We would like to acknowledge the funding contributions of the Canadian Surgical Research Fund, the Edmonton Civic Employees Research Assistance Fund, and the Alberta IBD Consortium through a grant from Alberta Innovates.

Protocolli di uso animale sono stati approvati dal comitato Health Science cura degli animali e l&#39;uso presso l&#39;Università di Alberta. 1. Preparazione degli strumenti, Animali e Setup Operativo <ol><li> Trasferire animali ad una nuova, pulita gabbia assente di tutto solido cibo 24 ore prima della procedura. Essi possono avere libero accesso all&#39;acqua e dieta liquida ad lib fino al momento della procedura. </li><li> Autoclavare tutti gli strumenti necessari per la procedura. Superficie operativo pulito e anestetico cono con il 70% di etanolo. </li><li> Impostare la superficie operativa con il microscopio operatorio, macchina anestetica e forniture in un modo che è comodo per il chirurgo. I gomiti del chirurgo dovrebbe essere permesso di riposare comodamente sul tavolo operatorio, con le mani e le braccia non ostruite dalle attrezzature. Strumenti, suture, tamponi di cotone, e una siringa da 10 ml devono essere collocati in una posizione che consenta un facile accesso durante la procedura. </li><li> Impostarelampade di calore aeree per fornire sia calore per l&#39;animale durante la procedura e la luce per la superficie operativa. </li><li> Riempire un tubo da 50 ml con soluzione fisiologica 0,9%, e una provetta da 1,5 ml con vaselina e posto vicino alla superficie operativa. NOTA: Sterilizzare tutti gli strumenti e le forniture chirurgiche. Poiché l&#39;intestino viene sezionato, la procedura stessa non è sterile. E &#39;considerata pulita-contaminata. Adottare misure per evitare l&#39;introduzione di fonti esogene di infezione. </li></ol> 2. ileocolica resezione con anastomosi <ol><li> Indurre l&#39;anestesia con la somministrazione di 4% isoflurano con un tasso di flusso di ossigeno di 2 L / min con cono dal vaporizzatore isoflurano fino a quando la frequenza respiratoria animali rallenta a circa 30-40 atti / min. Applicare una pressione moderata per il piede posteriore del mouse per garantire che non vi è alcuna risposta al dolore prima di iniziare la procedura. A questo punto, abbassare isoflurano al 2% e il flusso di ossigeno di 0,5 l / min. Intermittentecontrollare la risposta al dolore durante la procedura e regolare flusso isoflurano conseguenza. </li><li> Applicare vaselina per gli occhi contro l&#39;essiccamento durante l&#39;intervento chirurgico, e immobilizzare il mouse nella posizione supina con gli arti fissati con del nastro trasparente. </li><li> Pulire l&#39;addome con la soluzione povodine / di iodio, e cambiare in nuovi guanti sterili. </li><li> Fare un incisione cutanea 1,5 centimetri sulla linea mediana superiore dell&#39;addome con punta acuminata dissezione forbici per esporre la fascia e del peritoneo. Aprire lo strato fasciale / peritoneale in modo simile attraverso la linea alba per esporre il contenuto peritoneale. </li><li> In contrasto con gli esseri umani, il cieco del mouse si trova in genere nel quadrante superiore sinistro dell&#39;addome. Una volta identificato, afferrare delicatamente il cieco con una pinza e consegnarlo attraverso l&#39;incisione. Usare tamponi di cotone inumiditi a ventaglio di circa 3 cm di ileo terminale estende dal cieco su una garza sterile drappeggiato sulla superficie addominale (Figura 1A).Assicurarsi che l&#39;intestino esposto è tenuto umido con 0,9% di soluzione salina durante l&#39;interezza della procedura. </li><li> Identificare l&#39;arteria ileocecale dirama l&#39;arteria mesenterica superiore lungo il colon (Figura 1A) utilizzando il microscopio operatorio. Sezionare i tessuti avascolari adiacenti all&#39;arteria ileocecale, circondare e legare l&#39;arteria con una cravatta di seta 5-0. Quindi, individuare l&#39;apporto di sangue regionale per l&#39;ileo terminale e scegliere un punto transection 1,5-2 cm prossimalmente alla giunzione ileocecale. Legare i rami a questa sezione di ileo come sopra. Dividere le arterie con micro dissezione forbici. </li><li> Dividere le porzioni ischemici di ileo e del colon di assicurare un adeguato apporto di sangue alle estremità sezionati (Figura 1B). È spesso utile spatolate ileo dividendolo con un angolo di 30 gradi per aumentare il diametro del lume modo che corrisponde più strettamente il colon. Una volta che la porzione di intestino ileocecale è stato rimosso, allineare laestremità sezionati di ileo e del colon sulla garza, assicurando i confini di ogni mesenterici sono allineati. </li><li> Costruire l&#39;anastomosi approssimando la fine transected dell&#39;ileo alla fine transected del colon mediante interrotto 8-0 suture in polipropilene (Figura 1C). Il primo punto è posto al confine mesenterica, con suture successive poste ogni 0,5 mm, fino anastomosi ileocolica è a tenuta stagna. Quando si passa l&#39;ago di sutura attraverso l&#39;ileo e colon, in modo che il bordo tagliato non viene arrotolata, e morsi di aghi sono mm 0,5 dai bordi tagliati dell&#39;intestino. Una anastomosi tipico richiede da 14 a 16 punti staccati. Verificare l&#39;integrità e la pervietà delle anastomosi al termine tirando un tampone di cotone prossimale a distale sopra l&#39;ileo per forzare i contenuti attraverso l&#39;anastomosi. Piccoli contenuto intestinale dovrebbero passare liberamente nel colon senza perdite anastomotica. </li><li> Sciacquare l&#39;intestino esposto con 3-4 ml di soluzione fisiologica 0,9% dalla siringa da 10 mlper lavare via feci dalla superficie delle viscere, e fornire dell&#39;intestino nella cavità peritoneale. Utilizzo di 2 ml di soluzione salina allo 0,9% sciacquare la cavità peritoneale, e poi drenare il liquido applicando una leggera pressione alla parete addominale laterale. </li><li> Chiudere l&#39;incisione con una corsa 3-0 seta sutura, e interrompere il flusso di isoflurano. Somministrare 0,1 mg / kg di oppiacei lunga durata d&#39;azione per via sottocutanea -buprenorphine- per il controllo del dolore post-operatorio. </li><li> Osservare gli animali sotto la lampada di calore fino a quando non sono mobili poi trasferirli in una gabbia continuamente riscaldato. </li></ol> 3. Cura post-operatoria e monitoraggio <ol><li> Monitorare animali in gabbia continuamente riscaldato per segni di sofferenza per il resto della giornata. Di trasferire gli animali torna alla casa di cura degli animali in una nuova gabbia sterile con accesso a dieta liquida e acqua ad lib. Gli animali possono essere inseriti in gruppi di 3-4. </li><li> Eseguire un controllo sugli animali post-operatorie la mattina seguente,garantire gli animali non appaiono in difficoltà. Alimentare solo dieta liquida. Se appaiono a disagio (ad esempio, la postura ingobbita o attività minima) somministrare un&#39;ulteriore dose di buprenorfina per via sottocutanea. Controllare gli animali ancora una volta nel pomeriggio del giorno post-operatorio 1. </li><li> La mattina del giorno post-operatorio 2 gli animali dovrebbero apparire pienamente recuperato. La prova dei consumi alimentari e stooling sono segnali positivi di ripresa. Ora, riprendere una dieta solida chow per gli animali. NOTA: Segnali di pericolo includono postura ingobbita, povero governare, e l&#39;attività minima. Se i segni di sofferenza sono importanti gli animali devono essere sacrificati. </li><li> Euthanize gli animali inducendo profonda anestesia con isoflurano 4% ad un tasso di O 2 flusso di 2 L / min fino a quando gli animali non rispondono alla pressione del piede. Eseguire dislocazione cervicale, e osservare i segni di una corretta euthanization. </li><li> Linee guida variano, in modo da fare riferimento alle raccomandazioni delle istituzioni in materia di indicazionie metodi appropriati di euthanization nei topi. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hallet, J., Zih, F. S., Lemke, M., Milot, L., Smith, A. J., Wong, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neo-adjuvant+chemoradiotherapy+and+multivisceral+resection+to+optimize+R0+resection+of+locally+recurrent+adherent+colon+cancer.">Neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy and multivisceral resection to optimize R0 resection of locally recurrent adherent colon cancer.</a> European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 40 (6), (2014).</li><li>Rutgeerts, P., Geboes, K., Vantrappen, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+history+of+recurrent+Crohn&#39;s+disease+at+the+ileocolonic+anastomosis+after+curative+surgery.">Natural history of recurrent Crohn&#39;s disease at the ileocolonic anastomosis after curative surgery.</a> Gut. 25 (6), 665-672 (1984).</li><li>Davis, D., Rivadeneira, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complications+of+colorectal+anastomoses:+leaks,+strictures,+and+bleeding.">Complications of colorectal anastomoses: leaks, strictures, and bleeding.</a> The Surgical clinics of North America. 93 (1), 61-87 (2013).</li><li>Helmrath, M. A., VanderKolk, W. E., Can, G., Erwin, C. R., Warner, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intestinal+adaptation+following+massive+small+bowel+resection+in+the+mouse.">Intestinal adaptation following massive small bowel resection in the mouse.</a> Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 183 (5), 441-449 (1996).</li><li>Dekaney, C. M., Fong, J. J., Rigby, R. J., Lund, P. K., Henning, S. J., Helmrath, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expansion+of+intestinal+stem+cells+associated+with+long-term+adaptation+following+ileocecal+resection+in+mice.+American+journal+of+physiology.">Expansion of intestinal stem cells associated with long-term adaptation following ileocecal resection in mice. American journal of physiology.</a> Gastrointestinal and liver physiology. 293 (5), (2007).</li><li>Speck, K. E., De Cruz, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation+enhances+resection-induced+intestinal+adaptive+growth+in+IL-10+null+mice.">Inflammation enhances resection-induced intestinal adaptive growth in IL-10 null mice.</a> The Journal of surgical research. 168 (1), 62-69 (2011).</li><li>Rigby, R. J., Hunt, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+animal+model+of+postsurgical+bowel+inflammation+and+fibrosis:+the+effect+of+commensal+microflora.">A new animal model of postsurgical bowel inflammation and fibrosis: the effect of commensal microflora.</a> Gut. 58 (8), 1104-1112 (2009).</li><li>Kostic, A. D., Xavier, R. J., Gevers, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Microbiome+in+Inflammatory+Bowel+Disease:+Current+Status+and+the+Future+Ahead.">The Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Status and the Future Ahead.</a> Gastroenterology. , 1-11 (2014).</li><li>Gevers, D., Kugathasan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Treatment-Naive+Microbiome+in+New-Onset+Crohn&#39;s+Disease.">The Treatment-Naive Microbiome in New-Onset Crohn&#39;s Disease.</a> Cell host &amp; microbe. 15 (3), 382-392 (2014).</li><li>Ahmed, T., Rieder, F., Fiocchi, C., Achkar, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenesis+of+postoperative+recurrence+in+Crohn&#39;s+disease.">Pathogenesis of postoperative recurrence in Crohn&#39;s disease.</a> Gut. 60 (4), 553-562 (2011).</li><li>Borowiec, A., Sydora, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+bowel+fibrosis+and+systemic+inflammatory+response+after+ileocolonic+anastomosis+in+IL-10+null+mice.">Small bowel fibrosis and systemic inflammatory response after ileocolonic anastomosis in IL-10 null mice.</a> Journal of Surgical Research. 178 (1), 147-154 (2012).</li><li>Devine, A. A., Gonzalez, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Impact of Ileocecal Resection and Concomitant Antibiotics on the Microbiome of the Murine Jejunum and Colon. 8 (8), (2013).</li><li>Bij, G. J., Oosterling, S. J., Beelen, R. H. J., Meijer, S., Coffey, J. C., van Egmond, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+perioperative+period+is+an+underutilized+window+of+therapeutic+opportunity+in+patients+with+colorectal+cancer.">The perioperative period is an underutilized window of therapeutic opportunity in patients with colorectal cancer.</a> Annals of surgery. 249 (5), (2009).</li><li>Scott, A. D., Uff, C., Phillips, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+macrophage+function+by+suture+materials+and+anastomotic+recurrence+of+Crohn&#39;s+disease.">Suppression of macrophage function by suture materials and anastomotic recurrence of Crohn&#39;s disease.</a> The British journal of surgery. 80 (3), (1993).</li><li>Kiernan, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intestinal+anastomosis+in+the+rat+facilitated+by+a+rapidly+digested+internal+splint+and+indigestible+but+absorbable+sutures.">Intestinal anastomosis in the rat facilitated by a rapidly digested internal splint and indigestible but absorbable sutures.</a> Journal of Surgical Research. 45, 427-431 (1988).</li><li>Andersen, T. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Action+of+matrix+metalloproteinases+at+restricted+sites+in+colon+anastomosis+repair:+an+immunohistochemical+and+biochemical+study.">Action of matrix metalloproteinases at restricted sites in colon anastomosis repair: an immunohistochemical and biochemical study.</a> Surgery. 140 (1), 72-82 (2006).</li><li>Thompson, S. K., Chang, E. Y., Jobe, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+review:+Healing+in+gastrointestinal+anastomoses,+Part+I.">Clinical review: Healing in gastrointestinal anastomoses, Part I.</a> Microsurgery. 26 (3), 131-136 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose

Il murino ICR è un modello potente che può essere usato per studiare gli effetti della chirurgia nelle malattie intestinali. Questo articolo descrive un metodo per l&#39;esecuzione di ICR nei topi con un tasso di successo del 95% e nessun problema con difetto di crescita, come risulta da pesi stabili fino a 28 giorni dopo la procedura. Le sfide più importanti per il successo ICR includono evitare ostruzioni intestinali al anastomosi e perdite anastomotiche. Elementi tecnici per l&#39;inte...

Ileocolic resection (ICR) is a common procedure performed in both emergent and elective situations for a variety of illnesses. Crohn&#8217;s disease and colon cancers are the two most common indications for ICR. In both illnesses, recurrence in the bowel at the site of surgery represents a major clinical problem. Local recurrence rates for colon cancer remain an issue even with the most aggressive resections1. Following ICR in Crohn&#8217;s disease, the disease most frequently (in up to 80%) recurs in the neo-terminal ileum at 1 year after surgery2. Given the impact of these two illnesses and their recurrence after surgery, it is important to understand local intestinal factors after ICR, which may have intrinsic influences on the natural history of these diseases. Further, it is also important to consider anastomotic healing after ICR. In the early post-operative period, anastomotic leaks can have devastating consequences for patients resulting in repeat surgeries, stoma creations, significant morbidity, and even mortality3. Despite the importance of this topic, our current understanding of anastomotic healing remains in its infancy as a subject of research. Animal models of ICR, in particular mice, are an excellent platform for studying the intestinal and anastomotic healing following surgery.
A mouse model of ICR was initially developed by Helmrath et al. to be used as a model of short gut syndrome4. The authors experimented with various diet regiments and suture sizes to optimize animal survival following ICR. They concluded that feeding with liquid diet in the perioperative period and using 9-0 monofilament sutures resulted in an optimal post-operative survival of 88%. Since this initial publication, ICR in mice removing 50% of the small bowel has been used in several studies to explore the dynamics of massive small bowel resection and the adaptive growth response in attempt to develop new therapies for short gut syndrome5,6.
The first application of the ICR mouse model to Crohn&#8217;s disease used the IL-10-/- mouse model, which spontaneously develops colitis7. The authors found that after ICR these animals developed inflammation in the neo-terminal ileum similar to that seen in post-operative Crohn&#8217;s disease patients, and that this inflammation was dependent on the presence of bacteria7. More recently, this model was used to explore bacterial changes induced by ICR. In Crohn&#8217;s disease there is an associated dysbiosis with relative decreases in bacteria known to have anti-inflammatory properties and increases in invasive species of bacteria8,9. The association holds true in cases of post-operative recurrence10. Two studies sought to identify microbial changes resulting from ICR. The first used IL-10 null mice, and performed denaturing gel electrophoresis to compare bacterial similarity between the small bowel and colon after ICR11. This study demonstrated that bacterial populations became similar in the small intestine and colon following ICR. A subsequent study used wild type mice and 16s pyrosequencing for phylogenetic classification of bacterial species post-operatively. This study demonstrated a marked shift in bacterial species resulting from surgery alone with Clostridium species becoming dominant as well as an increase in &#978;-proteobacteria. The results also confirmed the findings of the previous study with similar populations found in the small bowel and colon after ICR12. 
ICR is a common procedure for patients with colon cancer involving the cecum and ascending colon, and it is becoming increasingly recognized that the host-response to surgery likely contributes to both local and distant tumor recurrence13. Despite this observation, models of ICR have not been utilized for the study of colorectal cancer and post-operative recurrence. Understanding both the systemic and local immunologic changes resulting from ICR will be important in investigating future therapies. Potential pathways involved in cancer recurrence post ICR include up regulation of growth factors, which may rescue cells from apoptosis and stimulate proliferation, mechanical tumor disruption with cell shedding, and loss of immune surveillance through post-operative immunosuppression13,14. 
Mouse models of ICR have the potential to be a powerful tool for the investigation of short bowel syndrome, Crohn&#8217;s disease, and colon cancer. They may also provide lessons on how to prevent early post-operative anastomotic complications by further defining the cellular and biochemical pathways involved in healing the newly constructed anastomosis. A major barrier in utilizing the murine ICR model is the technical difficulty. The intestinal anastomosis requires the use of 8-0 or 9-0 suture, an operating microscope, and training in microsurgical techniques. The goal of this article is to provide clear instructions on how to perform ICR in mice with the goal of utilizing this procedure in models of disease.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="665">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LD101 liquid rodent diet</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">testdiet.com</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.9% NaCl</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>FKE1324</td>
			<td>Injection quality saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Operating Microscope</td>
			<td>Ziess</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane Anesthetic Vaporizer</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>34-0483</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Abbott&#160;</td>
			<td>05260-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass plate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For operating surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cotton swabs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro Castroviejo Needle holder, curved</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td align="right">503377</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Castroviejo straight scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>555530S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting Scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td align="right">15922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dressing Forceps x 2</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td align="right">500363</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5-0 silk pre-cut sutures</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>A182H</td>
			<td>For vessel ligation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">8-0 Prolene on BV130-5 needle</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>8732H</td>
			<td>For anastomosis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3-0 Silk on FS-2 needls</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>8665G</td>
			<td>For abdominal wall closure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petroleum Jelly</td>
			<td>Vaseline</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10 ml syringe</td>
			<td>BD biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Povidone-iodine 7.5% surgical Scrub</td>
			<td><a href="http://betadine.com">betadine.com</a></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heat lamps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">buprenorphine 0.3 mg/ml</td>
			<td>Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare Ltd.&#160;</td>
			<td>PL36699/0006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

murine ileocolic bowel resection with primary anastomosis

Intestinal resections are frequently required for treatment of diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, with Crohn&#8217;s disease and colon cancer being two common examples. Despite the frequency of these procedures, a significant knowledge gap remains in describing the inherent effects of intestinal resection on host physiology and disease pathophysiology. This article provides detailed instructions for an ileocolic resection with primary end-to-end anastomosis in mice, as well as essential aspects of peri-operative care to maximize post-operative success. When followed closely, this procedure yields a 95% long-term survival rate, no failure to thrive, and minimizes post-operative complications of bowel obstruction and anastomotic leak. The technical challenges of performing the procedure in mice are a barrier to its wide spread use in research. The skills described in this article can be acquired without previous surgical experience. Once mastered, the murine ileocolic resection procedure will provide a reproducible tool for studying the effects of intestinal resection in models of human disease.

I tassi di mortalità e il cambiamento di peso dopo l&#39;intervento. I tassi di mortalità seguenti ICR in 129S1 topi wild type sono in genere ~ 5%. La causa più comune della moralità è occlusione intestinale al anastomosi. Altre cause di mortalità comprendono l&#39;deiscenza anastomotica ed ernia interna per occlusione intestinale. La perdita di peso può essere visto fino a 14 giorni dopo l&#39;intervento, ma è generalmente non significativa. I topi tendono a riacquis...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Ileocolic Bowel Resection with Primary Anastomosis at JoVE.com

Murine Ileocolic Bowel Resection with Primary Anastomosis

Ileocolic resection is commonly performed in several human diseases; however, little is known regarding the impact of intestinal resection on surgical illnesses. This article provides instruction on executing the procedure in mice with high success, providing a means to study the effects of ileocolic resection in models of disease.

Murini ileocolica resezione intestinale con anastomosi primaria

Intestinal resections are frequently required for treatment of diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, with Crohn&#8217;s disease and colon cancer ...

murine-ileocolic-bowel-resection-with-primary-anastomosis

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.3K Views.  University of Alberta. Ileocolic resection is commonly performed in several human diseases; however, little is known regarding the impact of intestinal resection on surgical illnesses. This article provides instruction on executing the procedure in mice with high success, providing a means to study the effects of ileocolic resection in models of disease.

Video: Murine Ileocolic Bowel Resection with Primary Anastomosis

The C-seal: A Biofragmentable Drain Protecting the Stapled Colorectal Anastomosis from Leakage

Colorectal anastomotic leakage (AL) is a serious complication in colorectal surgery leading to high morbidity and mortality rates1. The incidence of AL varies between 2.5 and 20% 2-5. Over the years, many strategies aimed at lowering the incidence of anastomotic leakage have been examined6, 7. 
The cause of AL is probably multifactorial. Etiological factors include insufficient arterial blood supply, tension on the anastomosis, hematoma and/or infection at the anastomotic site, and co-morbid factors of the patient as diabetes and atherosclerosis8. Furthermore, some anastomoses may be insufficient from the start due to technical failure.
Currently a new device is developed in our institute aimed at protecting the colorectal anastomosis and lowering the incidence of AL. This so called C-seal is a biofragmentable drain, which is stapled to the anastomosis with the circular stapler. It covers the luminal side of the colorectal anastomosis thereby preventing leakage.
The C-seal is a thin-walled tube-like drain, with an approximate diameter of 4 cm and an approximate length of 25 cm (figure 1). It is a tubular device composed of biodegradable polyurethane. Two flaps with adhesive tape are found at one end of the tube. These flaps are used to attach the C-seal to the anvil of the circular stapler, so that after the anastomosis is made the C-seal can be pulled through the anus. The C-seal remains in situ for at least 10 days. Thereafter it will lose strength and will degrade to be secreted from the body together with the gastrointestinal natural contents.
The C-seal does not prevent the formation of dehiscences. However, it prevents extravasation of faeces into the peritoneal cavity. This means that a gap at the anastomotic site does not lead to leakage.
Currently, a phase II study testing the C-seal in 35 patients undergoing (colo-)rectal resection with stapled anastomosis is recruiting. The C-seal can be used in both open procedures as well as laparoscopic procedures. The C-seal is only applied in stapled anastomoses within 15cm from the anal verge. In the video, application of the C-seal is shown in an open extended sigmoid resection in a patient suffering from diverticular disease with a stenotic colon.

The C-seal is a biofragmentable drain protecting the stapled colorectal anastomosis. In this video, details of the manufacturing, deployment and use are shown.

Il C-sigillo: un drenaggio Biofragmentable Proteggere l&#39;anastomosi colorettale pinzati da dispersione

Colorectal anastomotic leakage (AL) is a serious complication in colorectal surgery leading to high morbidity and mortality rates1. The incidence of AL ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Orthotopic Small Bowel Transplantation in Rats

Small bowel transplantation has become an accepted clinical option for patients with short gut syndrome and failure of parenteral nutrition (irreversible intestinal failure). In specialized centers improved operative and managing strategies have led to excellent short- and intermediate term patient and graft survival while providing high quality of life 1,3. Unlike in the more common transplantation of other solid organs (i.e. heart, liver) many underlying mechanisms of graft function and immunologic alterations induced by intestinal transplantation are not entirely known6,7. Episodes of acute rejection, sepsis and chronic graft failure are the main obstacles still contributing to less favorable long term outcome and hindering a more widespread employment of the procedure despite a growing number of patients on home parenteral nutrition who would potentially benefit from such a transplant. The small intestine contains a large number of passenger leucocytes commonly referred to as part of the gut associated lymphoid system (GALT) this being part of the reason for the high immunogenity of the intestinal graft. The presence and close proximity of many commensals and pathogens in the gut explains the severity of sepsis episodes once graft mucosal integrity is compromised (for example by rejection). To advance the field of intestinal- and multiorgan transplantation more data generated from reliable and feasible animal models is needed. The model provided herein combines both reliability and feasibility once established in a standardized manner and can provide valuable insight in the underlying complex molecular, cellular and functional mechanisms that are triggered by intestinal transplantation. We have successfully used and refined the described procedure over more than 5 years in our laboratory 8-11. The JoVE video-based format is especially useful to demonstrate the complex procedure and avoid initial pitfalls for groups planning to establish an orthotopic rodent model investigating intestinal transplantation.

Small bowel transplantation has become an accepted treatment option for patients with irreversible intestinal failure. Our experimental model of orthotopic small bowel transplantation in rats serves as a reliable tool to address underlying immunologic and inflammatory processes that complicate intestinal transplantation.

Ortotopico di intestino tenue di ratti

Small  bowel transplantation has become an accepted clinical option for patients with  short gut syndrome and failure of parenteral nutrition ...

Application of End-to-end Anastomosis in Robotic Central Pancreatectomy

Central pancreatectomy is carried out for the treatment of benign or low-malignant potential tumors located in the pancreatic neck or proximal part of pancreatic body. With technological development, the robotic surgical system has shown its advantage in minimally invasive surgery and been increasingly applied in central pancreatectomy. However, reconstruction of the continuity of pancreas with end-to-end anastomosis after robotic central pancreatectomy has not been applied. In this study, we report surgical techniques for robotic central pancreatectomy with end-to-end anastomosis. The pancreas is reconstructed by duct-to-duct anastomosis of the pancreatic duct with a pancreatic stent inserted in the two stumps of pancreatic duct, and by end-to-end anastomosis of the pancreatic parenchyma. Compared with traditional central pancreatectomy with pancreaticoenteric anastomosis, this approach decreases the operative injury to the patient, and also conserves the integrity and continuity of the digestive duct and pancreatic duct. The robotic surgical system integrated with multiple instruments with flexible and precise movement is particularly suitable for the dissection and reconstruction of the pancreatic duct. We found that robotic central pancreatectomy with end-to-end anastomosis is safe and feasible, and we need more experience to evaluate its best indications and long-term outcomes.

The robotic central pancreatectomy with end-to-end anastomosis is feasible and safe for tumor in the pancreatic neck and proximal portion of pancreatic body. The operative techniques of this operation are presented.

Applicazione dell'anastomosi to-end in robotica Pancreatectomy centrale

Central pancreatectomy is carried out for the treatment of benign or low-malignant potential tumors located in the pancreatic neck or proximal part of ...

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal deviation. It has a long history with multiple variations. In this article, a modified endoscopic septoplasty procedure using the limited two-line resection (2LoRs) technique at the posterior and inferior junction of the cartilaginous and bony septum is presented based on embryologic and anatomic knowledge of the nasal septum and the biomechanics of cartilaginous behavior. With this procedure, the quadrangular cartilage can be preserved as much as possible, which is helpful in retaining the supporting framework and rigidness of the septum. 2LoRs has been proven effective and sound for the correction of nasal septal deviation with rare complications. This modified procedure can be applied to correct the deviated nasal septum in the absence of any external nasal deformity to improve nasal patency or to improve access to the middle meatus or to the axillary region of the middle turbinate. It may also be used to expand the indications of septoplasty to children and adolescents because of its minimally invasive approach.

Endoscopic septoplasty is a time-honored surgical procedure with multiple variations. This paper focuses on a step-by-step surgical approach to perform a modified septoplasty procedure known as limited two-line resection. This surgical technique can be applied to correct a deviated nasal septum in the absence of an external nasal deformity.

Settoplastica endoscopica con resezione limitata due-linea: chirurgia mini-invasiva per deviazione settale

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal ...

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis

Urethroplasty is considered to be the standard treatment for urethral strictures since it provides excellent long-term success rates. For isolated short bulbar or posterior urethral strictures, urethroplasty by excision and primary anastomosis (EPA) is recommended. As EPA only requires the excision of the narrowed segment and the surrounding spongiofibrosis, a full-thickness transection of the corpus spongiosum, as performed in the traditional transecting EPA (tEPA), is usually unnecessary. Jordan et al. introduced the idea of a vessel-sparing approach in 2007, aiming to reduce surgical trauma, especially to the dual arterial blood supply of the urethra, and, thus, potentially reducing the risk of postoperative erectile dysfunction or glans ischemia. This approach could also be beneficial for subsequent urethral interventions such as redo urethroplasty using a free graft, in which a well-vascularized graft bed is imperative. Nevertheless, these potential benefits are only assumptions as prospective studies comparing the functional outcome of both techniques with validated questionnaires are currently lacking. Moreover, vessel-sparing EPA (vsEPA) should at least be able to provide similar surgical outcomes as tEPA. The aim of this paper is to give an elaborate, step-by-step overview of how to manage patients with isolated short bulbar or posterior urethral strictures with vsEPA. The main objective of this manuscript is to outline the surgical technique and to report the representative surgical outcome. A total of 117 patients were managed according to the described protocol. The analysis was performed on the entire patient cohort and on the bulbar (n = 91) and posterior (n = 26) vsEPA group separately. Success rates were 93.4% and 88.5% for the bulbar and posterior vsEPA, respectively. To conclude, vsEPA, as outlined in the protocol, provides excellent success rates with low complication rates for isolated short bulbar and posterior urethral strictures.

Here, we present an elaborate and efficient protocol to treat isolated short bulbar or posterior urethral strictures with vessel-sparing excision and primary anastomosis.

Nave-con parsimonia l'asportazione e l'anastomosi primaria

Urethroplasty is considered to be the standard treatment for urethral strictures since it provides excellent long-term success rates. For isolated short ...

Creation of Colonic Anastomosis in Mice

Intestinal anastomoses are commonly performed in both elective and emergent operations. Even so, anastomotic leaks are a highly feared complications of colonic surgeries and can occur in up to 26% of surgical anastomoses, with mortality being up to 39% for patients with such a leak. Currently, there remains a paucity of data detailing the cellular mechanisms of anastomotic healing. Devising preventative strategies and treatment modalities for anastomotic leak could be greatly potentiated by a better understanding of appropriate anastomotic healing.
A murine model is ideal as previous studies have shown that the murine anastomosis is the most clinically similar to the human case as compared with other animal models. We offer an easily reproducible murine model of colonic anastomosis in mice that will allow for further illustration of anastomotic healing.

Anastomotic leak or breakdown after surgery is a major cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Our surgery for creating a colonic anastomosis is a reliable and reproducible method for studying the healing mechanisms of anastomoses.

Creazione dell'anastomosi colica in topi

Intestinal anastomoses are commonly performed in both elective and emergent operations. Even so, anastomotic leaks are a highly feared complications of ...

One-anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB) in Rats

The goal of this protocol is to set up a preclinical model of bariatric surgery and, more specifically, OAGB in obese rats. Based on this preclinical model, longitudinal studies can be carried out to provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying the outcomes seen after bariatric surgery in humans. For this purpose, rats are operated on through a laparotomy under general anesthesia with isoflurane. First, the surgeon creates a long and tubular gastric pouch: after greater curve and hiatal dissection, the nonglandular stomach is stapled and removed. Then, the remaining stomach is also stapled in order to create a gastric tube and exclude the antrum of the stomach. After that, the surgeon performs a single end-to-side gastrojejunostomy 35 cm from the duodenojejunal angle. This limb length has been chosen in order to reproduce the same ratio between the biliopancreatic limb (BPL) and common limb (CL) length as in human bariatric surgery. The operation ends by aponeurotic and cutaneous closure. The early postoperative management consists of subcutaneous hydration, an intramuscular prophylactic antibiotic injection, a parietal injection of xylocaine, the administration of painkillers, and a progressive reintroduction of diet.

One-anastomosis Gastric Bypass OAGB in Rats

This protocol is for the performance of one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) on rat. The operator performs a long and tubular-stapled gastric pouch followed by hand-sewn anastomosis. For this model, the operator reproduces the same ratio between biliopancreatic and common limb in humans; therefore, the biliopancreatic limb measures 35 cm.

Esclusione gastrica di un-anastomosi (OAGB) in ratti

The goal of this protocol is to set up a preclinical model of bariatric surgery and, more specifically, OAGB in obese rats. Based on this preclinical ...

Studying Murine Small Bowel Mechanosensing of Luminal Particulates

Gastrointestinal (GI) motility is critical for normal digestion and absorption. In the small bowel, which absorbs nutrients, motility optimizes digestion and absorption. For this reason, some of the motility patterns in the small bowel include segmentation for mixing of luminal contents and peristalsis for their propulsion. Physical properties of luminal contents modulate the patterns of small bowel motility. The mechanical stimulation of GI mechanosensory circuits by transiting luminal contents and underlying gut motility initiate and modulate complex GI motor patterns. Yet, the mechanosensory mechanisms that drive this process remain poorly understood. This is primarily due to a lack of tools to dissect how the small bowel handles materials of different physical properties. To study how the small bowel handles particulates of varying sizes, we have modified an established in vivo method to determine small bowel transit. We gavage live mice with fluorescent liquid or tiny fluorescent beads. After 30 minutes, we dissect out the bowels to image the distribution of fluorescent contents across the entirety of the GI tract. In addition to high-resolution measurements of the geometric center, we use variable size binning and spectral analysis to determine how different materials affect small bowel transit. We have explored how a recently discovered "gut touch" mechanism affects small bowel motility using this approach.

To study how the small bowel handles particulates of varying sizes, we have modified an established in vivo method to determine small bowel transit.

Studio del meccanorilevamento murino dell'intestino tenue del particolato luminale

Gastrointestinal (GI) motility is critical for normal digestion and absorption. In the small bowel, which absorbs nutrients, motility optimizes digestion ...

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Old compression vertebrae fracture or congenital kyphoscoliosis with abnormal vertebral body development and other diseases that invade the spine may cause severe thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity, often accompanied by intractable low back pain or compression of the spinal cord, leading to severe neurological symptoms or even paralysis. If conservative treatment cannot relieve the symptoms or correct the deformities, surgical treatment is usually needed. For severe kyphotic deformity, reconstruction of the physiological curvature and rigid fixation determine the prognosis of the patients. Osteotomy and orthopedics are the standard procedure for deformities with severe compression of the front and middle column, but the trauma to the patients is high, with a long operation time and massive blood loss. To avoid these disadvantages, we have developed a modified technique to remove the diseased vertebra unilaterally. In this technique, we use a modified trephine to resect the vertebral columns like in the pedicle screw technique by adding a locking instrument that can restrict the trephine to lower the risk of osteotomy and shorten the surgery time and blood loss.

We describe a modified technique for resecting the posterior vertebral column unilaterally based on a modified trephine for patients with thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity.

Resezione della colonna vertebrale posteriore modificata per pazienti con deformità cifotica toracofica

Old compression vertebrae fracture or congenital kyphoscoliosis with abnormal vertebral body development and other diseases that invade the spine may ...

Single-Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy Model in Mice

Obesity is a major health issue worldwide. As a response, bariatric surgeries have emerged to treat obesity and its related comorbidities (e.g., diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cardiovascular events, and cancers) through restrictive and malabsorptive mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms by which these procedures allow such improvements often require their transposition into animals, especially in mice, because of the ease of generating genetically modified animals. Recently, the single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) has emerged as a procedure that uses both restrictive and malabsorptive effects, which is being used as an alternative to gastric bypass in case of major obesity. Thus far, this procedure has been associated with strong metabolic improvements, which has led to a marked increase in its use in daily clinical practice. However, the mechanisms underlying these metabolic effects have been poorly studied as a result of a lack of animal models. In this article, we present a reliable and reproducible model of SADI-S in mice, with a special focus on perioperative management. The description and use of this new rodent model will be helpful for the scientific community to better understand the molecular, metabolic, and structural changes induced by the SADI-S and to better define the surgical indications for clinical practice.

Single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass (SADI-S) is an emerging bariatric procedure with important metabolic effects. In this article, we present a reliable and reproducible model of SADI-S in mice.

Bypass duodeno-ileale a singola anastomosi con modello di gastrectomia a manica nei topi

Obesity is a major health issue worldwide. As a response, bariatric surgeries have emerged to treat obesity and its related comorbidities (e.g., diabetes ...

Methods Article

Murini ileocolica resezione intestinale con anastomosi primaria