This work is funded by NIH RO1 NS 40433 (K.J.J.).

Tutte le procedure eseguite sono approvati dalla Scuola di Medicina Istituzionale Animal Care and Use Committee Indiana University e seguono Istituto Nazionale di linee guida di salute. 1. Tecnica chirurgica <ol><li> Mantenere una tecnica asettica durante questa procedura utilizzando guanti sterili, strumenti, e un campo chirurgico sterile, secondo le linee guida NIH 25. Sterilizzare gli strumenti prima di iniziare l&#39;intervento chirurgico da loro autoclave (vedi Tabella di reagenti specifici / Attrezzature per l&#39;elenco completo). Utilizzare uno sterilizzatore perle di vetro per sterilizzare strumenti durante l&#39;operazione. </li></ol> 2. Anestesia e preparazione <ol><li> Anestetizzare il mouse in una scatola anestesia con una miscela di 0,9 L / min ossigeno e 2,5% isoflurano utilizzando un sistema vaporizzatore isoflurano veterinaria. Assicurarsi che il mouse non risponde ai cambiamenti di posizione del corpo prima di rimuoverlo dalla scatola. </li><li> Applicare una pomata oftalmica al mouGli occhi di SE per proteggerli dalla disidratazione. </li><li> Passare il flusso di gas dalla casella a cono. Posizionare il mouse esattamente sul lato sinistro su un tappetino riscaldato coperto da un tappetino chirurgica e carta assorbente con panca il naso e la bocca all&#39;interno del cono. Monitorare costantemente il ritmo del respiro del mouse e la velocità e regolare i livelli isoflurano come necessario (tra 2,5-3% isoflurano) per mantenere un adeguato livello di anestesia, e utilizzare la punta pizzico reflex per confermare sedazione totale. </li></ol> 3. Approccio chirurgico <ol><li> Allineare e mettere a fuoco lo stereoscopio con il campo operatorio. Regolare il cono e il nastro verso il basso in modo che sia posizionato lungo il bordo del campo visivo. </li><li> Con il mouse sdraiato sul suo lato sinistro, il nastro il bordo dell&#39;orecchio destro al cono, esponendo l&#39;area dietro l&#39;orecchio in cui verrà effettuata l&#39;incisione. Assicurarsi che la vena auricolare posteriore percorre orizzontalmente l&#39;orecchio. Si noti che il corretto posizionamento di tegli animali e taping dell&#39;orecchio sono fondamentali al fine di trovare rapidamente il nervo facciale. </li><li> Bagnare il pelo sopra e dietro l&#39;orecchio con il 70% di etanolo e radere il sito chirurgico con una lama di rasoio o bisturi. Pre-bagnare il pelo rende la rasatura più facile in questa posizione anatomica. </li><li> Pulire la pelle con una soluzione di iodio, come Betadine lavaggio chirurgico (7,5% povidone-iodio), seguito da 70% di etanolo. Ripetere questa pulizia due volte di più per disinfettare accuratamente la zona. </li><li> Per determinare dove fare l&#39;incisione, tracciare la vena auricolare posteriore dall&#39;orecchio caudalmente alla zona posteriore alla protuberanza orecchio. Utilizzando forbici primavera, fare un 4 millimetri un&#39;incisione 2 - 3 mm posteriormente alla protuberanza. </li><li> Sezionare attraverso il grasso sottocutaneo e la fascia con smussa. Evitare il taglio diretto con le forbici, perché i vasi sanguigni o tessuto muscolare possono essere facilmente danneggiati. </li><li> In caso di emorragia, applicare pressione al sito chirurgico con un tampone di cotone sterileper almeno 30 secondi. Se si verifica una significativa perdita di fluido, iniettare il mouse per via intraperitoneale con fino a 0,5 ml di soluzione salina sterile allo 0,9% utilizzando un ago G 25 o 27. </li><li> Utilizzare diversi punti di riferimento chiave, il nervo accessorio spinale, canale uditivo, e anteriore del muscolo digastrico (descritto di seguito), per individuare il nervo facciale. Sezionare intorno a questi punti di riferimento fino a quando sono visualizzati i rami del nervo facciale. Il nervo apparirà come una significativa struttura di solido bianco quando viene rivelato e uno strato di fascia aderisce agli strutture sottostanti. <ol><li> Trova il nervo accessorio spinale, che viaggia dalla porzione caudale del cranio per innervare il muscolo trapezio, una volta che il grasso sottocutaneo e la fascia sono stati sezionati. Il nervo facciale è profondo al nervo accessorio spinale. </li><li> Trovare il canale uditivo cartilagineo che sembra bianco perlato e può essere visto rostrale al nervo facciale. </li><li> Trova il ventre muscolare del muscolo digastrico anteriore, che si trova in cima e caudal al nervo facciale. </li></ol></li><li> Quando i principali rami del nervo facciale sono visualizzati, li risalire dorsale di trovare la loro origine dal forame stylomastoid. Utilizzando punta fine Dumont pinze # 5/45 di tenere il sito chirurgico aperto, far avanzare le punte primavera forbice seguito il percorso del nervo, quindi spostare la pinza dorsale per mantenere la nuova area Advanced Open. </li><li> Visualizza il tronco del nervo facciale con zigomatico, buccale, e rami mandibolari marginali a questo punto. NOTA: Il ramo temporale si troverà più vicino al forame. I rami marginali nervo mandibolare nelle sue parti superiore e inferiore più vicino alla mascella, pertanto quei rami nervose non saranno visibili a questo livello. <ol><li> Se si esegue una resezione del nervo, di stabilizzare il nervo delicatamente con le pinze punta fine e tagliare il nervo con le forbici a molla. Evitare di applicare troppa trazione al nervo con le pinze per evitare avulsing nervo dal tronco encefalico. Spingerei monconi distanti, o tagliare e rimuovere una porzione del nervo distale per garantire che nessun riconnessione può verificarsi. </li><li> Se si esegue una lesione da schiacciamento, utilizzare Dumont # 5/45 pinze per comprimere il nervo per 30 secondi con una pressione costante a recidere tutti gli assoni, quindi ripetere questa cotta in un secondo angolo perpendicolare al primo sito cotta. Evitare l&#39;applicazione di quantità variabili di pressione durante la 30 sec cotta, altrimenti il ​​danno non sarà coerente tra gli animali. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Chiusura e recupero <ol><li> Riposizionare il grasso e muscoli sopra le strutture sottostanti. </li><li> Approssima i bordi dell&#39;incisione e chiudere la ferita utilizzando un clip ferita 7,5 millimetri. Suture o colla sono accettabili per la chiusura della ferita. Analgesici postoperatoria possono essere forniti in questo momento. </li><li> Rimuovere il nastro dal orecchio del mouse. Spegnere il flusso isoflurano e lasciare il mouse per respirare ossigeno puro per 30 secondi a 1 minuto. Plasso il mouse in una gabbia vuota senza biancheria da letto per recuperare da anestesia. </li><li> Quando il mouse è recuperato, esaminare il suo comportamento per i segni di conferma della paralisi facciale. I baffi saranno paralizzati e angolati verso la guancia, il naso viene deviato, e l&#39;occhio non lampeggia in risposta ad un soffio d&#39;aria. </li><li> Animali Casa congiuntamente dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico se sono di sesso femminile. Evitare ospitano topi maschi congiuntamente perché sono più aggressivi e tendono a rimuovere forzatamente clip ferita del loro cagemate, che porta a infezioni. Fornire analgesici postchirurgiche in questo momento, se necessario. </li><li> Monitorare i topi una volta al giorno per diversi giorni dopo l&#39;operazione per assicurarsi che nessuna infezione o altre complicanze si verifica dopo l&#39;intervento. Rimuovere clip ferita 7 - 10 giorni dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico, se non sono caduti fuori da sè. </li><li> Applicare lubrificante pomata occhio l&#39;occhio interessato al giorno per prevenire le complicanze corneali, sia fino a quando il riflesso corneale occhio è recoperti o fino eutanasia. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The critical step for this protocol is positioning the mouse properly before surgery is begun. If the mouse is not lying flat on its side, the ear is not taped at the correct angle, or the incision is made in an incorrect location, then finding the facial nerve becomes much more difficult. When this technique is mastered, surgeries will take only minutes per mouse. 
Either sutures, glue, or wound clips can be used to close the wound. Wound clips are preferred because of the small size of incis...

Esistono molti modelli di lesione del nervo periferico, ma che si distingue per lo studio dei motoneuroni è il modello nervo assotomia facciale. Il nervo facciale, noto anche come VII nervo cranico, ha origine nel ponte e innerva i muscoli espressione facciale 1,2. In questo protocollo chirurgico, il nervo facciale è esposta alla sua uscita dal forame stylomastoid e tagliato o schiacciato. La gravità delle lesioni del nervo può essere classificato secondo le Sunderland 3 classificazioni, che differenzia il pregiudizio in base l&#39;integrità del assoni, endoneurium, perineurio, e epinevrio, che sono strati di tessuto connettivo che in sequenza avvolgono i fasci degli assoni. Nella lesione da schiacciamento (assonotmesi), gli assoni sono interrotti, ma il perineurio e epinevrio sono conservati. Recupero funzionale completa da schiacciamento del nervo facciale si verifica in circa 11 giorni perché la guaina del nervo intatto funge da canale all&#39;interno del quale gli assoni ricrescere 4,5. SulD&#39;altra parte, nel pregiudizio taglio (neurotmesi), gli assoni e tutti i 3 strati di tessuto connettivo sono reciso, e l&#39;intero nervo distale deve ricrescere per ripristinare muscolatura innervazione. Riconnessione chirurgica del epinevrio è spesso eseguita in pazienti umani con lesioni del nervo transection, tuttavia i risultati di recupero sono raramente ottimali. Sono necessarie ulteriori studi per capire il motivo per cui il coraggio non riesce a ricrescere al suo obiettivo e quali terapie possono essere impiegati per migliorare e accelerare il processo di rigenerazione. Ci sono molti vantaggi a studiare lesioni nervose utilizzando il modello di nervo assotomia facciale. In primo luogo, la procedura di nervo assotomia facciale è veloce, facile e altamente riproducibile; e la paralisi risultante dei muscoli facciali non influisce funzioni vitali ed è ben tollerata dall&#39;animale. Perché questo è un modello di lesione del nervo cranico, studiando i corpi cellulari dei motoneuroni è semplificata, poiché i motoneuroni risiedono in una popolazione relativamente omogenea in the nucleo motoria facciale nel ponte. La popolazione differisce in base al modello subnucleare all&#39;interno del nucleo motoria facciale, in quanto vi sono sette subnuclei ogni specifico innervano uno specifico gruppo di muscoli, quindi le differenze subnucleari in risposta a assotomia può influire risultati 2,6,7. Uno dei principali vantaggi del modello di lesione del nervo facciale è che il lato unaxotomized può servire come controllo interno accoppiato perché l&#39;innervazione nervo è altamente simmetrica e non c&#39;è alcuna interferenza tra i nuclei motori facciali 8. Un altro vantaggio di questo metodo chirurgico è la mancanza di un trauma diretto al sistema nervoso centrale o rottura della barriera emato-encefalica 9. Complicazioni, come eccessivo sanguinamento e le infezioni sono rare con questa procedura. Una varietà di analisi può essere effettuata per valutare la risposta fisiologica al danno del nervo. Il recupero del riflesso corneale dell&#39;occhio e attività whisker può essere utilizzato come comportamentalemisura di 10,11 funzionale recupero. Registrazione video di attività vibrisse è attualmente il metodo più efficace per individuare il recupero di innervazione del nervo facciale 12,13. Dopo eutanasia, analisi istologica del tronco cerebrale può essere eseguita sui corpi cellulari motoneuroni nel nucleo motore facciale. Il nucleo del motore del viso è suddiviso in sette subnuclei, ognuno specifico per certi muscoli facciali, che consente per l&#39;esame differenziale delle risposte al danno 2,6. Motoneuroni facciali possono essere contati per quantificare la sopravvivenza delle cellule, o immunoistochimica possono essere utilizzati per identificare biomarcatori e specifiche popolazioni cellulari 14. Il nucleo del motore del viso può essere in paraffina precisione con cattura laser per l&#39;analisi molecolare della risposta cellulare al danno del nervo 15,16. Impatti della assotomia nervo facciale possono essere analizzati nella corteccia motoria 17,18. Inoltre, il nervo può essere sezionato per studiare degenerazione walleriana 19 oassone rigenerazione 20, ed i muscoli possono essere rimosse per studiare giunzioni neuromuscolari 21. Il assotomia nervo facciale può anche essere usato per studiare gli allegati centrali e periferici cellule gliali 22, indirizzare muscolatura 21, e il sistema immunitario di risposta 23. Anche se molto è stato fatto nello studio del modello di assotomia nervo facciale 24, un ulteriore studio di lesioni dei nervi periferici è necessario perché danno del nervo è un problema significativo per i pazienti e trattamenti attuali non riescono a produrre risultati ottimali. Questo modello è un potente strumento per l&#39;esame della risposta fisiologica di lesioni nervose e analizzare l&#39;efficacia delle terapie di rigenerazione nervosa.

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facial nerve axotomy in mice: a model to study motoneuron response to injury

L&#39;obiettivo di questo protocollo chirurgico è quello di esporre il nervo facciale, che innerva la muscolatura facciale, alla sua uscita dal forame stylomastoid e tagliate o schiacciarlo per indurre lesioni dei nervi periferici. I vantaggi di questo intervento sono la sua semplicità, alta riproducibilità, e la mancanza di effetto sulle funzioni vitali o di mobilità dal conseguente paralisi facciale, con il risultato di un risultato chirurgico relativamente mite rispetto ad altri modelli di lesioni nervose. Un importante vantaggio di utilizzare un modello di lesione del nervo cranico è che i motoneuroni risiedono in una popolazione relativamente omogenea nel nucleo motoria facciale nel ponte, semplificando lo studio dei corpi cellulari motoneuroni. A causa della natura simmetrica di innervazione del nervo facciale e la mancanza di diafonia tra i nuclei motori facciali, l&#39;operazione può essere eseguita con il lato unilateralmente unaxotomized serve come controllo interno accoppiato. Una varietà di analisi può essere effettuata dopo l&#39;intervento di asinis la risposta fisiologica, i cui dettagli sono oltre la portata di questo articolo. Ad esempio, il recupero della funzione muscolare può servire come marcatore comportamentale per reinnervation, o motoneuroni può essere quantificato per misurare la sopravvivenza cellulare. Inoltre, i motoneuroni possono essere catturati con precisione mediante microdissezione laser per l&#39;analisi molecolare. Poiché il assotomia nervo facciale è minimamente invasiva e ben tollerato, può essere utilizzato in un&#39;ampia varietà di topi geneticamente modificati. Inoltre, questo modello di intervento può essere utilizzato per analizzare l&#39;efficacia dei trattamenti di lesioni dei nervi periferici. Lesione del nervo facciale fornisce un mezzo per indagare non solo i motoneuroni, ma anche le risposte del microambiente centrale e periferica gliali, il sistema immunitario, e bersaglio muscolatura. Il modello di lesione del nervo facciale è un modello di lesione dei nervi periferici ampiamente accettato che serve come un potente strumento per studiare lesioni nervose e rigenerazione.

Dopo aver eseguito l&#39;assotomia nervo facciale, perdita motoneuroni si verifica come risultato della lesione. Sopravvivenza dei motoneuroni dopo l&#39;infortunio dipende da molte variabili, come il sesso, l&#39;età degli animali al momento della chirurgia, e il timepoint in cui i conteggi motoneurone sono fatto, e la Moran e Graeber revisione 24 e Jinno e Yamada recensione 22 sia riepilogare i dati di sopravvivenza dei motoneuroni. In genere, circa l&#39;86% dei motoneuroni sopravvivere a 28 gi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury at JoVE.com

Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques.

Facial assotomia Nerve in topi: un modello per studiare motoneuroni risposta al danno

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and ...

facial-nerve-axotomy-mice-model-to-study-motoneuron-response-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.7K Views.  Indiana University School of Medicine. We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques. 

Video: Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

Pressione di ventilazione controllata per indurre lesioni polmonari acute nei topi

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

Ricerca

Medicina

The Spared Nerve Injury (SNI) Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared nerve injury (SNI) model induces symptoms of neuropathic pain such as mechanical allodynia i.e. pain due to tactile stimuli that do not normally provoke a painful response [1]. 
The SNI mouse model involves ligation of two of the three branches of the sciatic nerve (the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve), while the sural nerve is left intact [2]. The lesion results in marked hypersensitivity in the lateral area of the paw, which is innervated by the spared sural nerve. The non-operated side of the mouse can be used as a control. The advantages of the SNI model are the robustness of the response and that it doesn&#x2019;t require expert microsurgical skills.
The threshold for mechanical pain response is determined by testing with von Frey filaments of increasing bending force, which are repetitively pressed against the lateral area of the paw [3], [4]. A positive pain reaction is defined as sudden paw withdrawal, flinching and/or paw licking induced by the filament. A positive response in three out of five repetitive stimuli is defined as the pain threshold. 
As demonstrated in the video protocol, C57BL/6 mice experience profound allodynia as early as the day following surgery and maintain this for several weeks.

The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

The Spared Nerve Injury animal model is described here as a mouse model of peripheral neuropathic pain following partial denervation of the sciatic nerve by lesioning the tibial and common peroneal nerve branches, leaving the remaining sural nerve intact. Behavioral modification resulting from mechanical allodynia is quantified by von Frey filaments.

Risparmiato il Nerve pregiudizio (SNI) Modello di Allodinia meccanica indotta nei topi

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared ...

A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed to improve/ameliorate the respiratory failure following high cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we propose a murine pre-clinical model of high SCI at the cervical 2 (C2) metameric level to study diverse post-lesional respiratory neuroplasticity. The technique consists of a surgical partial injury at the C2 level, which will induce a hemiparalysis of the diaphragm due to a deafferentation of the phrenic motoneurons from the respiratory centers located in the brainstem. The contralateral side of the injury remains intact and allows the animal recovery. Unlike other SCIs which affect the locomotor function (at the thoracic and lumbar level), the respiratory function does not require animal motivation and the quantification of the deficit/recovery can be easily performed (diaphragm and phrenic nerve recordings, whole body ventilation). This pre-clinical C2 SCI model is a powerful, useful, and reliable pre-clinical model to study various respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity events at different levels (molecular to physiology) and to test diverse putative therapeutic strategies which might improve the respiration in SCI patients.

Respiratory failure is the leading cause of death following a cervical spinal cord injury. Having a reproducible, quantifiable, and reliable pre-clinical animal model of respiratory failure induced by a partial cervical injury will help to understand the subsequent respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity and allow testing putative repair strategies.

Un modello murino di cervicale lesioni del midollo spinale per studiare post-lesionale respiratoria neuroplasticità

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed ...

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat's Infraorbital Nerve (IoN-CCI) to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain

Animal models are important tools to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. This manuscript describes the surgical and behavioral procedures to study trigeminal neuropathic pain in rats. To meet the specificity of trigeminal neuropathic pain syndromes, the infraorbital nerve (IoN) is subjected to a chronic constriction injury (CCI) by loosely ligating the nerve. An intra-orbital approach is presented here to expose and ligate the IoN in the orbital cavity. After IoN ligation, rats exhibit changes in spontaneous behavior and in response to von Frey hair stimulation that are indicative of persistent pain and mechanical allodynia. Two phases can be defined in the development of the behavioral changes. During the first week following IoN-CCI (phase 1), rats show an increased and asymmetric face grooming activity, i.e., with face wash strokes primarily directed to the nerve-injured IoN territory. A distinction is made between face grooming behavior that is part of a more general body grooming behavior, which remains largely unaffected by IoN-CCI, and face grooming that is neither preceded nor followed by body grooming, which is significantly increased after IoN-CCI. During this period, responsiveness to mechanical stimulation of the IoN territory is reduced. This hyporesponsiveness is abruptly replaced by an extreme hyperresponsiveness whereby even very weak stimulus intensities provoke nocifensive behavior (phase 2). The phenomenological similarities between these behavioral alterations and reported signs of facial pain (i.e., responses to noxious stimulation of the face) suggest the presence of dysesthesia/paresthesia and mechanical allodynia in the ligated IoN territory.

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat&#039;s Infraorbital Nerve IoN-CCI to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain

This manuscript describes a rodent model to study trigeminal neuropathic pain. The methods described include surgical procedures to perform a chronic constriction injury of the rat&#8217;s infraorbital nerve and the post-surgical behavioral tests to measure the changes in spontaneous and evoked behavior that are indicative of persistent pain and allodynia.

Cronica Costrizione Lesioni del Rat infraorbitario Nerve (ION-CCI) per studiare trigemino Dolore neuropatico

Animal models are important tools to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. This manuscript describes the surgical and behavioral ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

Un ripetitivo Concussive trauma cranico Modello nei topi

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Induzione di aterosclerosi accelerata nei topi: il modello "Wire-Injury"

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

Un modello di lesioni del midollo spinale contusivo basato sullo spostamento tissutale nei topi

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Misurazione di contrattilità isometrica dell'arteria mesenterica Mouse con filo Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies that promote efficient bone healing are non-existent and in high demand. Effective and reproducible animal models of fractures healing are needed to understand the complex biological processes associated with bone regeneration. Many animal models of fracture healing have been generated over the years; however, murine fracture models have recently emerged as powerful tools to study bone healing. A variety of open and closed models have been developed, but the closed femoral fracture model stands out as a simple method for generating rapid and reproducible results in a physiologically relevant manner. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice and facilitate a post-fracture stabilization of the femur by inserting an intramedullary steel rod. Although devices such as a nail or a screw offer greater axial and rotational stability, the use of an intramedullary rod provides a sufficient stabilization for consistent healing outcomes without producing new defects in the bone tissue or damaging nearby soft tissue. Radiographic imaging is used to monitor the progression of callus formation, bony union, and subsequent remodeling of the bony callus. Bone healing outcomes are typically associated with the strength of the healed bone and measured with torsional testing. Still, understanding the early cellular and molecular events associated with fracture repair is critical in the study of bone tissue regeneration. The closed femoral fracture model in mice with intramedullary fixation serves as an attractive platform to study bone fracture healing and evaluate therapeutic strategies to accelerate healing.

The murine closed femoral fracture model is a powerful platform to study fracture healing and novel therapeutic strategies to accelerate bone regeneration. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice using an intramedullary steel rod to stabilize the femur.

La generazione delle fratture chiuse femorale in topi: un modello per studiare la guarigione ossea

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies ...

Improved Rodent Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI), induced by coronary heart disease (CHD), causes damage to the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, evidence suggests that thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) does not prevent reperfusion injury. There is still no ideal animal model for MIRI. This study aims to improve the MIRI model in rats to make surgery easier and more feasible. A unique method for establishing MIRI is developed by using a soft tube during a key step of the ischemic period. To explore this method, thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group (n = 10); experimental model group (n = 10); and existing model group (n = 10). Findings of triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, electrocardiography, and percent survival are compared to determine the accuracies and survival rates of the operations. Based on the study results, it has been concluded that the improved surgery method is associated with a higher survival rate, elevated ST-T segment, and larger infarct size, which is expected to mimic the pathology of MIRI better.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model of rat heart is improved by using a self-made retractor, polyvinyl chloride tube, and a unique knotting method. Electrocardiogram, triphenyltetrazolium chloride and histological staining, and percent survival analysis results showed that the improved model group has higher success and survival rates than the already existing model group.

Modello di roditore migliorato di ischemia miocardica e danno da riperfusione

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI), induced by coronary heart disease (CHD), causes damage to the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, evidence ...