This study was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Project grant 1022839. AJH is an Australian Research Council (ARC) FT3 Future Fellow (FT100100835). The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health acknowledges support from the Victorian Government&#8217;s Operational Infrastructure Support Grant.

NOTA: Tutte le procedure sperimentali su animali sono stati approvati dall&#39;Istituto Florey di Neuroscienze e Salute mentale Comitato etico degli animali e sono conformi alle Australia National Health e Medical Research Council ha pubblicato il codice di condotta per la cura e l&#39;uso di animali a fini scientifici (7 ° edizione, 2004). 1. manipolazioni ambientali <ol><li> Genere Pairing <ol><li> Utilizzare sessualmente maturi (&gt; 8 settimane di età), di sesso maschile di pari età e topi femmina. NOTA: Noi di solito utilizzare C57BL / 6 topi, ma abbiamo avuto gli stessi risultati utilizzando topi svizzero in questo protocollo. Usiamo tipicamente n = 8 maschi e n = 8 femmine per ogni esperimento, diviso in n = 2 coppie maschio-maschio (n = 4 maschi), n = 2 coppie femmina-femmina (n = 4 femmine), e n = 4 coppie maschio-femmina (n = 4 maschi e n = 4 femmine). </li><li> All&#39;arrivo nella struttura detenzione degli animali, il gruppo-casa i topi di genere per&gt; 3 giorni di tempo per acclimatarsi. Qui e througHout l&#39;abbinamento genere, mantenere stimoli ambientali estranei (ad esempio la temperatura ambiente, la luce: il ciclo scuro, cibo, acqua, gestione e pulizia) costante o distribuire equamente a tutti i topi. </li><li> Assegna in modo casuale ogni mouse a una coppia maschio-maschio, un paio femmina-femmina, o un paio maschio-femmina. Mettere ogni coppia in una gabbia pulita in isolamento (2 topi / gabbia) con ad libitum l&#39;accesso al cibo e all&#39;acqua, e semplicemente alloggiare in questo modo continuo per 7 giorni. NOTA: routine zootecnia è OK in questo periodo, ma deve essere distribuito equamente a tutti i topi. Fare attenzione ad evitare l&#39;accoppiamento di fratellini maschili e femminili. </li></ol></li><li> Arricchimento ambientale <ol><li> Utilizzare sessualmente maturi (&gt; 8 settimane di età), maschio o femmina topi di pari età. NOTA: Usiamo tipicamente n = 18 topi per ogni esperimento, divisi in gruppo n = 6 / trattamento. </li><li> All&#39;arrivo nella struttura detenzione animale tenerli ospitato gruppo ospitato in serie identiche (SH) (ad esempio, </em&gt; Vedi sotto) le condizioni in questa fase per&gt; 3 giorni di tempo per acclimatarsi. Qui e in tutto l&#39;esperimento, mantenere stimoli ambientali estranei (ad esempio la temperatura ambiente, la luce: il ciclo scuro, cibo, acqua, gestione e pulizia) costante o distribuire equamente a tutti i topi. </li><li> Per iniziare l&#39;arricchimento ambientale, assegnare casualmente ogni mouse a uno dei 3 gruppi: SH; ruote in esecuzione (RW), o l&#39;ambiente arricchito (EE) e porre ogni gruppo di topi insieme in una gabbia pulita identico ad libitum accesso al cibo e all&#39;acqua. NOTA: Qui, gabbie più grandi-ratto in possesso di tutti i gruppi, di 27 cm di larghezza, 42 cm e 16 cm di profondità sono stati utilizzati. <ol><li> Inoltre, fornire le seguenti condizioni ambientali per ciascun gruppo: SH che comprende solo cucciolata (pellet di carta o segatura) al piano; RW comprendente SH più 2 in esecuzione ruote; EE comprendente RW più giocattoli (corde, scale, tunnel, e oggetti, quali panini e pezzi di carta velina tovagliolo di carta vuoto) con la quale a explore, giocare, arrampicarsi, nascondersi, e nido. </li><li> Loro casa in questo modo continuo per 14 giorni. NOTA: routine zootecnia è OK in questo periodo, ma deve essere distribuito equamente a tutti i topi. </li></ol></li><li> Oggetto topi EE a ulteriori &#39;super-arricchimento&#39; (SE) per metterli insieme in una gabbia più grande contenente nuovi giocattoli per 1 ora / giorno (stessa ora ogni giorno), 5 giorni / settimana. NOTA: Qui, di larghezza di 46 centimetri, lunga 69 centimetri, e 40 cm di profondità vasca di plastica è stato utilizzato. <ol><li> Mantenere novità presentando un diverso insieme di giocattoli ogni sessione. Giocattoli puliti che devono essere ri-presentati a topi con acqua e sapone e l&#39;80% di etanolo per rimuovere i profumi. </li><li> Dopo ogni sessione di SE, restituire i topi alla loro gabbia EE. Maniglia SH e RW topi gli stessi topi SE (ad eccezione di SE stessa) in tutto questo periodo (ad esempio, rimuovere e ritornano ogni SH e RW del mouse da e verso la sua gabbia). </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><ol><li> Preparazione <ol><li> Utilizzare pompe osmotiche sterili e kit di infusione del cervello, che sono disponibili in commercio. Il giorno prima dell&#39;impianto, utilizzando una tecnica asettica, primi gli impianti di riempimento ogni pompa, tubo di collegamento e la cannula con la soluzione di droga o di un veicolo sterile (come descritto nelle istruzioni fornite con le pompe). Collegarli insieme e incubare in soluzione fisiologica sterile notte a 37 ° C. Incubare impianti alla droga e veicoli pieni separatamente per evitare la contaminazione incrociata. </li></ol></li><li> Chirurgia. NOTA: A seconda del paese dello sperimentatore, particolari autorizzazioni o di quote di sperimentazione animale sono tenuti a perseguire questo tipo di chirurgia e sperimentazioni post-operatorie. <ol><li> Sterilizzare tutti gli apparecchi chirurgici e utilizzare condizioni asettiche. Anestetizzare un mouse (ad esempio utilizzando 1-2% isofluorane in aria) e collocarlo in un sterecastelletto otaxic. Controllare la profondità dell&#39;anestesia durante tutta la procedura e somministrare un&#39;ulteriore anestesia, se necessario (ad esempio, l&#39;assenza di recesso arto per nociva zampa pizzico è indicativo di anestesia adeguata). Assicurarsi che gli occhi sono protetti da disseccamento da pomata lubrificante occhio, e che la temperatura corporea del mouse rimane normale per tutta la procedura. </li><li> Effettuare una incisione mediana attraverso la pelle partendo da tra gli occhi e Finitura 2 cm posteriormente al bordo posteriore del cranio. Blunt sezionare la pelle dalla fascia sottostante lungo la schiena del mouse per creare una sottocutanea &#39;tasca&#39; grande abbastanza per adattarsi comodamente la pompa e il tubo di collegamento volta la cannula viene impiantato (il tubo di collegamento non deve essere piegato al termine). Raschiare cancellare la fascia da oltre all&#39;aspetto dorsale del cranio. </li><li> L&#39;utilizzo di un diametro di bava dentale approssimativamente di 1,5 mm, drill-down nel cranio al stereotassico appropriata coordinate uino un sottile strato flessibile di resti ossei. Peel questo strato di distanza utilizzando una pinza sottile (questo evita di danneggiare la sottostante dura madre e il cervello con la bava dentale). Assicurarsi che il cranio è pulito di eventuali frammenti di sangue e ossa, e che non c&#39;è più il sanguinamento. </li><li> Con la cannula tenuto da un supporto cannule, posizionare la pompa e tubo di collegamento in &#39;tasca&#39; sottocutanea sovrastante schiena del mouse. Successivamente, posizionare la punta della cannula in opportuni coordinate stereotassica e sulla superficie del cervello. Abbassare con cautela la cannula nel cervello, ma smettere di circa 1 millimetro brevi della profondità richiesta. NOTA: La profondità residua sarà negoziato dopo l&#39;applicazione del primo strato di acrilico dentale. </li><li> Verificare nuovamente la superficie del cranio è pulito ed asciutto, quindi preparare un piccolo volume di acrilico dentale e utilizzare uno stuzzicadenti per lisciare sull&#39;intera area esposta del cranio, compreso nel bava foro attraverso il cranio intorno the cannula. Prima l&#39;acrilico indurisce, abbassare la cannula punta la profondità residua nel bersaglio. </li><li> Preparare un&#39;altra piccolo volume di acrilico dentale e questo strato sul primo, così come il supporto plastico bianco per la cannula, per fissare la cannula in posizione. Ripetere con ulteriori strati di acrilico, se necessario. </li><li> Una volta che l&#39;acrilico è indurito, rimuovere con attenzione il supporto cannule e tagliare la plastica scheda cannula rimovibile bianco con una lama di bisturi riscaldata con una fiamma butano. Infine, suturare la pelle chiusa sull&#39;intero impianto. </li></ol></li><li> Il trattamento post-chirurgico di animali <ol><li> Applicare pomata antisettica ai margini della pelle, e somministrare un antinfiammatorio al mouse (es meloxicam, 3 mg / kg sc). Rimuovere il mouse dal telaio, posizionarlo sotto una lampada di calore, e osservare fino a che non riprende conoscenza. Non restituire un topo che ha subito un intervento chirurgico per la compagnia di altri animali fino alla completa guarigione. NOTA: Expmanipolazioni erimental quali l&#39;associazione di genere e ambiente di arricchimento possono essere avviate o ripresi il giorno dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico al più presto. </li><li> Monitorare loro peso corporeo, comportamento generale e l&#39;aspetto quotidiana. Trattare segni di infezione (ad esempio gonfiore, arrossamento, pus) intorno incisioni chirurgiche con attualità pomata antisettica. Trattare tutti i segni di malattia, il dolore, lo stress o disagio (ad esempio la perdita di&gt; 10% del peso corporeo, ritiro sociale, la mancanza di governare, &quot;smerigliatura&quot;, movimento disfunzioni, convulsioni) con analgesici e / o antibiotici sistemici necessari. </li><li> Euthanize topi se&gt; 15% di perdita di peso o sintomi di malattia, il dolore, lo stress o disagio non sono recuperabili entro 1 settimana di trattamento curativo. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. tessuto cerebrale Preparazione, immunoistochimica Processing, e Stereology <ol><li> Perfusion <ol><li> Subito dopo manipolazioni / droga ambientali, preparare il cervello per lo studio. <br/&gt; NOTA: Negli esperimenti qui riportati sono stati misurati il ​​numero di SNc TH + neuroni e confrontata in ciascuno dei diversi gruppi di trattamento. </li><li> Prima somministrare una overdose di anestetico per uccidere i topi (ad esempio 100 mg / kg ip sodio pentobarbitone). Una volta anestetizzato ma prima che il cuore smette di battere, porre il mouse sulla sua schiena e cravatta o definire con precisione entrambi arti anteriori. </li><li> Usando un bisturi tagliare via la pelle sovrastante torace poi incise attraverso il muscolo appena sotto la gabbia toracica nella cavità addominale. Inserire un morsetto sul processo xifoideo della gabbia toracica e sollevare la gabbia toracica e lontano dal fegato esporre il diaframma. </li><li> Tagliare il diaframma e attraverso le nervature laterali su entrambi i lati con forbici grandi fino alla cassa toracica può essere ripiegato sopra la testa per esporre i polmoni e il cuore. Usando forbici sottili fanno una piccola incisione nell&#39;atrio destro come un punto di uscita di sangue e soluzioni perfusi, poi tagliare attraverso la base del ventri sinistraCLE e posizionare una cannula attraverso il ventricolo sinistro, l&#39;atrio sinistro, e nell&#39;aorta. </li><li> Fissare la cannula in posizione poi pompa calda (37 ° C) eparinizzate e 0,1 M tampone fosfato fisiologica (PBS) attraverso il sistema vascolare fino soluzione uscendo nell&#39;atrio destro è completamente priva di sangue. Successivamente, la pompa fredda (4 ° C) soluzione fissativa (ad esempio 4% paraformaldeide in PBS) attraverso il sistema vascolare finché l&#39;intero mouse è ben fissato. Rimuovere il cervello e il luogo in PBS con il 30% di saccarosio per 2-3 giorni fino a quando i lavandini del cervello. NOTA: Altri tipi di preparazione del tessuto possono essere applicati a seconda della perizia in laboratorio corrispondente. </li></ol></li><li> Preparazione di criosezioni gratuita flottante <ol><li> Tagliare sezioni seriali attraverso le regioni cerebrali di interesse e raccogliere questi in PBS. NOTA: Abbiamo tagliato 40 sezioni micron di spessore con un criostato. Altri tipi di sezionamento del tessuto possono essere applicati a seconda della competenza nel corriLaboratorio ng. </li></ol></li><li> Immunoistochimica <ol><li> Eseguire immunoistochimica standard per le proteine ​​di interesse. Incubare sezioni 5% siero di capra normale e 0,3% triton X-100 in PBS a temperatura ambiente per 30 min, poi immunoreact con coniglio policlonale anti-TH (1: 400) a 4 ° C per 48 ore, poi policlonale di capra anti biotinilato -rabbit (1: 1.000) a temperatura ambiente per 2 ore. </li><li> Successivamente, incubare in avidina-perossidasi (1: 500) a temperatura ambiente per 1 ora, poi in cobalto e nichel-intensificato diammino-benzidina (0,5 mg / ml) a temperatura ambiente per 18-20 min; per l&#39;ultimo 3-5 min di incubazione diamino-benzidina aggiungere perossido di idrogeno (0,01%) per catalizzare precipitazione cromogeno. Lavare sezioni tre volte per 10 minuti ciascuno in PBS prima, dopo, e tra ciascuno dei passaggi precedenti. </li><li> Montare le sezioni su vetrini da microscopio gelatinizzati, aria asciugarle, poi macchia Nissl (rosso neutro), disidratano in alcool, chiaro (X-3B), e coprioggetto. </li></ol></li><li&gt; Stereology <ol><li> Stimare il numero totale di neuroni TH + e TH SNc (LC e VTA e) con metodi stereologici imparziali. Assicurarsi che il stereologist è cieco per il trattamento ricevuto. Escludi glia sulla base del diametro di soma &lt;5 micron e contare solo le cellule con un nucleo visibile. </li><li> Identificare il SNc (e VTA e LC) per le posizioni spaziali di cellule TH + e anatomici famosi / confini secondo l&#39;atlante del cervello di Paxinos e Watson 7. Contare TH + cellule entro un conteggio telaio (55 x 55 um = 3025 micron 2) ad intervalli predeterminati regolari (x = 140 micron, y = 140 micron per SNc; x = 100 micron, y = 100 micron per VTA e LC) nel corso di ogni nucleo in ogni quarta sezione. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Molecular brain research. 13, 171-174 (1992).</li><li>Watabe-Uchida, M., Zhu, L., Ogawa, S. K., Vamanrao, A., Uchida, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-brain+mapping+of+direct+inputs+to+midbrain+dopamine+neurons.">Whole-brain mapping of direct inputs to midbrain dopamine neurons.</a> Neuron. 74, 858-873 (2012).</li><li>Tepper, J. M., Lee, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABAergic+control+of+substantia+nigra+dopaminergic+neurons.">GABAergic control of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons.</a> Progress in brain research. 160, 189-208 (2007).</li><li>Hannan, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+enrichment+and+brain+repair:+harnessing+the+therapeutic+effects+of+cognitive+stimulation+and+physical+activity+to+enhance+experience-dependent+plasticity.">Environmental enrichment and brain repair: harnessing the therapeutic effects of cognitive stimulation and physical activity to enhance experience-dependent plasticity.</a> Neuropathology and applied neurobiology. 40, 13-25 (2014).</li><li>Nithianantharajah, J., Hannan, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enriched+environments,+experience-dependent+plasticity+and+disorders+of+the+nervous+system.">Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system.</a> Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 7, 697-709 (2006).</li><li>Chmiel, D. J., Noonan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preference+of+laboratory+rats+for+potentially+enriching+stimulus+objects.">Preference of laboratory rats for potentially enriching stimulus objects.</a> Laboratory animals. 30, 97-101 (1996).</li><li>Hanmer, L. A., Riddell, P. M., Williams, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+a+runway+paradigm+to+assess+the+relative+strength+of+rats'+motivations+for+enrichment+objects.">Using a runway paradigm to assess the relative strength of rats' motivations for enrichment objects.</a> Behavior research methods. 42, 517-524 (2010).</li><li>Burrows, E. L., McOmish, C. E., Hannan, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene-environment+interactions+and+construct+validity+in+preclinical+models+of+psychiatric+disorders.">Gene-environment interactions and construct validity in preclinical models of psychiatric disorders.</a> Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology &amp; biological psychiatry. 35, 1376-1382 (2011).</li><li>Van de Weerd, H. A., Van Loo, P. L. P., Van Zutphen, L. F. M., Koolhaas, J. M., Baumans, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strength+of+preference+for+nesting+material+as+environmental+enrichment+for+laboratory+mice.">Strength of preference for nesting material as environmental enrichment for laboratory mice.</a> Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 55, 369-382 (1998).</li><li>Rampon, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+environmental+enrichment+on+gene+expression+in+the+brain.">Effects of environmental enrichment on gene expression in the brain.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97, 12880-12884 (2000).</li><li>Eckert, M. J., Abraham, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+environmental+enrichment+exposure+on+synaptic+transmission+and+plasticity+in+the+hippocampus.">Effects of environmental enrichment exposure on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus.</a> Current topics in behavioral neurosciences. 15, 165-187 (2013).</li><li>Sztainberg, Y., Chen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+environmental+enrichment+model+for+mice.">An environmental enrichment model for mice.</a> Nature protocols. 5, 1535-1539 (2010).</li><li>Sale, A., Berardi, N., Maffei, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environment+and+brain+plasticity:+towards+an+endogenous+pharmacotherapy.">Environment and brain plasticity: towards an endogenous pharmacotherapy.</a> Physiological reviews. 94, 189-234 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Manipolazioni ambientali La motivazione alla base della progettazione di queste manipolazioni ambientali (abbinamento di genere e di arricchimento ambientale) è stato quello di determinare se l&#39;ambiente, e / o il comportamento richiesto dall&#39;ambiente, è associata a cambiamenti nel numero di mesencefalo neuroni DA. L&#39;attenzione è quindi di fornire ambienti e stimolando comportamenti che potrebbero coinvolgere la segnalazione DA mesencefalo. Questi abbinamento incluso c...

DArgic segnalazione dai neuroni nell&#39;area ventrale tegmentale (VTA) e la substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) del mesencefalo è pensato per essere importante per i comportamenti cognitivi, emotivi e motori ricompensa motivati. Tuttavia, troppo o troppo poco di segnalazione DA mesencefalo provoca molti sintomi invalidanti in una serie di disturbi neurologici (ad esempio il morbo di Parkinson, deficit di attenzione e iperattività, schizofrenia, e tossicodipendenza). I farmaci che aumentano o diminuiscono DA segnalazione alleviare questi sintomi, ma producono anche effetti collaterali riconducibili alla segnalazione disregolato ed effetti off-target. Efficacia Drug declina anche nel tempo a causa di reazioni compensatorie del cervello. La sfida è quindi di ripristinare la normale segnalazione DA mesencefalo in modo più mirato e fisiologico, e un approccio preferito è aumentando o diminuendo il numero di mesencefalo neuroni DA. La prova si è accumulato per SEVdecenni rale che l&#39;espressione di geni e proteine ​​coinvolte nel metabolismo e il traffico DA e altre catecolamine in cellule adulte mature è modificabile (recensito in 1). Nel mesencefalo, il numero di tirosina idrossilasi immunopositive (TH +, l&#39;enzima limitante nella sintesi) DA neuroni diminuisce quindi aumenta in seguito alla somministrazione neurotossina 2,3, mentre il numero di TH immunonegative (TH) neuroni mostra l&#39;andamento opposto (vale a dire gli aumenti poi diminuisce 3). Questo è coerente con la perdita poi guadagno del &#39;DA fenotipo&#39; da alcune cellule. Il numero di neuroni TH + e TH SNC è stato anche dimostrato di modificare in direzioni uguali ma opposti seguente vari trattamenti che alterano l&#39;attività elettrica di queste cellule 4,5. Ad esempio, l&#39;infusione della piccola conduttanza, potassio calcio-attivata (SK) canale antagonista Apamina nel mesencefalo per 2 settimane diminuisce il numero di TH + e aumenta (dello stesso importo) il number di TH SNc neuroni 4,5. Al contrario, l&#39;infusione di SK agonisti canale 1-EBIO aumenta il numero di TH + e diminuisce (dello stesso importo) il numero di neuroni TH SnC 4,5. Modifiche simili sono state osservate in seguito a una serie di trattamenti mirati SNc attività neuronale, tra cui alcuni che mira ingressi afferenti 4. Questa apparente regolazione del numero di neuroni SNc DArgic per attività neuronale e input afferenti solleva la possibilità che l&#39;ambiente o il comportamento possono influenzare il numero di neuroni SnC. Infatti topi adulti esposti ad ambienti differenti hanno più o meno mesencefalo (SNC e VTA) TH + neuroni, e almeno alcuni di questi cambiamenti ambientali indotti sono soppressi dal blocco concomitante di ingresso sinaptica nel mesencefalo 6. Gli obiettivi di questa comunicazione sono: (1) fornire ulteriori dettagli su come implementare le nostre manipolazioni ambientali e infusi di droga; e (2) fornire ulteriori dati a sostegno della nostra tesi che la postanvironment regola il numero di mesencefalo neuroni DA, tramite l&#39;ingresso afferente.

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			<td style="width:636px;">Company</td>
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			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Isofluorane</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd, Baxter Drive, NSW 2146, Australia</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AHN3640</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">ALZET Osmotic pump 1002</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">DURECT Corporation, PO Box 530 Cupertino, CA 95015-0530</td>
			<td>0004317</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">ALZET Brain infusion kit 1</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">DURECT Corporation, PO Box 530 Cupertino, CA 95015-0530</td>
			<td>0004760</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">ALZET cannula holder 1</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">DURECT Corporation, PO Box 530 Cupertino, CA 95015-0530</td>
			<td>0008860</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Vertex Monomer Self-curing (dental acrylic solvent)</td>
			<td>Vertex Dental, Postbus 10, 3700 AA ZEIST, The Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Vertex Self Curing (dental acrylic powder)</td>
			<td>Vertex Dental, Postbus 10, 3700 AA ZEIST, The Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">METACAM (Meloxicam)</td>
			<td>Troy Laboratories, 98 long Street, smithfield NSW 2164 Australia</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L10100</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Sodium Pentobarbitone</td>
			<td>Lethabarb, Virbac, Milperra, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">571177</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>chemicon-temecula, CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S26-Litre</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore Headquarters&#160;, 290 Concord road, Billerica, MA 01821</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.08603.1000</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Polyclonal rabbit anti-tyrosine hydroxylase</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore Headquarters&#160;, 290 Concord road, Billerica, MA 01821</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AB152</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyclonal biotinylated goat anti-rabbit</td>
			<td>Dako Australia Pty. Ltd., Suite 4, Level 4, 56 Berry street, North Sydney, NSW, Australia 2060</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EO432</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Avidin peroxidase</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich, Castle Hill, NSW 1765 AU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3151-1mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diamino-benzidine</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich, Castle Hill, NSW 1765 AU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D-5637</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereo Investigator</td>
			<td>MicroBrightField Bioscience, 185 Allen Brook Lane, Suite 101, Williston, VT 05495</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
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environmental modulations of the number of midbrain dopamine neurons in adult mice

Cambiamenti di lunga durata nel cervello o &#39;plasticità cerebrale&#39; alla base di un comportamento adattivo e riparazione del cervello a seguito di malattia o infortunio. Inoltre, le interazioni con l&#39;ambiente possono indurre la plasticità cerebrale. Sempre più spesso, la ricerca sta cercando di identificare quali ambienti stimolare la plasticità del cervello favorevole per il trattamento del cervello e disturbi comportamentali. Due manipolazioni ambientali vengono descritti che aumentare o diminuire il numero di tirosina idrossilasi immunopositive (TH +, l&#39;enzima limitante della dopamina (DA) sintesi), i neuroni del mesencefalo topo adulto. Il primo comprende accoppiamento topi maschi e femmine insieme ininterrottamente per 1 settimana, che aumenta TH + mesencefalo neuroni di circa il 12% nei maschi, ma diminuisce TH + mesencefalo neuroni di circa il 12% nelle femmine. Il secondo comprende topi abitative ininterrottamente per 2 settimane in &quot;ambienti arricchiti» (EE) contenenti ruote corsa, giocattoli, corde, materiale di nidificazione, ecc, che increases TH + mesencefalo neuroni di circa il 14% nei maschi. Inoltre, un protocollo è descritto per infusione contemporaneamente farmaci direttamente nel mesencefalo durante queste manipolazioni ambientali per identificare i meccanismi alla base della plasticità cerebrale ambientale indotta. Ad esempio, EE-induzione di più TH + mesencefalo neuroni è abolito dal blocco concomitante di ingresso sinaptica sui neuroni del mesencefalo. Insieme, questi dati indicano che le informazioni circa l&#39;ambiente viene trasmessa tramite l&#39;ingresso sinaptica di neuroni mesencefalo per attivare o disattivare l&#39;espressione di geni &#39;DA&#39;. Così, la stimolazione ambientale adeguata, o drug targeting dei meccanismi alla base, potrebbe essere utile per il trattamento di disturbi cerebrali e comportamentali connessi con gli squilibri in mesencefalo DA (ad esempio il morbo di Parkinson, deficit di attenzione e iperattività, schizofrenia, e la tossicodipendenza).

Topi adulti sottoposti a queste manipolazioni ambientali hanno alterato il numero di mesencefalo (snc e VTA), ma non LC, TH + neuroni, e EE più concomitante infusione mesencefalo di una picrotossina o bicucullina (GABA A antagonisti dei recettori) abolisce EE-induzione di più SNc TH + neuroni. Questi dati sono stati precedentemente pubblicati in 6. I dati presenti sono stati raccolti in esperimenti replicati eseguiti come parte di tale studio precedente, ma non sono stati pubblicati altrove. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice at JoVE.com

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

This protocol describes two different environmental manipulations and a concurrent brain infusion protocol to study environmentally-induced brain changes underlying adaptive behavior and brain repair in adult mice.

Modulazioni ambientali del numero di Mesencefalo dopamina neuroni in topi adulti

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, ...

environmental-modulations-number-midbrain-dopamine-neurons-adult

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.7K Views.  The University of Melbourne. This protocol describes two different environmental manipulations and a concurrent brain infusion protocol to study environmentally-induced brain changes underlying adaptive behavior and brain repair in adult mice.

Video: Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

Application of a NMDA Receptor Conductance in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique

Neuroscientists study the function of the brain by investigating how neurons in the brain communicate. Many investigators look at changes in the electrical activity of one or more neurons in response to an experimentally-controlled input. The electrical activity of neurons can be recorded in isolated brain slices using patch clamp techniques with glass micropipettes. Traditionally, experimenters can mimic neuronal input by direct injection of current through the pipette, electrical stimulation of the other cells or remaining axonal connections in the slice, or pharmacological manipulation by receptors located on the neuronal membrane of the recorded cell.
Direct current injection has the advantages of passing a predetermined current waveform with high temporal precision at the site of the recording (usually the soma). However, it does not change the resistance of the neuronal membrane as no ion channels are physically opened. Current injection usually employs rectangular pulses and thus does not model the kinetics of ion channels. Finally, current injection cannot mimic the chemical changes in the cell that occurs with the opening of ion channels.
Receptors can be physically activated by electrical or pharmacological stimulation. The experimenter has good temporal precision of receptor activation with electrical stimulation of the slice. However, there is limited spatial precision of receptor activation and the exact nature of what is activated upon stimulation is unknown. This latter problem can be partially alleviated by specific pharmacological agents. Unfortunately, the time course of activation of pharmacological agents is typically slow and the spatial precision of inputs onto the recorded cell is unknown.
The dynamic clamp technique allows an experimenter to change the current passed directly into the cell based on real-time feedback of the membrane potential of the cell (Robinson and Kawai 1993, Sharp et al., 1993a,b; for review, see Prinz et al. 2004). This allows an experimenter to mimic the electrical changes that occur at the site of the recording in response to activation of a receptor. Real-time changes in applied current are determined by a mathematical equation implemented in hardware.
We have recently used the dynamic clamp technique to investigate the generation of bursts of action potentials by phasic activation of NMDA receptors in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (Deister et al., 2009; Lobb et al., 2010). In this video, we demonstrate the procedures needed to apply a NMDA receptor conductance into a dopaminergic neuron.

In this video, we demonstrate how to apply a conductance into a dopaminergic neuron recorded in the whole cell configuration in rat brain slices. This technique is called the dynamic clamp.

L&#39;applicazione di una conduttanza recettore NMDA nei neuroni dopaminergici mesencefalo Rat Utilizzando la tecnica dinamica morsetto

Neuroscientists study the function of the brain by investigating how neurons in the brain communicate. Many investigators look at changes in the ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Studying the Integration of Adult-born Neurons

Neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian brains in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout life. Previous reports have shown that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with diverse brain disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression and anxiety (1). Deciphering the process of normal and aberrant adult-born neuron integration may shed light on the etiology of these diseases and inform the development of new therapies.
SGZ adult neurogenesis mirrors embryonic and post-natal neuronal development, including stages of fate specification, migration, synaptic integration, and maturation. However, full integration occurs over a prolonged, 6-week period. Initial synaptic input to adult-born SGZ dentate granule cells (DGCs) is GABAergic, followed by glutamatergic input at 14 days (2). The specific factors which regulate circuit formation of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus are currently unknown.
Our laboratory uses a replication-deficient retroviral vector based on the Moloney murine leukemia virus to deliver fluorescent proteins and hypothesized regulatory genes to these proliferating cells. This viral technique provides high specificity and resolution for analysis of cell birth date, lineage, morphology, and synaptogenesis.
A typical experiment often employs two or three viruses containing unique label, transgene, and promoter elements for single-cell analysis of a desired developmental process in vivo. The following protocol describes a method for analyzing functional newborn neuron integration using a single green (GFP) or red (dTomato) fluorescent protein retrovirus and patch-clamp electrophysiology.

A way to study the integration of newborn dentate granule cells in adult animals is described. This technique uses an engineered retrovirus to label newborn neurons, followed by electrophysiological recordings to determine in vivo functional integration.

Studiare l&#39;integrazione degli adulti nati Neuroni

Neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian brains in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the ...

An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse

The enteric nervous system is a vast network of neurons and glia running the length of the gastrointestinal tract that functionally controls gastrointestinal motility. A procedure for the isolation and culture of a mixed population of neurons and glia from the myenteric plexus is described. The primary cultures can be maintained for over 7 days, with connections developing among the neurons and glia. The longitudinal muscle strip with the attached myenteric plexus is stripped from the underlying circular muscle of the mouse ileum or colon and subjected to enzymatic digestion. In sterile conditions, the isolated neuronal and glia population are preserved within the pellet following centrifugation and plated on coverslips. Within 24-48 hr, neurite outgrowth occurs and neurons can be identified by pan-neuronal markers. After two days in culture, isolated neurons fire action potentials as observed by patch clamp studies. Furthermore, enteric glia can also be identified by GFAP staining. A network of neurons and glia in close apposition forms within 5 - 7 days. Enteric neurons can be individually and directly studied using methods such as immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, calcium imaging, and single-cell PCR. Furthermore, this procedure can be performed in genetically modified animals. This methodology is simple to perform and inexpensive. Overall, this protocol exposes the components of the enteric nervous system in an easily manipulated manner so that we may better discover the functionality of the ENS in normal and disease states.

An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse

We demonstrate a cell culture protocol for the direct study of neuronal and glial components of the enteric nervous system. A neuron/glia mixed culture on coverslips is prepared from the myenteric plexus of adult mouse providing the ability to examine individual neuron and glia function by electrophysiology, immunohistochemical, etc.

Un<em&gt; In-vitro</em&gt; Preparazione dei neuroni enterici isolati e glia dal plesso mienterico del topo adulto

The enteric nervous system is a vast network of neurons and glia running the length of the gastrointestinal tract that functionally controls ...

Membrane Potential Dye Imaging of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Neurons From Adult Mice to Study Glucose Sensing

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with increasing connective tissue and decreased neuronal viability that occur with age. Here, we describe a methodology for the dissociation of healthy hypothalamic neurons from adult-aged mice. The ability to study neurons from adult-aged mice allows the use of disease models that manifest at a later age and might be more developmentally accurate for certain studies. Fluorescence imaging of dissociated neurons can be used to study the activity of a population of neurons, as opposed to using electrophysiology to study a single neuron. This is particularly useful when studying a heterogeneous neuronal population in which the desired neuronal type is rare such as for hypothalamic glucose sensing neurons. We utilized membrane potential dye imaging of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons to study their responses to changes in extracellular glucose. Glucose sensing neurons are believed to play a role in central regulation of energy balance. The ability to study glucose sensing in adult rodents is particularly useful since the predominance of diseases related to dysfunctional energy balance (e.g.&#160;obesity) increase with age.

The activity of single neurons from adult-aged mice can be studied by dissociating neurons from specific brain regions and using fluorescent membrane potential dye imaging. By testing responses to changes in glucose, this technique can be used to study the glucose sensitivity of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons.

Potenziale di membrana Dye Imaging di ventromediale dell&#39;ipotalamo neuroni da topi adulti per studiare glucosio Sensing

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with ...

Lineage-reprogramming of Pericyte-derived Cells of the Adult Human Brain into Induced Neurons

Direct lineage-reprogramming of non-neuronal cells into induced neurons (iNs) may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis and enable new strategies for in vitro modeling or repairing the diseased brain. Identifying brain-resident non-neuronal cell types amenable to direct conversion into iNs might allow for launching such an approach in situ, i.e. within the damaged brain tissue. Here we describe a protocol developed in the attempt of identifying cells derived from the adult human brain that fulfill this premise. This protocol involves: (1) the culturing of human cells from the cerebral cortex obtained from adult human brain biopsies; (2) the in vitro expansion (approximately requiring 2-4 weeks) and characterization of the culture by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry; (3) the enrichment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using anti-PDGF receptor-&#946; and anti-CD146 antibodies; (4) the retrovirus-mediated transduction with the neurogenic transcription factors sox2 and ascl1; (5) and finally the characterization of the resultant pericyte-derived induced neurons (PdiNs) by immunocytochemistry (14 days to 8 weeks following retroviral transduction). At this stage, iNs can be probed for their electrical properties by patch-clamp recording. This protocol provides a highly reproducible procedure for the in vitro lineage conversion of brain-resident pericytes into functional human iNs.

Targeting brain-resident cells for direct lineage-reprogramming offers new perspectives for brain repair. Here we describe a protocol of how to prepare cultures enriched for brain-resident pericytes from the adult human cerebral cortex and convert these into induced neurons by retrovirus-mediated expression of the transcription factors Sox2 and Ascl1.

Lineage-riprogrammazione di cellule pericyte-derivate del cervello umano adulto in neuroni indotti

Direct lineage-reprogramming of non-neuronal cells into induced neurons (iNs) may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis ...

Laser Capture Microdissection - A Demonstration of the Isolation of Individual Dopamine Neurons and the Entire Ventral Tegmental Area

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue sections on a microscope slide. When combined with immunohistochemistry, LCM can be used to isolate individual cells types based on a specific protein marker. Here, the LCM technique is described for collecting a specific population of dopamine neurons directly labeled with&#160;tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and for isolation of the dopamine neuron containing region of the ventral tegmental area using indirect tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry on a section adjacent to those used for LCM. An infrared (IR) capture laser is used to both dissect individual neurons as well as the ventral tegmental area off glass slides and onto an LCM cap for analysis. Complete dehydration of the tissue with 100% ethanol and xylene is critical. The combination of the IR capture laser and the ultraviolet (UV) cutting laser is used to isolate individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area when using PEN membrane slides. A PEN membrane slide has significant advantages over a glass slide as it offers better consistency in capturing and collecting cells, is faster collecting large pieces of tissue, is less reliant on dehydration and results in complete removal of the tissue from the slide. Although removal of large areas of tissue from a glass slide is feasible, it is considerably more time consuming and frequently leaves some residual tissue behind. Data shown here demonstrate that RNA of sufficient quantity and quality can be obtained using these procedures for quantitative PCR measurements. Although RNA and DNA are the most commonly isolated molecules from tissue and cells collected with LCM, isolation and measurement of microRNA, protein and epigenetic changes in DNA can also benefit from the enhanced anatomical and cellular resolution obtained using LCM.

The isolation of individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area with direct or indirect immunohistochemistry is demonstrated using laser capture microdissection. Parameters for isolation of tissue from a glass slide using an infrared laser and from membrane slides using the combination of an infrared and ultraviolet laser are discussed.

Laser Capture Microdissezione - Una dimostrazione dell&#39;isolamento individuale dopamina neuroni e l&#39;intera area ventrale tegmentale

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue ...

Subcellular Patch-clamp Recordings from the Somatodendritic Domain of Nigral Dopamine Neurons

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding these fundamental functions will shed light on the information transfer in these neurons. Dendritic patch-clamp recordings provide the possibility to directly examine the electrical properties of dendrites and underlying voltage-gated ion channels. However, these fine structures are not easily accessible to patch pipettes because of their small diameter. This report describes a step-by-step procedure to collect stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopaminergic neurons in acute slices. Electrophysiological measurements are combined with post hoc recovery of cell morphology. Successful experiments rely on improved preparation of slices, solutions and pipettes, adequate adjustment of the optics and stability of the pipette in contact with the recorded structure. Standard principles of somatic patch-clamp recording are applied to dendrites but with a gentler approach of the pipette. These versatile techniques can be implemented to address various questions concerning the excitable properties of dendrites.

Subcellular patch-clamp recordings offer the possibility to investigate the functional properties of dendrites. However these fine structures are not easily accessible due to their small diameter. The protocol described here aims to facilitate the collection of stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopamine neurons in slices in vitro.

Subcellulari patch-clamp dal dominio Somatodendritic di nigral dopamina neuroni

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding ...

Quantification of Endosome and Lysosome Motilities in Cultured Neurons Using Fluorescent Probes

In the brain, membrane trafficking systems play important roles in regulating neuronal functions, such as neuronal morphology, synaptic plasticity, survival, and glial communications. To date, numerous studies have reported that defects in these systems cause various neuronal diseases. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying vesicle dynamics may provide influential clues that could aid in the treatment of several neuronal disorders. Here, we describe a method for quantifying vesicle motilities, such as motility distance and rate of movement, using a software plug-in for the ImageJ platform. To obtain images for quantification, we labeled neuronal endosome-lysosome structures with EGFP-tagged vesicle marker proteins and observed the movement of vesicles using a time-lapse microscopy. This method is highly useful and simplify measuring vesicle motility in neurites, such as axons and dendrites, as well as in the soma of both neurons and glial cells. Furthermore, this method can be applied to other cell lines, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. This approach could provide a valuable advancement of our understanding of membrane trafficking.

The investigation of membrane trafficking is crucial for understanding neuronal functions. Here, we introduce a method for quantifying vesicle motility in neurons. This is a convenient method that can be adapted to the quantification of membrane trafficking in the nervous system.

Quantificazione delle endosomi e dei motivi di lisosomi nei neuroni coltivati ​​utilizzando sonde fluorescenti

In the brain, membrane trafficking systems play important roles in regulating neuronal functions, such as neuronal morphology, synaptic plasticity, ...

Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake

Dopamine (DA) is a modulatory neurotransmitter controlling motor activity, reward processes and cognitive function. Impairment of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotransmission is strongly associated with several central nervous system-associated diseases such as Parkinson&#39;s disease, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and drug addiction1,2,3,4. Delineating disease mechanisms involving DA imbalance is critically dependent on animal models to mimic aspects of the diseases, and thus protocols that assess specific parts of the DA homeostasis are important to provide novel insights and possible therapeutic targets for these diseases.
Here, we present two useful experimental protocols that when combined provide a functional read-out of the DAergic system in mice. Biochemical and functional parameters on DA homeostasis are obtained through assessment of DA levels and dopamine transporter (DAT) functionality5. When investigating the DA system, the ability to reliably measure endogenous levels of DA from adult brain is essential. Therefore, we present how to perform high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on brain tissue from mice to determine levels of DA. We perform the experiment on tissue from dorsal striatum (dStr) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), but the method is also suitable for other DA-innervated brain areas.
DAT is essential for reuptake of DA into the presynaptic terminal, thereby controlling the temporal and spatial activity of released DA. Knowing the levels and functionality of DAT in the striatum is of major importance when assessing DA homeostasis. Here, we provide a protocol that allows to simultaneously deduce information on surface levels and function using a synaptosomal6 DA uptake assay.
Current methods combined with standard immunoblotting protocols provide the researcher with relevant tools to characterize the DAergic system.

Synaptosomal dopamine uptake and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis represent experimental tools to investigate dopamine homeostasis in mice by assessing the function of the dopamine transporter and levels of dopamine in striatal tissue, respectively. Here we present protocols to measure dopamine tissue content and assess the functionality of the dopamine transporter.

Valutazione dell'omeostasi dopaminergici in topi tramite l'uso di analisi di cromatografia liquida ad alte prestazioni e assorbimento della dopamina sinaptosomiali

Dopamine (DA) is a modulatory neurotransmitter controlling motor activity, reward processes and cognitive function. Impairment of dopaminergic (DAergic) ...

Use of Synaptic Zinc Histochemistry to Reveal Different Regions and Laminae in the Developing and Adult Brain

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions in the immature and adult brain. Here we describe a zinc histochemical staining procedure that reveals differences in staining patterns among different layers and brain regions. Others have utilized this procedure not only to reveal the distribution of zinc-containing neurons and circuits in the brain, but also to successfully delineate areal and laminar boundaries in the developing and adult brain in several species. Here we illustrate this staining procedure with images from developing and adult ferret brains. We reveal a zinc-staining pattern that serves as an anatomical marker of areas and layers, and can be reliably used to distinguish visual cortical areas in the developing and adult visual cortex. The main goal of this protocol is to present a histochemical method that allows the accurate identification of layers and regions in the developing and adult brain where other methods fail to do so. Secondarily, in conjunction with densitometric image analysis, this method allows one to assess the distribution of synaptic zinc to reveal potential changes throughout development. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and steps necessary to successively stain frozen brain sections. Although this protocol is described using ferret brain tissue, it can easily be adapted for use in rodents, cats, or monkeys as well as in other brain regions.

We describe a histochemical procedure that reveals characteristic laminar and areal zinc staining patterns in different brain regions. The zinc-staining pattern may be used in conjunction with other anatomical markers to reliably distinguish layers and regions in the developing and adult brain.

Uso di zinco sinaptica istochimica per rivelare diverse regioni e lamine nel cervello in via di sviluppo ed adulto

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions ...