<p class="jove_content"&gt; Gli studi attuali sono supportati dal National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute di Grant HL0921-R01, R01-DK083385 e R01HL098294 a HK Eltzschig, il 1K08HL102267-01 a T. Eckle e Fondazione per l&#39;educazione Anestesia e Assegni di Ricerca di T. Eckle e HK Eltzschig e American Heart Association Grant a T. Eckle e HK Eltzschig e Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) borsa di studio di ricerca a M. Koeppen.</p

Osservazioni generali: Tutte le operazioni devono essere effettuate con un microscopio verticale dissezione (Olympus, SZX10 con Z-Axis Messaggio Crank con STU2 Stand Stand Boom) e utilizzando un coagulatore chirurgico (11). I gruppi sperimentali devono corrispondere nel miglior modo possibile per età e peso per garantire la comparabilità dei risultati. Amministrazione di temperatura, pressione arteriosa, anestesia e fluido deve essere stabile nel tempo. 1. Anestesia e preparazione trachea <ol><li> Utilizzare topi C57BL / 6 che sono almeno 10 settimane e hanno un corpo di 22-25 g. Indurre l&#39;anestesia con pentobarbital sodico alla dose di 70 mg / kg ip di peso corporeo (6). Mantenere l&#39;anestesia con circa 10 mg / kg / h di sodio pentobarbital. Siate cauti con sovradosaggio poiché questo potrebbe ridurre significativamente la pressione sanguigna. Ri-somministrazione di pentobarbital - anche dopo ore, può portare ad un aumento dei livelli plasmatici gravi. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;induzione dell&#39;anestesia, i topi sicuro in posizione supina con gli arti superiori e inferiori attaccato al tavolo con un nastro e una sutura fissato alle caviglie. Fare lo stesso per la testa usando i denti. Ritenuta sufficiente è importante per una intubazione di successo e un intervento chirurgico ben controllata. Prima dell&#39;intervento, coprire il mouse con olio minerale per ridurre il rischio di allergia del mouse capelli. Al fine di garantire che la temperatura corporea rimane stabile coprire i topi con avvolgere gli alimenti disponibili in commercio. </li><li> Topi svolge su un tavolo a temperatura controllata riscaldata (RT, Effenberg, Monaco, Germania) con una sonda termometro rettale collegata al controller feedback termico per mantenere la temperatura corporea a 37 ° C. </li><li> Esporre la trachea chirurgicamente. Sezionare le parti laterali e dorsale della trachea del tessuto connettivo e luogo due 3,0 sutura seta chirurgica (Harvard apparecchi, USA) ogni 10 cm di lunghezza sotto la trachea. I punti di sutura dovrebbe essere di circa 1 cm l&#39;uno dall&#39;altro. </li><li> Con attenzione incidere la trachea 3 - 4 mm al di sotto della laringe tra due cartilagini circolari con un McPherson-Vännäs Forbici (8 cm, lama dritta; Strumenti di precisione World, USA). Assicurarsi di non provocare un sanguinamento, per evitare di confondere i parametri di risultato. </li><li> Eseguire una intubazione tracheale con un brusco polietilene cannule (Insyte 22g, Beckton Dickinson, USA). Inserire la punta delle cannule polietilene in un angolo di 85 gradi nella trachea. Poi inclinare il cannule quindi è in linea con il lume tracheale. Lentamente anticipo il tubo a valle della trachea fino alla punta di cannule è scomparso nella apertura del torace. Fissare il tubo in questa posizione con la sutura di seta chirurgica due posti dorsale della trachea (vedi 1.4). </li></ol> 2. Tecnica di ventilazione indotta danno polmonare <ol><li> Collegare il tubo di un ventilatore. Per indurre danno polmonare si usa una tecnica di ventilazione controllata a pressione utilizzando un Servo 900 C da Siemens (DRE Veterinaria, USA). Gli animali saranno ventilati con picco di pressione inspiratoria di 45 mbar, la frequenza di 80 respiri / min e una positiva di fine espirazione pressione di 0-3 mbar con una FiO 2 = 1.0. L&#39;ispirazione al rapporto di scadenza dovrebbe essere 1:1. Nonostante il fatto che il Servo 900 C è costruito come ventilatore per l&#39;uomo, il suo utilizzo in un ambiente controllato ventilatore a pressione eccellenti opere per la ventilazione dei topi. </li><li> Monitor della frequenza cardiaca con un elettrocardiogramma (ad esempio Hewlett Packard, B blingen, Germania). Assicurarsi che la frequenza cardiaca non scenda sotto 400. Si dovrebbe vedere uno spostamento dell&#39;asse cuore a destra, quando la ventilazione meccanica è istituito come un segno di aumento della pressione arteriosa polmonare conseguente a un aumento della pressione intratoracica. Se il mouse si sviluppa bradicardia, controllare la temperatura e la dose di anestetico / concentrazione. Xylacin / Ketamin anestesia induce un cuore cuore di 250 / min e non è pertanto raccomandato. </li><li> Applicare una sostituzione adeguata di liquidi. Un infuso con soluzione salina normale 0,1 ml / ora tramite un catetere arterioso o venoso deve essere eseguito prima della ventilazione, per garantire archiviazione sufficiente venosa. A causa delle alte pressioni di ventilazione è compromessa il ritorno venoso al cuore, che potrebbe portare ad un calo critico della pressione arteriosa media. Inoltre, il bolo di soluzione fisiologica di 500 microlitri potrebbe essere dato ip prima dell&#39;intervento. </li><li> Posizionare un catetere in arteria carotide per la registrazione continua della pressione sanguigna (27). Fissare il braccio al corpo prima di iniziare la dissezione dell&#39;arteria. L&#39;arteria carotidea è esposta tramite dissezione dei muscoli paratracheali. A seguito di evitare ulteriore esposizione e attento di qualsiasi trauma dei tessuti (in particolare del nervo vagale), un catetere viene inserito nel vaso con due punti di sutura e un morsetto piccolo (37). Questo esporrà un segmento più lungo l&#39;arteria. Inserire una legatura alla fine della carotide. Fissare una pinza più grande per la fine della sutura per ottenere ° tensione o fissaree sutura al tavolo con del nastro. Posto un altro sutura intorno all&#39;arteria e sezionare l&#39;arteria fino alla fine distale. Qui, posto una fascetta di piccole dimensioni. Usare le forbici per tagliare micro una piccola apertura in diagonale l&#39;arteria. Tenere l&#39;apertura con una pinza sottile (Dumont, WPI) e far avanzare il catetere di dimensione corretta, con le mani / pinze. Fare un nodo con il tuo sutura secondo e sicuro l&#39;arteria. Allentare il morsetto e far avanzare il catetere ulteriormente. Fissare il catetere con parecchi nodi e nastro. In alternativa, il catetere in arteria carotide può essere posto alla fine dell&#39;esperimento per raccogliere campioni di sangue arterioso per l&#39;analisi dei gas del sangue. </li></ol> 3. Recupero di campioni di tessuto Dopo 3 ore di ventilazione meccanica, i campioni vengono raccolti per valutare l&#39;entità del danno polmonare. Si consiglia di raccolta del fluido brochnoalveolar lavaggio (BAL), il sangue arterioso e nel tessuto polmonare. <ol><li> Ottenere BAL alla fine dell&#39;esperimento. Dopo l&#39;approfondimento di anestesia, sciacquare il tubo tracheale con 1 ml di tampone fosfato salino (PBS). Il fluido deve rimanere nella trachea / polmoni per tre secondi prima che sia il recupero attraverso la siringa collegata. Il BAL è snap-congelato in azoto liquido e conservati a -80 ° C per ulteriori analisi. Essere consapevoli del fatto che il volume recuperato potrebbe essere significativamente inferiore a 1 ml. </li><li> Effettuare analisi dei gas del sangue, alla fine dell&#39;esperimento. Per farlo, un&#39;incisione dovrebbe essere fatto proprio sotto lo sterno. Tenere lo sterno con una pinza e misura l&#39;incisione lungo la gabbia toracica. Successivamente, il diaframma è inciso ai bordi ed è tagliata fuori dalle costole. Ora c&#39;è una bella vista in apertura inferiore del torace. Sollevare lo sterno con una pinza e aprire il torace da tagli lunghi sul lato destro e sinistro (come laterale possibile) in modo che la parete toracica anteriore completo è rivolto verso l&#39;alto. Questo dovrebbe essere fatto, mentre l&#39;animale sperimentale è ancora a ventilazione meccanica. Il ventricolo sinistro è perforato con un ago 27 ½ G e analisi del sangue arterioso viene eseguita utilizzando il sistema i-STAT (Abbott, USA). Se l&#39;emogasanalisi deve essere eseguita, un BAL non è possibile ottenere, dal momento che questo sarà un fattore confondente significativo per i risultati. </li><li> In alternativa al metodo precedente, campioni di sangue arterioso possono essere raccolti tramite il catetere in arteria carotide. Tuttavia questo dovrebbe essere fatto prima che il BAL si ottiene. </li><li> Dell&#39;accisa i polmoni in blocco tirando il cuore e tagliato la trachea. Avere un pezzo di tessuto pronti ad assorbire il sangue, in modo che il sito chirurgico è visibile. Tirare il cuore in direzione del ventre e tagliato con cura lungo la spina dorsale di mobilitare tutti gli organi toracici. Tagliare l&#39;aorta, rimuovere gli organi toracici e metterli su un tavolo pulito chirurgico. </li><li> Tagliare il cuore e il vaso principale del campione di tessuto. Assicurarsi che non vi è alcun tessuto del timo ancora attaccato al polmone. Separare i polmoni con una forbice e il luogo in singoli tubi e gli snap-congelare. Conservare a -80 ° C per ulteriori analisi. </li></ol> 4. Misura del danno polmonare Si consiglia di utilizzare i seguenti parametri esito per valutare l&#39;entità del danno polmonare: Eseguire un albumina ELISA (Bethyl Laboratories, USA) e un mieloperossidasi (MPO) ELISA (Hycult Biotechnology, USA) per valutare il grado di disfunzione della barriera e la quantità di infiammazione cellule nel BAL. Eseguire un MPO ELISA anche formare il tessuto polmonare. Se bagnato a secco rapporto deve essere misurata non otteniamo BAL e la circolazione polmonare non viene svuotata (vedi 3.3). Misurare il peso dei polmoni dopo l&#39;escissione. Poi polmoni sono liofilizzati per 48 ore e nel tessuto polmonare di nuovo si misura. Poi il bagnato a secco rapporto è misurato come milligrammi di acqua per mg di tessuto secco (5). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2525/2525fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Contenuto proteico nel BAL in risposta a VILI. I topi sono stati anestetizzati con pentobarbital, ventilazione meccanica è stato istituito e topi sono stati ventilati con pressione controllata impostazioni (pressione inspiratoria di 45 mbar, positiva di fine exspiratory pressione 3 mbar, 100% ispirata concentrazione di ossigeno). Dopo 0, ore 1, 2 e 3 della ventilazione BAL è stato raccolto e il contenuto proteico è stato quantificato usando un test bicinchoninic acido (dosaggio BCA). La variazione relativa del contenuto proteico viene mostrato normalizzata a 0 ore di ventilazione (n = 4 per gruppo, indica * p &lt;0,05 rispetto ai controlli, media ± SEM)

<ol>
	<li>Eckle, T., Faigle, M., Grenz, A., Laucher, S., Thompson, L. F., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A2B+adenosine+receptor+dampens+hypoxia-induced+vascular+leak.">A2B adenosine receptor dampens hypoxia-induced vascular leak.</a> Blood. 111, 2024-2035 (2008).</li><li>Eckle, T., Fullbier, L. G. r. e. n. z., A, ., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Usefulness+of+pressure-controlled+ventilation+at+high+inspiratory+pressures+to+induce+acute+lung+injury+in+mice.">Usefulness of pressure-controlled ventilation at high inspiratory pressures to induce acute lung injury in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 295, 718-724 (2008).</li><li>Eckle, T., Fullbier, L., Wehrmann, M., Khoury, J., Mittelbronn, M., Ibla, J., Rosenberger, P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+ectonucleotidases+CD39+and+CD73+in+innate+protection+during+acute+lung+injury.">Identification of ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 in innate protection during acute lung injury.</a> J Immunol. 178, 8127-8137 (2007).</li><li>Eckle, T., Grenz, A., Kohler, D., Redel, A., Falk, M., Rolauffs, B., Osswald, H., Kehl, F., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+evaluation+of+a+novel+model+for+cardiac+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Systematic evaluation of a novel model for cardiac ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 291, 2533-2540 (2006).</li><li>Eckle, T., Grenz, A., Laucher, S., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A2B+adenosine+receptor+signaling+attenuates+acute+lung+injury+by+enhancing+alveolar+fluid+clearance+in+mice.">A2B adenosine receptor signaling attenuates acute lung injury by enhancing alveolar fluid clearance in mice.</a> J Clin Invest. 118, 3301-3315 (2008).</li><li>Eckle, T., Krahn, T., Grenz, A., Kohler, D., Mittelbronn, M., Ledent, C., Jacobson, M. A., Osswald, H., Thompson, L. F., Unertl, K., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardioprotection+by+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+(CD73)+and+A2B+adenosine+receptors.">Cardioprotection by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) and A2B adenosine receptors.</a> Circulation. 115, 1581-1590 (2007).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenosine:+an+old+drug+newly+discovered.">Adenosine: an old drug newly discovered.</a> Anesthesiology. 111, 904-915 (2009).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K., Eckle, T., Mager, A., Kuper, N., Karcher, C., Weissmuller, T., Boengler, K., Schulz, R., Robson, S. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATP+release+from+activated+neutrophils+occurs+via+connexin+43+and+modulates+adenosine-dependent+endothelial+cell+function.">ATP release from activated neutrophils occurs via connexin 43 and modulates adenosine-dependent endothelial cell function.</a> Circ Res. 99, 1100-1108 (2006).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K., Ibla, J. C., Furuta, G. T., Leonard, M. O., Jacobson, K. A., Enjyoji, K., Robson, S. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinated+adenine+nucleotide+phosphohydrolysis+and+nucleoside+signaling+in+posthypoxic+endothelium:+role+of+ectonucleotidases+and+adenosine+A2B+receptors.">Coordinated adenine nucleotide phosphohydrolysis and nucleoside signaling in posthypoxic endothelium: role of ectonucleotidases and adenosine A2B receptors.</a> J Exp Med. 198, 783-796 (2003).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K., Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Kong, T., Robson, S. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+role+of+Sp1-regulated+CD39+in+hypoxia/ischemia+protection.">Central role of Sp1-regulated CD39 in hypoxia/ischemia protection.</a> Blood. 113, 224-232 (2009).</li><li>Frick, J. S., MacManus, C. F., Scully, M., Glover, L. E., Eltzschig, H. K., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+adenosine+A2B+receptors+to+inflammatory+parameters+of+experimental+colitis.">Contribution of adenosine A2B receptors to inflammatory parameters of experimental colitis.</a> J Immunol. 182, 4957-4964 (2009).</li><li>Grenz, A., Eckle, T., Zhang, H., Huang, D. Y., Wehrmann, M., Kohle, C., Unertl, K., Osswald, H., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+hanging-weight+system+for+isolated+renal+artery+occlusion+during+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Use of a hanging-weight system for isolated renal artery occlusion during ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 292, 475-485 (2007).</li><li>Grenz, A., Osswald, H., Eckle, T., Yang, D., Zhang, H., Tran, Z. V., Klingel, K., Ravid, K., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Reno-Vascular+A2B+Adenosine+Receptor+Protects+the+Kidney+from+Ischemia.">The Reno-Vascular A2B Adenosine Receptor Protects the Kidney from Ischemia.</a> PLoS Medicine. 5, e137-e137 (2008).</li><li>Grenz, A., Zhang, H., Eckle, T., Mittelbronn, M., Wehrmann, M., Kohle, C., Kloor, D., Thompson, L. F., Osswald, H., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+role+of+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+(CD73)+in+renal+ischemia.">Protective role of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in renal ischemia.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 18, 833-845 (2007).</li><li>Grenz, A., Zhang, H., Hermes, M., Eckle, T., Klingel, K., Huang, D. Y., Muller, C. E., Robson, S. C., Osswald, H., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+E-NTPDase1+(CD39)+to+renal+protection+from+ischemia-reperfusion+injury.">Contribution of E-NTPDase1 (CD39) to renal protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury.</a> FASEB J. 21, 2863-2873 (2007).</li><li>Grenz, A., Zhang, H., Weingart, J., von Wietersheim, S., Eckle, T., Schnermann, J. B., Kohle, C., Kloor, D., Gleiter, C. H., Vallon, V., Eltzschig, H. K., Osswald, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lack+of+effect+of+extracellular+adenosine+generation+and+signalling+on+renal+erythropoietin+secretion+during+hypoxia.">Lack of effect of extracellular adenosine generation and signalling on renal erythropoietin secretion during hypoxia.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. , (2007).</li><li>Haeberle, H. A., Durrstein, C., Rosenberger, P., Hosakote, Y. M., Kuhlicke, J., Kempf, V. A., Garofalo, R. P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen-independent+stabilization+of+hypoxia+inducible+factor+(HIF)-1+during+RSV+infection.">Oxygen-independent stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 during RSV infection.</a> PLoS ONE. 3, e3352-e3352 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Gorzolla, I. C., Schittenhelm, J., Robson, S. C., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SP1-dependent+induction+of+CD39+facilitates+hepatic+ischemic+preconditioning.">SP1-dependent induction of CD39 facilitates hepatic ischemic preconditioning.</a> J Immunol. 184, 4017-4024 (2010).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Henn, M., Kohler, D., Kloor, D., Mittelbronn, M., Gorzolla, I. C., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+extracellular+nucleotide+phosphohydrolysis+in+intestinal+ischemia-reperfusion+injury.">Role of extracellular nucleotide phosphohydrolysis in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.</a> FASEB J. 22, 2784-2797 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Jacobi, B., Schittenhelm, J., Henn, M., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+Edge:+A2B+Adenosine+receptor+signaling+provides+potent+protection+during+intestinal+ischemia/reperfusion+injury.">Cutting Edge: A2B Adenosine receptor signaling provides potent protection during intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.</a> J Immunol. 182, 3965-3968 (2009).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Kloor, D., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+treatment+of+mouse+or+human+blood+with+soluble+5'-nucleotidase+inhibits+platelet+aggregation.">Direct treatment of mouse or human blood with soluble 5'-nucleotidase inhibits platelet aggregation.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 28, 1477-1483 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Much, C., Gorzolla, I. C., Schittenhelm, J., Kloor, D., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+adenosine+production+by+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+protects+during+murine+hepatic+ischemic+preconditioning.">Extracellular adenosine production by ecto-5'-nucleotidase protects during murine hepatic ischemic preconditioning.</a> Gastroenterology. 135, 1739-1750 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Much, C., Kohler, D., Schittenhelm, J., Gorzolla, I. C., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+hanging-weight+system+for+liver+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Use of a hanging-weight system for liver ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 294, 1431-1440 (2008).</li><li>Hartmann, H., Eltzschig, H. K., Wurz, H., Hantke, K., Rakin, A., Yazdi, A. S., Matteoli, G., Bohn, E., Autenrieth, I. B., Karhausen, J., Neumann, D., Colgan, S. P., Kempf, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-independent+activation+of+HIF-1+by+enterobacteriaceae+and+their+siderophores.">Hypoxia-independent activation of HIF-1 by enterobacteriaceae and their siderophores.</a> Gastroenterology. 134, 756-767 (2008).</li><li>Heinzelmann, F., Jendrossek, V., Lauber, K., Nowak, K., Eldh, T., Boras, R., Handrick, R., Henkel, M., Martin, C., Uhlig, S., Kohler, D., Eltzschig, H. K., Wehrmann, M., Budach, W., Belka, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Irradiation-induced+pneumonitis+mediated+by+the+CD95/CD95-ligand+system.">Irradiation-induced pneumonitis mediated by the CD95/CD95-ligand system.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 98, 1248-1251 (2006).</li><li>Koeppen, M., Eckle, T., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+deletion+of+the+A1+adenosine+receptor+abolishes+heart-rate+slowing+effects+of+intravascular+adenosine+in+vivo.">Selective deletion of the A1 adenosine receptor abolishes heart-rate slowing effects of intravascular adenosine in vivo.</a> PLoS One. 4, e6784-e6784 (2009).</li><li>Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Faigle, M., Grenz, A., Mittelbronn, M., Laucher, S., Hart, M. L., Robson, S. C., Muller, C. E., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD39/ectonucleoside+triphosphate+diphosphohydrolase+1+provides+myocardial+protection+during+cardiac+ischemia/reperfusion+injury.">CD39/ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 provides myocardial protection during cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury.</a> Circulation. 116, 1784-1794 (2007).</li><li>Kuhlicke, J., Frick, J. S., Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+Inducible+Factor+(HIF)-1+Coordinates+Induction+of+Toll-Like+Receptors+TLR2+and+TLR6+during+Hypoxia.">Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 Coordinates Induction of Toll-Like Receptors TLR2 and TLR6 during Hypoxia.</a> PLoS ONE. 2, e1364-e1364 (2007).</li><li>Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Kuhlicke, J., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIF-1-dependent+repression+of+adenosine+kinase+attenuates+hypoxia-induced+vascular+leak.">HIF-1-dependent repression of adenosine kinase attenuates hypoxia-induced vascular leak.</a> Blood. 111, 5571-5580 (2008).</li><li>Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Nivillac, N. M., Coe, I. R., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-inducible+factor-dependent+repression+of+equilibrative+nucleoside+transporter+2+attenuates+mucosal+inflammation+during+intestinal+hypoxia.">Hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent repression of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 attenuates mucosal inflammation during intestinal hypoxia.</a> Gastroenterology. 136, 607-618 (2009).</li><li>Reutershan, J., Vollmer, I., Stark, S., Wagner, R., Ngamsri, K. C., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenosine+and+inflammation:+CD39+and+CD73+are+critical+mediators+in+LPS-induced+PMN+trafficking+into+the+lungs.">Adenosine and inflammation: CD39 and CD73 are critical mediators in LPS-induced PMN trafficking into the lungs.</a> FASEB J. 23, 473-482 (2009).</li><li>Schingnitz, U., Hartmann, K., Macmanus, C. F., Eckle, T., Zug, S., Colgan, S. P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+through+the+A2B+adenosine+receptor+dampens+endotoxin-induced+acute+lung+injury.">Signaling through the A2B adenosine receptor dampens endotoxin-induced acute lung injury.</a> J Immunol. 184, 5271-5279 (2010).</li><li>Thompson, L. F., Eltzschig, H. K., Ibla, J. C., Van De Wiele, C. J., Resta, R., Morote-Garcia, J. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crucial+role+for+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+(CD73)+in+vascular+leakage+during+hypoxia.">Crucial role for ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in vascular leakage during hypoxia.</a> J. Exp. Med. 200, 1395-1405 (2004).</li><li>Aherne, C. M., Kewley, E. M., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+resurgence+of+A2B+adenosine+receptor+signaling.">The resurgence of A2B adenosine receptor signaling.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. , (2010).</li><li>Eckle, T., Koeppen, M., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+extracellular+adenosine+in+acute+lung+injury.">Role of extracellular adenosine in acute lung injury.</a> Physiology (Bethesda). 24, 298-306 (2009).</li><li>Koeppen, M., Feil, R., Siegl, D., Feil, S., Hofmann, F., Pohl, U., de Wit, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=cGMP-dependent+protein+kinase+mediates+NO-+but+not+acetylcholine-induced+dilations+in+resistance+vessels+in+vivo.">cGMP-dependent protein kinase mediates NO- but not acetylcholine-induced dilations in resistance vessels in vivo.</a> Hypertension. 44, 952-955 (2004).</li></ol>

Il presente studio descrive una tecnica di esecuzione di ventilazione indotta dal danno polmonare nei topi. Questo modello dimostra lesioni altamente riproducibili a causa di una ventilazione ad alta pressione. Gli investigatori che considerano gli studi acuta danno polmonare nei topi possono trarre beneficio da questo modello.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Nome del reagente </th><th> Azienda </th><th> Numero di catalogo </th><th> Commenti (opzionale) </th></tr><tr><td> Pentobarbital di sodio (Fatal Plus) </td><td> Vortech Pharmaceutical Ls, Ltd, </td><td> VPL 9372 </td><td> 4mg/ml in soluzione salina </td></tr><tr><td> Insyte 22 G </td><td> Beckton Dickinson </td><td> n / a </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sutura, seta 4,0 </td><td> Harvard Apparatus </td><td> 517698 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sutura, Prolene 8,0 </td><td> Ethicon, USA </td><td> M8739 </td><td> riutilizzabili </td></tr><tr><td> Siemens 900 ° C </td><td> DRE Veterinaria, Stati Uniti </td><td> # 336 </td><td> ristrutturato </td></tr><tr><td> microscopio da dissezione (SZX10) </td><td> Olimpo </td><td> n / a </td><td> considerare generosa distanza di lavoro </td></tr><tr><td> Riscaldamento Tabella </td><td> Rt, Effenberger, Germania </td><td> n / a </td><td> unico fornitore e un&#39;unica </td></tr><tr><td> Pressione arteriosa periferica </td><td> Cyber ​​Senso, Inc </td><td> BPM02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> I STAT </td><td> Abbott </td><td> n / a </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

pressure controlled ventilation to induce acute lung injury in mice

Modelli murini sono ampiamente utilizzati per studiare le lesioni acute dei diversi sistemi di organi (1-34). Danno polmonare acuto (ALI), che si verifica con ventilazione meccanica prolungata, contribuisce alla morbilità e la mortalità della malattia critica, e studi su nuovi bersagli farmacologici o genetici sono aree di indagine intensa (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33 -36). ALI è definita dalla insorgenza acuta della malattia, che porta alla non-cardiaco edema polmonare e conseguente compromissione polmonare di scambio dei gas (36). Abbiamo sviluppato un modello murino di ALI, utilizzando una pressione di ventilazione controllata per indurre ventilazione indotta dal danno polmonare (2). A tal fine, i topi C57BL / 6 sono anestetizzati e una tracheotomia viene eseguita seguita da induzione di ALI tramite ventilazione meccanica. I topi sono ventilati in una pressione controllata ambiente con una pressione inspiratoria di picco di 45 mbar oltre 1 - 3 ore. Come parametri di risultato, edema polmonare (bagnato a secco ratio), il contenuto liquido broncoalveolare albumina, fluido broncoalveolare e polmonare contenuti mieloperossidasi dei tessuti e degli scambi gassosi polmonari sono valutati (2). Con questa tecnica si potrebbe dimostrare che induce sufficientemente infiammazione acuta dei polmoni e può distinguere tra diversi gruppi di trattamento o genotipi (1-3, 5). Pertanto questa tecnica può essere utile per i ricercatori che perseguono meccanismi molecolari coinvolti nella ALI utilizzando un approccio genetico nei topi con il gene-mirati eliminazione.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice at JoVE.com

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Un modello murino per lesioni ventilatore polmonare indotta è un importante strumento per studiare una lesione acuta del polmone<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt;. Qui, segnalano un caso facile<em&gt; In situ</emModello&gt; di danno polmonare acuto con alta pressione ventilazione meccanica per indurre insufficienza acuta del polmone.

Pressione di ventilazione controllata per indurre lesioni polmonari acute nei topi

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

pressure-controlled-ventilation-to-induce-acute-lung-injury-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

18.2K Views.  University of Colorado. Un modello murino per lesioni ventilatore polmonare indotta è un importante strumento per studiare una lesione acuta del polmone In vivo. Qui, segnalano un caso facile In situ di danno polmonare acuto con alta pressione ventilazione meccanica per indurre insufficienza acuta del polmone.

Video: Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

Controllata cervicale lesioni lacerazione nei topi

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

Ischemia-riperfusione Modello di danno renale acuta e post Infortunio fibrosi nei topi

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Controllata corticale modello Impact per trauma cranico

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these strategies is to examine their effects on heart function. There are several techniques to measure in vivo cardiac mechanics (e.g., echocardiography, pressure/volume relations, etc.). Compared to echocardiography, real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure/volume analysis via catheterization is more precise and insightful in assessing LV function. Additionally, LV pressure/volume analysis provides the ability to instantaneously record changes during manipulations of contractility (e.g., &#946;-adrenergic stimulation) and pathological insults (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). In addition to the maximum (+dP/dt) and minimum (-dP/dt) rate of pressure change in the LV, an accurate assessment of LV function via several load-independent indexes (e.g., end systolic pressure volume relationship and preload recruitable stroke work) can be attained. Heart rate has a significant effect on LV contractility such that an increase in the heart rate is the primary mechanism to increase cardiac output (i.e., Bowditch effect). Thus, when comparing hemodynamics between experimental groups, it is necessary to have similar heart rates. Furthermore, a hallmark of many cardiomyopathy models is a decrease in contractile reserve (i.e., decreased Bowditch effect). Consequently, vital information can be obtained by determining the effects of increasing heart rate on contractility. Our and others data has demonstrated that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) knockout mouse has decreased contractility. Here we describe the procedure of measuring LV pressure/volume with increasing heart rates using the NOS1 knockout mouse model.

This article describes the measurement of murine left ventricular function via pressure/volume analysis at different heart rates.

Cateterizzazione cardiaca nei topi per misurare il rapporto pressione del volume: Indagare l&#39;effetto Bowditch

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

Aprire tracheostomia gastrico acido aspirazione Modello murino di lesioni polmonari acute Risultati in massima acuta non letale Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

Basato su palloncino ferita per indurre iperplasia Myointimal nell'Aorta addominale di Mouse

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

A Closed-chest Model to Induce Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to perform a partial thoracotomy to visualize the transverse aortic arch. However, the surgical trauma caused by the thoracotomy in open-chest models changes the respiratory physiology as the ribs are dissected and left unattached after chest closure. To prevent this, we established a minimally invasive, closed chest approach via lateral thoracotomy. Herein we approach the aortic arch via the 2nd intercostal space without entering the chest cavities, leaving the mouse with a less traumatic injury to recover from. We perform this operation using standard laboratory settings for open chest TAC procedures with equal survival rates. Apart from maintaining physiological breathing patterns due to the closed chest approach, the mice seem to benefit by showing rapid recovery, as the less invasive technique appears to facilitate a fast healing process and to reduce immune response after trauma.

Here, we present a protocol of Transverse Aortic constriction (TAC) via a lateral thoracotomy. This technique is a minimally invasive, closed chest surgical procedure aiming to simulate pressure overload and heart failure in mice utilizing standard TAC laboratory settings.

Un modello chiuso-cassa per indurre costrizione trasversale aortica in topi

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to ...

Real-time Pressure-volume Analysis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any potential therapeutic approach directed against acute left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Current imaging modalities (e.g., echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging) have several limitations since data on LV pressure cannot directly be measured. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion could serve as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.
At the beginning of the procedure, mice were anesthetized followed by endotracheal intubation. For LV catheterization, the right carotid artery was exposed via middle-neck incision. The catheter was introduced and placed into the LV cavity. Left thoracotomy was conducted and the left main coronary artery (LCA) was ligated. To induce reperfusion, the suture was released after 45 min. Pressure-volume data was recorded at all times.
Ligation of the LCA caused a decrease in LV systolic function as evidenced by a 30% reduction in stroke volume, LV ejection fraction (EF), and cardiac output. Maximum dP/dt as a parameter for LV contractility was also significantly reduced and diastolic function was severely impaired (minimum dP/dt -40%). Reperfusion over a period of 20 min did not lead to a complete recovery of LV function.
Real-time pressure-volume analysis served as a valid procedure for monitoring cardiac function during acute myocardial infarction in mice. Maintaining stable anesthesia and a standardized surgical approach was crucial to ensure valid results. As the early phase of acute myocardial infarction is critical for morbidity and mortality, the delineated method could be beneficial for preclinical evaluation of new strategies for cardioprotection.

Acute myocardial infarction in mice induces acute but incompletely characterized changes in left ventricular (LV) function. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion serves as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.

Analisi in tempo reale pressione-volume di infarto miocardico acuto nei topi

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any ...

Lung Fixation under Constant Pressure for Evaluation of Emphysema in Mice

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung fixation to produce reliable histological specimens of the lung. Due to the nature of the lung&rsquo;s structural composition, which consists largely of air and tissue, there is a risk that it collapses or deflates during the fixation process. Various lung fixation methods exist, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. The lung fixation method presented here utilizes constant pressure to enable optimal tissue evaluation for studies using an emphysematous mouse lung model. The main advantage is that it can fix many lungs with the same condition at one time. Lung specimens are obtained from chronic cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Lung fixation is performed using specialized equipment that enables the production of constant pressure. This constant pressure maintains the lung in a reasonably inflated state. Thus, this method generates a histological specimen of the lung that is suitable to evaluate cigarette smoke-induced mild emphysema.

Presented here is a useful protocol for lung fixation that creates a stable condition for histological evaluate of lung specimens from a mouse model of emphysema. The main advantage of this model is that it can fix many lungs with the same constant pressure without lung collapse or deflation.

Fissazione polmonare sotto pressione costante per la valutazione dell'enfisema nei topi

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

Indurre lesioni polmonari acute nei topi mediante instillazione diretta del lipopolioaccaride intracheale

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...