We are grateful to Dr. Clowes for first developing and describing this method. We are also thankful to Dr. Tulis for his detailed protocol which has been fundamentally helpful to our previous, current and future work. This work was supported by grants R01HL097111 and R01HL123364 from the NIH to M.T., and by American Heart Association grant 14GRNT18880008 to M.T.
We would like to thank Rachel Newton for her expert technical support and for her valuable help during the filming process.

NOTA: L&#39;uso di animali per i seguenti esperimenti è stato esaminato e approvato dalla cura e l&#39;uso Comitato Istituzionale Animal (IACUC). 1. Procedure preoperatori <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Sterilizzare strumenti chirurgici prima dell&#39;uso. <ol><li> Autoclave tutti gli strumenti chirurgici 24 ore o meno prima di un intervento chirurgico. Se più interventi chirurgici vengono eseguiti nello stesso giorno, sterilizzare gli strumenti con uno sterilizzatore tallone secca tra ambulatori. </li></ol></li><li> Filtro-sterilizzare la soluzione salina prima dell&#39;uso. </li><li> Pesare il ratto e calcolare la dose di farmaci anestetici (ketamina 80 mg / kg e xilazina 7 mg / kg). </li><li> Amministrare i farmaci anestetici intra-peritoneally (ip). <ol><li> Verificare l&#39;adeguatezza della sedazione per pizzico piedi in 5-10 minuti. Somministrare una piccola dose supplementare di farmaci (ketamina 7 mg / kg e xilazina 0,6 mg / kg) se la sedazione non è completa. </li><li> Assicurarsi che l&#39;ago è abbastanza profonda per i farmaci di consegna intra-peritoneally perché mancata consegna l&#39;intera soluzione di droga nella cavità peritoneale provoca sedazione inadeguata. NOTA: Ulcere e perdita dei capelli nella pelle al sito di iniezione saranno visibili diversi giorni dopo l&#39;intervento, a causa involontaria sottocutanea (sc) iniezione di soluzione di droga. </li></ol></li><li> Iniettare 3 ml di soluzione salina sterile per via sottocutanea (SC). Utilizzando un tampone di cotone sterile, applicare una piccola quantità di pomata oftalmica per entrambi gli occhi per evitare che le cornee si secchi. </li><li> Preparare degli impianti di riscaldamento. Pastiglie di calore Pre-caldo di forno a microonde oa bagnomaria. </li><li> Mettere l&#39;animale supinamente sulla piattaforma chirurgica. <ol><li> Rimuovere i capelli nella regione del collo ventrale. Applicare la rimozione dei capelli con un tampone di cotone, attendere 30 secondi e pulire completamente con una garza. </li><li> Tampone collo con iodopovidone scrub e il 70% di etanolo. </li></ol></li><li> Indossare dispositivi di protezione individuale, tra cui l&#39;abito, la copertura dei capelli, maschera chirurgica e occhiali. Indossare STERile guanti chirurgici alla fine prima di maneggiare gli strumenti chirurgici sterili e forniture. </li><li> Telo ratto con un foglio chirurgica sterile con solo la regione del collo esposto. </li></ol> 2. Procedure chirurgiche <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Durante la procedura chirurgica, verificare la profondità di sedazione animale pizzico punta in ogni 15 min. Se animale risponde a pizzico punta, aggiungere piccola dose supplementare (10% della dose iniziale) di ketamina e xilazina. </li><li> Sezionare sinistra carotide comune (CCA) <ol><li> Utilizzare un bisturi per fare una incisione longitudinale diritta nel mezzo del collo. La lunghezza approssimativa di incisione cutanea è 1,5-2 cm, allo scopo di isolare una porzione 1,5-2 cm di arteria. La durata può variare dipende dallo scopo dello studio. </li><li> Bluntly sezionare il tessuto connettivo dalla pelle. Tenere le punte pinze e fare attenzione a non forare la pelle o il tessuto sottostante. </li><li> Sezionare strati muscolari longitudinalmente along lato sinistro della trachea. </li><li> Quando si apre lo strato muscolare, visualizzare il CCA sinistra con il nervo vago strettamente collegato. Senza mezzi termini sezionare lungo l&#39;arteria carotide sinistra con estrema cautela per separare il nervo vago con il minimo di stretching. </li><li> Sezionare CCA distalmente fino alla biforcazione. Sezionare con cura la biforcazione e due rami - arteria carotide interna (ICA) e carotide esterna (ECA). </li><li> Mantenere dissezione attorno al CCA, fino a circa una porzione di 1,5-2 cm dell&#39;arteria è isolato dai tessuti circostanti. </li></ol></li><li> Lesioni Balloon <ol><li> Definitivamente fare una legatura sul ECA a di circa 5 mm dalla biforcazione. Definitivamente legare il ramo occipitale ECA che è vicino alla biforcazione di ECA e ICA. Anche legare stabilmente altri rami eventuali localizzare fra la biforcazione e ECA legature - per esempio, il ramo superiore della tiroide. Sutura che utilizzato per tutte le legature è 4-0 neroseta. Clip sull&#39;estremità prossimale del CCA e l&#39;estremità distale della ICA. NOTA: Ora, il flusso di sangue è stato interrotto in modo permanente attraverso la legatura (a ECA) o temporaneamente attraverso la saturazione (in CCA e ICA). Contenuto luminale nell&#39;area biforcazione sono stati isolati dalla circolazione sistemica. </li><li> Praticare un&#39;incisione arteriotomia su ECA da piccola-micro forbici. Assicurarsi che l&#39;incisione è vicino alla sutura nodo distale. Sangue pulito con soluzione salina e tamponi di cotone. </li><li> Inserire il uninflated catetere a palloncino 2F nel lume ECA. Far avanzare il catetere a palloncino prossimale al lume CCA. Mantenere avanzare il catetere prossimale fino alla sua punta raggiunge in cui la clip rimane. </li><li> Collegare il dispositivo di gonfiaggio del palloncino di un luer lock femmina su un rubinetto a 3 vie e collegare il luer lock maschio del rubinetto a 3 vie al catetere a palloncino. </li><li> Lentamente gonfiare il palloncino con circa 1,5 atm di pressione, per distendere la carotide a 1,5 volte il diametro. </li&gt; <li> Tirare delicatamente il palloncino rotazione indietro alla biforcazione. </li><li> Sgonfiare il palloncino e passare di nuovo alla fine prossimale. Gonfiare di nuovo e ripetere la procedura tirando-back altre due volte. </li><li> Ritirare il catetere a palloncino dal lume dell&#39;arteria. </li></ol></li><li> Amministrazione endoluminale di reagenti (ad esempio, siRNA, droga) NOTA: Qui, il reagente utilizzato era una soluzione contenente particelle lentivirali codificanti sia shRNA mira stromali Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1) o non-targeting di controllo shRNA. STIM1 è un singolo transmembrana reticolo endoplasmatico (ER) proteina che è un 2 + sensore ER Ca controllare l&#39;attivazione di membrana plasmatica Ca 2+ canali ed è up-regolata durante vascolare dedifferentiation muscolatura liscia in un fenotipo migratorio proliferativa 12,30-33. <ol><li> Attaccare un catetere intravascolare over-the-ago di una siringa (24 G 1,6 cm). Aspirare soluzione 30 ml di REAG testEnt. Inserire il catetere nella stessa incisione sulla ECA. </li><li> Far avanzare la punta del catetere nel CCA e legare un pezzo di sutura con un singolo nodo sulla Corte dei conti per fissare il catetere e chiudere temporaneamente l&#39;incisione. </li><li> Iniettare la soluzione del reagente di prova nel lume del CCA. Conservare la soluzione nel lume del vaso per 30 min. Tenere il tessuto esposto umido con soluzione salina e coprire con una garza umida. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;incubazione, aspirare la soluzione rimanente. Allentare quel singolo nodo e ritirare il catetere. </li><li> Legare l&#39;ECA con un pezzo di sutura prossimale all&#39;incisione arteriotomia. Rendere il nodo più vicino possibile alla biforcazione. </li></ol></li><li> Chiudere la ferita. <ol><li> Poiché il pregiudizio a palloncino e l&#39;introduzione del catetere può causare una perdita o puntura del vaso sanguigno, rimuovere la clip sul ICA e verificare se ci sono perdite. Se l&#39;emorragia si osserva, applicare un pezzo di garza e applicare una leggera pressione per fermare l&#39;emorragia. </li><li> Rimuoverel&#39;altra clip su CCA. </li><li> Assicurarsi che non ci sono segni di sanguinamento, e quindi rimuovere tutti i morsetti e altri strumenti chirurgici. Tagliare suture in eccesso. </li><li> Chiudi ferite con suture cutanee (4-0 seta nera). Tampone su tutti i lati della ferita chiusa con la Povidon-iodio o altri anti-settico / battericida / fungicida agente. Iniettare 3 ml di soluzione fisiologica sterile sc </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Procedure postoperatorie <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Tenere rat sul rilievo di calore dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico. Somministrare una dose di 0,05 mg / kg buprenorfina tramite iniezione intramuscolare (im) al ratto. Durante la procedura di ripristino, tenere gli occhi e la bocca animali umida. Monitorare l&#39;animale fino a quando è sveglio e ambulatoriale. </li><li> Posto l&#39;animale in una gabbia pulita senza biancheria da letto finché non è completamente recuperato. Dopo il recupero, l&#39;animale verrà restituito alla stanza degli animali e ospitato singolarmente. </li></ol>

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rat+carotid+artery+balloon+injury+model.">Rat carotid artery balloon injury model.</a> Methods In Molecular Medicine. 139, 1-30 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, W., Trebak, M., Szallasi, A., B&#237;r&#243;, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Balloon+Injury+in+Rats+as+a+Model+for+Studying+TRP+Channel+Contribution+to+Vascular+Smooth+Muscle+Remodeling.">Balloon Injury in Rats as a Model for Studying TRP Channel Contribution to Vascular Smooth Muscle Remodeling.</a> T TRP Channels in Drug DiscoveryMethods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. , 101-111 (2012).</li><li>Tulis, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+and+morphometric+analyses+for+rat+carotid+balloon+injury+model).">Histological and morphometric analyses for rat carotid balloon injury model).</a> Methods In Molecular Medicine. 139, 31-66 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Il ratto infortunio carotide balloon è stata ben descritta da Tulis nel 2007 34. E &#39;stato completamente discusso tutti i dettagli di questa procedura Dr. Tulis. I lettori che sono interessati a questa procedura, si consiglia vivamente di leggere il protocollo Tulis &#39;. Tuttavia, c&#39;è una cosa che non siamo d&#39;accordo con il dottor Tulis: invece di gonfiare il palloncino con soluzione salina o qualsiasi tipo di liquido, abbiamo suggerito a gonfiare con l&#39;aria. Secondo la nostra esperienza personale, gonfiando co...

Cateteri a palloncino sono dispositivi medici utilizzati nella procedura di angioplastica, allo scopo di ampliare sito ostruito (s) di ateroma o trombo in un vaso sanguigno. Il lume del vaso socchiusi è costretto ad aprire dal pallone gonfiato e la fornitura di sangue sarebbero stati ripristinati in sequenza per alleviare i sintomi di ischemia a valle, come angina, infarto del miocardio, e dolore alle gambe. Tuttavia, il grande successo di angioplastica è stata diminuita di complicanze post-operatorie, come i risultati di forza causando barotrauma vascolare (balloon injury), ovvero il rimodellamento parete del vaso e in molti casi ri-restringimento del lume vasale (restenosi) 1. Un certo numero di modelli animali sono stati sviluppati imitando la procedura di angioplastica per aiutare gli investigatori a comprendere i meccanismi alla base del palloncino lesioni legate nave rimodellamento parete 2. Tra tutte le specie animali utilizzati per la modellazione, ratto è quello più utilizzato. Compared a conigli, cani e suina, i vantaggi di ratti sono il basso costo, la relativa facilità di utilizzo e l&#39;attuale conoscenza della fisiologia ratto. Sebbene topi hanno un vantaggio in una vasta gamma di ceppi geneticamente manipolati, la nave topi è troppo piccolo per inserire un catetere a palloncino. Nel corso degli ultimi tre decenni, i topi sperimentali hanno permesso ai ricercatori di ottenere una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi molecolari e cellulari alla base di formazione neointima e rimodellamento vascolare 3-6. Al di là di balloon injury, rimodellamento vascolare sono coinvolti anche nella maggior parte delle malattie vascolari maggiori, come l&#39;aterosclerosi 7,8, ipertensione 9, e 10 aneurismi. Così, le conoscenze acquisite attraverso il modello infortunio balloon è in generale vantaggioso per gli studi sulle malattie parete complessivi vascolari. L&#39;obiettivo generale del modello di danno topo pallone non è solo per capire meglio le malattie vascolari, ma anche per testare la potenza di nuovi agenti percontrollo della malattia 11,12. Trattamento farmacologico clinico attuale di restenosi è applicato da stent medicati posizionati mediante il lume del vaso dopo angioplastica. In modelli animali, un modo efficiente ma più economico per i nuovi test agente è un metodo di perfusione endoluminale locale ben sviluppata. Agenti candidati che sono stati testati con questo metodo includono farmaci piccola molecola 13,14, citochine o fattori di crescita 15,16, gene manipolando agenti (cloni di cDNA, siRNA, ecc) 17-20, e nuove formulazioni farmaceutiche 21,22. Finora, il palloncino modello di lesioni ratto rimane uno dei modelli più utili per lo studio vascolare malattie / disordini. È il passo fondamentale dal laboratorio al letto, di solito come il primo passo passando da in vitro in vivo, ma non dovrebbe essere l&#39;ultimo. Il risultato di esperimenti ratto deve essere deliberate e caratterizzato inoltre prima traduzione in umanauso clinico, a causa della differenza di letti vascolari e nave anatomia e le differenze intrinseche tra specie umana e di ratto 23-26. Tuttavia, è ancora uno strumento essenziale nella ricerca medica traslazionale. Mentre questo tipo di ricerca usato per essere limitato dalla mancanza di topi geneticamente modificati, è non è più stato un problema dal momento che gli approcci genomici innovative come le zinc-finger nucleasi 27, 28 e Talens CRISPR-Cas 29 hanno reso i topi knockout facilmente accessibile.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Deltaphase Operating Board - Includes 2 Pads &#38; 2 Insulators</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hartmann Mosquito Forceps 4&#8221; curved</td>
			<td>Apiary Medical, Inc. San Diego, CA</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Crile Retractor 4&#8221; double ended</td>
			<td>Apiary Medical, Inc.</td>
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			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Company, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD</td>
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			<td>Ketaset- Patterson Vet</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nair Baby Oil Hair Removal Lotion-9 oz</td>
			<td>Amazon/Walmart/CVS</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Inflation Device</td>
			<td>Demax Medical</td>
			<td>DID30</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D300 3-way Stopcock</td>
			<td>B.Braun Medical Inc.</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Artificial Tears Ointment&#160;</td>
			<td>Rugby Laboratories, Duluth, GA</td>
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vascular balloon injury and intraluminal administration in rat carotid artery

Il pallone modello di lesione carotidea nei ratti è stata consolidata per oltre due decenni. Rimane un importante metodo per studiare i meccanismi molecolari e cellulari coinvolti nella vascolare dedifferenziazione muscolatura liscia, la formazione di neointima e rimodellamento vascolare. Maschi ratti Sprague-Dawley sono gli animali più frequentemente impiegato per questo modello. Ratti femmina non sono preferiti come ormoni femminili sono protettivi contro le malattie vascolari e introducono una variante a questa procedura così. La carotide sinistra è tipicamente infortunato con la carotide destra serve come controllo negativo. Lesioni della carotide sinistra è causato dal pallone gonfiato che denudes l&#39;endotelio e distend s la parete del serbatoio. Dopo lesioni, potenziali strategie terapeutiche come l&#39;uso di composti farmacologici e sia gene o trasferimento shRNA possono essere valutati. Tipicamente per gene o il trasferimento shRNA, la sezione feriti del lume del vaso viene trasformata localmente per 30 minuti con vparticelle IRAL codificano sia una proteina o shRNA per la consegna e di espressione nella parete del vaso feriti. Neointimale ispessimento rappresentano cellule muscolari lisce vascolari proliferative solito picco di due settimane dopo l&#39;infortunio. Le navi sono in gran parte raccolte in questo punto di tempo per l&#39;analisi cellulare e molecolare delle vie di segnalazione cellulare, nonché l&#39;espressione di geni e proteine. Le navi possono essere raccolte in precedenti punti di tempo per determinare l&#39;insorgenza di espressione e / o l&#39;attivazione di una proteina o percorso specifico, a seconda degli scopi sperimentali destinati. Le navi possono essere caratterizzati e valutati utilizzando colorazione istologica, immunoistochimica, test di proteine ​​/ mRNA, e saggi di attività. Il intatta carotide destra dello stesso animale è un controllo interno ideale. Cambiamenti lesioni indotte parametri molecolari e cellulari possono essere valutati confrontando l&#39;arteria feriti all&#39;arteria giusto controllo interno. Allo stesso modo, modalità terapeutiche possono essere valutati confrontando il injured e trattato dell&#39;arteria al controllo feriti unica arteria.

Due settimane dopo la lesione, le arterie carotidi sono raccolte, sezionati e sottoposti ad analisi morfologica. Le arterie sono sezionata e colorate con H &amp; E (figure 1, 2B, C e 3). Rat parete carotidea contiene quattro strati di lamina elastica, che appaiono come linee rosa. L&#39;area tra la lamina esterna, lamina elastica esterna (EEL) e la lamina interna, lamina elastica interna (IEL) è il supporto liscio strato muscolare (Figura 1). L&#39;area all&#39;interno della IEL è l&#...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery at JoVE.com

Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery

Questo protocollo utilizza un catetere a palloncino per causare un danno endoluminale sull&#39;arteria carotide di ratto e d&#39;ora in poi suscitare iperplasia neointimale. Questo è un modello consolidato per lo studio dei meccanismi di rimodellamento vascolare in risposta al danno. È inoltre ampiamente utilizzato per determinare la validità dei potenziali approcci terapeutici.

Vascolare Balloon Lesioni e intraluminale Amministrazione in Rat carotide

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.2K Views.  State University of New York College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (SUNY CNSE).  Questo protocollo utilizza un catetere a palloncino per causare un danno endoluminale sull'arteria carotide di ratto e d'ora in poi suscitare iperplasia neointimale. Questo è un modello consolidato per lo studio dei meccanismi di rimodellamento vascolare in risposta al danno. È inoltre ampiamente utilizzato per determinare la validità dei potenziali approcci terapeutici. 

Video: Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery

Training a Sophisticated Microsurgical Technique: Interposition of External Jugular Vein Graft in the Common Carotid Artery in Rats

Neointimal hyperplasia is one the primary causes of stenosis in arterialized veins that are of great importance in arterial coronary bypass surgery, in peripheral arterial bypass surgery as well as in arteriovenous fistulas.1-5 The experimental procedure of vein graft interposition in the common carotid artery by using the cuff-technique has been applied in several research projects to examine the aetiology of neointimal hyperplasia and therapeutic options to address it. 6-8 The cuff prevents vessel anastomotic remodeling and induces turbulence within the graft and thereby the development of neointimal hyperplasia.
Using the superior caval vein graft is an established small-animal model for venous arterialization experiment.9-11 This current protocol refers to an established jugular vein graft interposition technique first described by Zou et al., 9 as well as others.12-14 Nevertheless, these cited small animal protocols are complicated.
To simplify the procedure and to minimize the number of experimental animals needed, a detailed operation protocol by video training is presented. This video should help the novice surgeon to learn both the cuff-technique and the vein graft interposition. Hereby, the right external jugular vein was grafted in cuff-technique in the common carotid artery of 21 female Sprague Dawley rats categorized in three equal groups that were sacrificed on day 21, 42 and 84, respectively. Notably, no donor animals were needed, because auto-transplantations were performed. The survival rate was 100 % at the time point of sacrifice. In addition, the graft patency rate was 60 % for the first 10 operated animals and 82 % for the remaining 11 animals. The blood flow at the time of sacrifice was 8&plusmn;3 ml/min. In conclusion, this surgical protocol considerably simplifies, optimizes and standardizes this complicated procedure. It gives novice surgeons easy, step-by-step instruction, explaining possible pitfalls, thereby helping them to gain expertise fast and avoid useless sacrifice of experimental animals.

Neointimal hyperplasia is the primary cause of stenosis in arterialized veins. We propose a new protocol whereby the right external jugular vein is grafted using the cuff technique in the common carotid artery of Sprague Dawley rats. The survival rate was 100 % at the time point of sacrifice.

La formazione di una sofisticata tecnica microchirurgica: Interposizione della vena giugulare esterna innesto nella carotide comune in Rats

Neointimal hyperplasia is one the primary causes of stenosis in arterialized veins that are of great importance in arterial coronary bypass surgery, in ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Optimized System for Cerebral Perfusion Monitoring in the Rat Stroke Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal models of acute ischemic stroke allows to confirm successful arterial occlusion and exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral perfusion monitoring can also be used to study intracranial collateral circulation, which is emerging as a powerful determinant of stroke outcome and a possible therapeutic target. Despite a recognized role of Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring as part of the current guidelines for experimental cerebral ischemia, a number of technical difficulties exist that limit its widespread use. One of the major issues is obtaining a secure and prolonged attachment of a deep-penetration Laser Doppler probe to the animal skull. In this video, we show our optimized system for cerebral perfusion monitoring during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal filament in the rat. We developed in-house a simple method to obtain a custom made holder for twin-fibre (deep-penetration) Laser Doppler probes, which allow multi-site monitoring if needed. A continuous and prolonged monitoring of cerebral perfusion could easily be obtained over the intact skull.

Cerebral perfusion monitoring has been demonstrated to improve accuracy in ischemic stroke models. Technical difficulties often limit the use of this essential tool for cerebrovascular research. In this video, an optimized system is shown to obtain a single or multi-site hemodynamic monitoring during intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Sistema ottimizzato per il monitoraggio perfusione cerebrale nel modello Rat Stroke of intraluminale occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal ...

Catheterization of the Carotid Artery and Jugular Vein to Perform Hemodynamic Measures, Infusions and Blood Sampling in a Conscious Rat Model

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. Intra-tracheal inoculation of a known amount of bacteria has been successfully used to reproduce the pathogenesis of pneumonia which then develops into sepsis. Monitoring hemodynamic parameters and providing standard clinical treatment including infusion of antibiotics, fluids and drugs to maintain blood pressure is critical to simulate routine supportive care in this model but to do so requires both arterial and venous vascular access. The video details the surgical technique for implanting carotid artery and common jugular vein catheters in an anesthetized rat. Following a 72 hr recovery period, the animals will be re-anesthetized and connected to a tether and swivel setup attached to the rodent housing which connects the implanted catheters to the hemodynamic monitoring system. This setup allows free movement of the rat during the study while continuously monitoring pressures, infusing fluids and drugs (antibiotics, vasopressors) and performing blood sampling.

Vascular accesses to measure hemodynamics, provide fluids and perform blood sampling are important to any small animal model study. We present a technique for implanting catheters into the carotid artery and the common jugular vein in an anesthetized rat for connecting to a system to perform monitoring, infusions and sampling.

Cateterismo dell&#39;arteria carotide e giugulare Vena di eseguire misure emodinamiche, Infusi e campionamento del sangue in un modello di ratto cosciente

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

Infusi carotide di farmacocinetica e di farmacodinamica Analisi dei taxani nei topi

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric chloride injury is now a well-established technique to rapidly and accurately induce the formation of thrombi in exposed veins or artery of small and large diameter. This model has played a key role in the study of the pathophysiology of thrombosis, in the discovery and validation of novel antithrombotic drugs and in the understanding of the mechanism of action of these new agents. Here, the implementation of this technique on a mesenteric vessel and carotid artery in mice is presented. The method describes how to label circulating leukocytes and platelets with a fluorescent dye and to observe, by intravital microscopy on the exposed mesentery, their accumulation at the injured vessel wall which leads to the formation of a thrombus. On the carotid artery, the occlusion caused by the clot formation is measured by monitoring the blood flow with a Doppler probe.

The FeCl3 induced thrombosis model in mice is described herein. A method to monitor thrombus growth by intravital microscopy observation on a mesenteric vessel and by blood flow measurement in the carotid artery is presented.

Cloruro ferrico-indotta Trombosi modello murino sulla carotide e Mesentere Vessel

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric ...

A Rat Carotid Balloon Injury Model to Test Anti-vascular Remodeling Therapeutics

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is also a valuable model system to test, and to evaluate therapeutics and drugs that negate maladaptive remodeling in the vessel. The injury, or barotrauma, in the vessel lumen caused by an inflated balloon via an inserted catheter induces subsequent neointimal growth, often leading to hyperplasia or thickening of the vessel wall that narrows, or obstructs the lumen. The method described here is sufficiently sensitive, and the results can be obtained in relatively short time (2 weeks after the surgery). The efficacy of the drug or therapeutic against the induced-remodeling can be evaluated either by the post-mortem pathological and histomorphological analysis, or by ultrasound sonography in live animals. In addition, this model system has also been used to determine the therapeutic window or the time course of the administered drug. These studies can leadto the development of a better administrative strategy and a better therapeutic outcome. The procedure described here provides a tool for translational studies that bring drug and therapeutic candidates from bench research to clinical applications.

The rat carotid balloon injury model described below allows researchers to evaluate drugs or therapeutics that negate injury-induced arterial hyperplasia. Detailed pre-surgical preparation, surgical procedure, and post-surgical cares of the animal are described.

Un ratto carotidea Pallone Lesioni modello per verificare Therapeutics ritocca Anti-vascolari

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is ...

Intraluminal Drug Delivery to the Mouse Arteriovenous Fistula Endothelium

Delivery of therapeutic agents to enhance arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation can be administered either via intraluminal or external routes. The simple murine AVF model was combined with intraluminal administration of drug solution to the venous endothelium at the same time as fistula creation. Technical aspects of this model are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The infra-renal aorta and IVC are dissected for clamping. After proximal and distal clamping, the puncture site is exposed and a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta and into the IVC. Immediately after the puncture, a reporter gene-expressing viral vector was infused in the IVC via the same needle, followed by 15 min of incubation. The intraluminal administration method enabled more robust viral gene delivery to the venous endothelium compared to administration by the external route. This novel method of delivery will facilitate studies that explore the role of the endothelium in AVF maturation and enable intraluminal drug delivery at the time of surgical operation.

After puncturing the aorta through the inferior vena cava (IVC) to create an aorto-caval fistula in the mouse, solution containing a drug is infused into the IVC via the same needle, followed by incubation. This method enables more robust drug delivery to the venous endothelium compared to the external route.

Intraluminale Drug Delivery per il mouse fistola artero-venosa endotelio

Delivery of therapeutic agents to enhance arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation can be administered either via intraluminal or external routes. The ...

The Rabbit Model of Accelerated Atherosclerosis: A Methodological Perspective of the Iliac Artery Balloon Injury

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are widely used as an animal model for the study of atherosclerosis. They develop spontaneous lesions when fed with atherogenic diet; however, this requires long time of 4 - 8 months. To further enhance and accelerate atherogenesis, a combination of atherogenic diet and mechanical endothelial injury is often employed. The presented procedure for inducing atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits uses a balloon catheter to disrupt the endothelium in the left iliac artery of NZW rabbits fed with atherogenic diet. Such mechanical damage caused by the balloon catheter induces a chain of inflammatory reactions initiating neointimal lipid accumulation in a time dependent fashion. Atherosclerotic plaque following balloon injury show neointimal thickening with extensive lipid infiltration, high smooth muscle cell content and presence of macrophage derived foam cells. This technique is simple, reproducible and produces plaque of controlled length within the iliac artery. The whole procedure is completed within 20 - 30 min. The procedure is safe with low mortality and also offers high success in obtaining substantial intimal lesions. The procedure of balloon catheter induced arterial injury results in atherosclerosis within two weeks. This model can be used for investigating the disease pathology, diagnostic imaging and to evaluate new therapeutic strategies.

Animal models of atherosclerosis are essential to understand the mechanism and to investigate newer approaches to prevent plaque development or rupture, a leading cause of death in the industrialized world. This protocol uses a combination of balloon injury and cholesterol rich diet to induce atherosclerotic plaques in rabbit iliac artery.

Il modello del coniglio di aterosclerosi accelerata: una prospettiva metodologica della ferita dell'aerostato dell'arteria iliaca

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the ...

Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous studies have shown that abnormal blood flow may be associated with systemic vascular risk. Thus, PC-MRI can facilitate the translation of data obtained from animal models of cardiovascular diseases to pertinent clinical investigations. In this report, we describe the procedure for measuring blood flow in the common carotid artery (CCA) of rats using cine-gated PC-MRI and discuss relevant analysis methods. This procedure can be performed in a live, anesthetized animal and does not require euthanasia after the procedure. The proposed scanning parameters yield repeatable measurements for blood flow, indicating excellent reproducibility of the results. The PC-MRI procedure described in this article can be used for pharmacological testing, pathophysiological assessment, and cerebral hemodynamics evaluation.

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure the blood flow in the rat common carotid artery by using noninvasive phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging.

Fase di contrasto risonanza magnetica nell'arteria carotica comune ratto

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Canine Carotid Artery Thrombosis: A Large Animal Model of Vascular Injury

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, we have translated a vascular injury model from a small animal into a large animal (canine), with slight modifications that can be used for pre-clinical screening of prophylactic and thrombolytic agents. In addition to the surgical methods, the modified protocol describes the step-by-step methods to assess carotid artery canalization by angiography, detailed instructions to process both the brain and carotid artery for histological analysis to verify carotid canalization and cerebral hemorrhage, and specific parameters to complete an assessment of downstream thromboembolic events by utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, specific procedural changes from the previously well-established small animal model necessary to translate into a large animal (canine) vascular injury are discussed.

Here, we present the modifications necessary to a well characterized and commonly used small animal ferric chloride-induced (FeCl3) carotid artery injury model for use in a large animal vascular injury model. The resulting model can be utilized for pre-clinical trial assessment of both prophylactic and thrombolytic pharmacological and mechanical interventions.

Trombosi dell'arteria carotica canini cloruro ferrico-indotta: Un grande modello animale di danno vascolare

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, ...