recent discovery of thousands of lncRNAs in association with specific chromatin modification complexes, such as Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that mediates histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), suggests broad roles for numerous lncRNAs in managing chromatin states in a gene-specific fashion 8,9. While some lncRNAs are thought to work in cis on neighboring genes, other lncRNAs work in trans to regulate distantly located genes. For instance, Drosophila lncRNAs roX1 and roX2 bind numerous regions on the X chromosome of male cells, and are critical for dosage compensation 10,11. However, the exact locations of their binding sites are not known at high resolution. Similarly, human lncRNA HOTAIR can affect PRC2 occupancy on hundreds of genes genome-wide 3,12,13, but how specificity is achieved is unclear. LncRNAs can also serve as modular scaffolds to recruit the assembly of multiple protein complexes. The classic trans-acting RNA scaffold is the TERC RNA that serves as the template and scaffold for the telomerase complex 14; HOTAIR can also serve as a scaffold for PRC2 and a H3K4 demethylase complex 13.
Prior studies mapping RNA occupancy at chromatin have revealed substantial insights 15,16, but only at a single gene locus at a time. The occupancy sites of most lncRNAs are not known, and the roles of lncRNAs in chromatin regulation have been mostly inferred from the indirect effects of lncRNA perturbation. Just as chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray or deep sequencing (ChIP-chip or ChIP-seq, respectively) has greatly improved our understanding of protein-DNA interactions on a genomic scale, here we illustrate a recently published strategy to map long RNA occupancy genome-wide at high resolution 17. This method, Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP) (Figure 1), is based on affinity capture of target lncRNA:chromatin complex by tiling antisense-oligos, which then generates a map of genomic binding sites at a resolution of several hundred bases with high sensitivity and low background. ChIRP is applicable to many lncRNAs because the design of affinity-probes is straightforward given the RNA sequence and requires no knowledge of the RNA's structure or functional domains.

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP

ChIRP is a novel and rapid technique to map genomic binding sites of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The method takes advantage of the specificity of anti-sense tiling oligonucleotides to allow the enumeration of lncRNA-bound genomic sites.

Isolamento di cromatina Purificazione RNA (disturbo)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental ...

Planarian Immobilization, Partial Irradiation, and Tissue Transplantation

The planarian, a freshwater flatworm, has proven to be a powerful system for dissecting metazoan regeneration and stem cell biology1,2. Planarian regeneration of any missing or damaged tissues is made possible by adult stem cells termed neoblasts3. Although these stem cells have been definitively shown to be pluripotent and singularly capable of reconstituting an entire animal4, the heterogeneity within the stem cell population and the dynamics of their cellular behaviors remain largely unresolved. Due to the large number and wide distribution of stem cells throughout the planarian body plan, advanced methods for manipulating subpopulations of stem cells for molecular and functional study in vivo are needed.
Tissue transplantation and partial irradiation are two methods by which a subpopulation of planarian stem cells can be isolated for further study. Each technique has distinct advantages. Tissue transplantation allows for the introduction of stem cells, into a na&iuml;ve host, that are either inherently genetically distinct or have been previously treated pharmacologically. Alternatively, partial irradiation allows for the isolation of stem cells within a host, juxtaposed to tissue devoid of stem cells, without the introduction of a wound or any breech in tissue integrity. Using these two methods, one can investigate the cell autonomous and non-autonomous factors that control stem cell functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
Both tissue transplantation5,6 and partial irradiation7 have been used historically in defining many of the questions about planarian regeneration that remain under study today. However, these techniques have remained underused due to the laborious and inconsistent nature of previous methods. The protocols presented here represent a large step forward in decreasing the time and effort necessary to reproducibly generate large numbers of grafted or partially irradiated animals with efficacies approaching 100 percent. We cover the culture of large animals, immobilization, preparation for partial irradiation, tissue transplantation, and the optimization of animal recovery. Furthermore, the work described here demonstrates the first application of the partial irradiation method for use with the most widely studied planarian, Schmidtea mediterranea. Additionally, efficient tissue grafting in planaria opens the door for the functional testing of subpopulations of na&iuml;ve or treated stem cells in repopulation assays, which has long been the gold-standard method of assaying adult stem cell potential in mammals8. Broad adoption of these techniques will no doubt lead to a better understanding of the cellular behaviors of adult stem cells during tissue homeostasis and regeneration.

An effective method for grafting tissue of defined and consistent size between planaria is described. Also included is a description of how the immobilization technique used for transplantation can be adapted, in conjunction with lead shields, for the partial irradiation of live animals.

Planaria immobilizzazione, irradiazione parziale, e di tessuti

The planarian, a freshwater flatworm, has proven to be a powerful system for dissecting metazoan regeneration and stem cell biology1,2. Planarian ...

Isolation, Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells

Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal nuclei in muscle fibers. In adult muscle, satellite cells are normally mitotically quiescent. Following injury, however, satellite cells initiate cellular proliferation to produce myoblasts, their progenies, to mediate the regeneration of muscle. Transplantation of satellite cell-derived myoblasts has been widely studied as a possible therapy for several regenerative diseases including muscular dystrophy, heart failure, and urological dysfunction. Myoblast transplantation into dystrophic skeletal muscle, infarcted heart, and dysfunctioning urinary ducts has shown that engrafted myoblasts can differentiate into muscle fibers in the host tissues and display partial functional improvement in these diseases. Therefore, the development of efficient purification methods of quiescent satellite cells from skeletal muscle, as well as the establishment of satellite cell-derived myoblast cultures and transplantation methods for myoblasts, are essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind satellite cell self-renewal, activation, and differentiation. Additionally, the development of cell-based therapies for muscular dystrophy and other regenerative diseases are also dependent upon these factors.

However, current prospective purification methods of quiescent satellite cells require the use of expensive fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) machines. Here, we present a new method for the rapid, economical, and reliable purification of quiescent satellite cells from adult mouse skeletal muscle by enzymatic dissociation followed by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Following isolation of pure quiescent satellite cells, these cells can be cultured to obtain large numbers of myoblasts after several passages. These freshly isolated quiescent satellite cells or ex vivo expanded myoblasts can be transplanted into cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced regenerating mouse skeletal muscle to examine the contribution of donor-derived cells to regenerating muscle fibers, as well as to satellite cell compartments for the examination of self-renewal activities.

The isolation and culture of a pure population of quiescent satellite cells, a muscle stem cell population, is essential to the understanding of muscle stem cell biology and regeneration, as well as stem cell transplantation for therapies in muscular dystrophy and other degenerative diseases.&#160;

Isolamento, Cultura e trapianto di cellule muscolari satellite

Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal ...

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of cell heath due to their role in both cell metabolism and energy production as well as control of apoptosis. Therefore, direct evaluation of isolated mitochondria and mitochondrial perturbation offers the ability to determine if organelle-specific (dys)function is occurring. The methods described in this protocol include isolation of intact, functional mitochondria from HEK cultured cells and mouse liver and spinal cord, but can be easily adapted for use with other cultured cells or animal tissues. Mitochondrial function assessed by TMRE and the use of common mitochondrial uncouplers and inhibitors in conjunction with a fluorescent plate reader allow this protocol not only to be versatile and accessible to most research laboratories, but also offers high throughput.

Comparison of mitochondrial membrane potential between samples yields valuable information about cellular status. Detailed steps for isolating mitochondria and assessing response to inhibitors and uncouplers using fluorescence are described. The method and utility of this protocol are illustrated by use of a cell culture and animal model of cellular stress.

Isolamento e analisi funzionale dei mitocondri da cellule in coltura e Tissue mouse

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

L&#39;isolamento di filtrazione di acidi nucleici: DNA metodo di estrazione semplice e veloce

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...

Isolation of Intact Mitochondria from Skeletal Muscle by Differential Centrifugation for High-resolution Respirometry Measurements

Mitochondria are involved in cellular energy metabolism and use oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Differential centrifugation at low- and high-speed is commonly used to isolate mitochondria from tissues and cultured cells. Crude mitochondrial fractions obtained by differential centrifugation are used for respirometry measurements. The differential centrifugation technique is based on the separation of organelles according to their size and sedimentation velocity. The isolation of mitochondria is performed immediately after tissue harvesting. The tissue is immersed in an ice-cold homogenization medium, minced using scissors and homogenized in a glass homogenizer with a loose-fitting pestle. The differential centrifugation technique is efficient, fast and inexpensive and the mitochondria obtained by differential centrifugation are pure enough for respirometry assays. Some of the limitations and disadvantages of isolated mitochondria, based on differential centrifugation, are that the mitochondria can be damaged during the homogenization and isolation procedure and that large amounts of the tissue biopsy or cultured cells are required for the mitochondrial isolation.

Here, a quadriceps muscle specimen is taken from an anaesthetized pig and mitochondria are isolated by differential centrifugation. Then, the respiratory rates of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II and IV are determined using high-resolution respirometry.