The authors thank S. Tausch for excellent technical assistance. The work was supported by BMBF (Bernstein Focus 01GQ0923) and DFG (FOR1738).

NOTA: Tutte le procedure che coinvolgono gli animali viventi sono state effettuate in conformità con la direttiva comunitaria 86/609 / CEE del Consiglio le linee guida sulla cura e l&#39;uso di animali da laboratorio e approvato dal comitato etico locale (Thüringer Landesamt für Lebensmittelsicherheit und Verbraucherschutz). 1. Iniezione intraperitoneale della timidina Analoghi <ol><li> Pesare animali il giorno prima dell&#39;iniezione. Calcolare la quantità di timidina analogico richiesto per tutte le iniezioni in programma il giorno successivo, così come i singoli volumi di iniezione ponderati di un / ml di soluzione di 10 mg. </li><li> Preparare timidina soluzione madre di 10 mg / ml. (ATTENZIONE! Analoghi della timidina sono tossici. Seguire le specifiche schede di sicurezza (MSDS) fornite dai fornitori, vale a dire, indossare camice e guanti, usare una cappa). <ol><li> Prendere timidina analogico dal freezer e portarlo a RT, circa. 21 ° C. Pesare 10 mg e aggiungeresalina sterile (per BrdU e CldU) o 0,04 N NaOH (in soluzione salina sterile, per IDU), vortice. Posizionare per almeno 10 - 15 minuti in un bagno d&#39;acqua a 50 ° C e agitare ogni 2 - 3 minuti per sciogliere la polvere. NOTA: utilizzare soluzioni per un massimo di 24 ore se conservato a temperatura ambiente e per diverse settimane a -20 ° C. Proteggere le soluzioni dalla luce (coprire con un foglio di alluminio). Controllare sempre per precipitati e ri-sciogliere, se necessario. </li></ol></li><li> Trattenere il mouse per la collottola e intraperitoneale iniettare una, adattata al peso appropriato volume di soluzione di riserva (a temperatura ambiente) con una siringa di dosaggio fine con un G 30 ago. NOTA: In caso CldU e Idu devono essere somministrati sequenzialmente all&#39;interno dello stesso animale, ritengono iniettare concentrazioni equimolari (ad esempio, 42,5 mg / kg CldU e 57,5 mg / kg IdU, che corrispondono a 50 mg / kg BrdU). Pertanto, regolare i volumi di iniezione delle soluzioni 10 mg / ml di archivi conseguenza. </li></ol> 2. Preparazione del tessuto <ol><li> Prepare 4% di formaldeide in tampone fosfato 0,1 M pH 7,4, il giorno prima della perfusione. Conservare a 4 ° C. </li><li> Transcardially perfusione topi profondamente anestetizzati (3,5% isoflurano) attraverso il ventricolo sinistro con 10 ml PBS freddo, poi con 40 ml ghiacciata formaldeide (portata 5 ml / min). Sezionare il cervello e post-fix nello stesso fissativo per 24 ore a 4 ° C. </li><li> Trasferire il cervello consecutivamente in 10% (24 ore a 4 ° C) e del 30% di saccarosio (fino lavandini cerebrali, ca. 48 ore). Per il congelamento, lentamente immergere il cervello crioprotetti in -25 ° C fino a quando non isopentano bolle emergono dal tessuto. Conservare a -80 ° C. </li><li> Tagliare sezioni coronali di 40 micron di spessore su un microtomo congelatore (temperatura del blocco a -25 a -16 ° C). Trasferimento sequenziale sezioni in soluzione antigelo contenente pozzetti di una piastra di coltura cellulare di 24 pozzetti (vedi figura 1). Conservare a -20 ° C. </li></ol><img alt = &quot;Figura 1&quot; src = &quot;/ files / ftp_upload / 52551 / 52551fig1.jpg&quot; /&gt; Figura 1. Schema di trasferire fette microtomo in un 24-pozzetti. Inizia a A1 e mettere le fette successive in riga A, dopo A6 passare alla riga successiva B e così via. Al raggiungimento D6, tornare a A1 e continuare. Questa disposizione consente di fette per la quantificazione di ogni n ° sezione di un intero cervello. Per la quantificazione delle cellule neonate prendere ogni 6 th sezione cervello (equivalente al contenuto di una colonna), per immunofluorescenza fenotipizzazione prendere ogni sezione 12 th (equivalente al contenuto di 2 righe alternate di una colonna). 3. Immunostaining NOTA: Le sezioni sono lavorate senza flottante, di solito in 6 pozzetti dotati di una piastra di supporto e inserti in mesh. In via eccezionale, il blocco, incubazioni anticorpi e reazioni ABC sono fatto in 12 o 24 e piastre senza inserti in rete (da 0,5 a 1 ml per well è sufficiente, a seconda del numero di fette che devono essere tinto). Durante queste fasi, di trasferire le sezioni con l&#39;aiuto di un pennello sottile (risciacquare con ogni nuova soluzione). Tutte le incubazioni sono fatti con agitazione continua (max 150 rpm). <ol><li> Immunoistochimica (metodo ABC) <ol><li> Trasferire le sezioni di antigelo in TBS e risciacquare abbondantemente (una volta O / N a 4 ° C, 5 volte a temperatura ambiente per 10 minuti ciascuno) per rimuovere completamente l&#39;antigelo. </li><li> Incubare per 30 min a 1,5% H 2 O 2 in TBS-T per placare la perossidasi endogena. Prestare attenzione alla frizzante e ri-immergere le sezioni, se necessario. Lavare 3 volte in TBS per 15 min ciascuno. </li><li> Optional: Nel frattempo preriscaldare un armadio di riscaldamento e 2 N HCl a 37 ° C. Incubare sezioni per 30 min a 37 ° C in 2 N HCl per denaturare il DNA. Delicatamente sezioni separate con l&#39;aiuto di una spazzola. </li><li> Optional: Neutralizzare le sezioni per 10 min a 0,1 M borato a pH8.5, RT. Durante il trasferimento, brevemente tamponare gli inserti in mesh che contengono sezioni su un tovagliolo di carta per rimuovere avanzi HCl. Lavare 2 volte in TBS per 15 min ciascuno. </li><li> Incubare in TBSplus per permeabilize il tessuto e per bloccare legame anticorpo siti non specifici, 1 ora a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Incubare in anticorpo primario diluito in TBSplus, O / N a 4 ° C. Lavare 3 volte in TBS per 15 min ciascuno. </li><li> Incubare in biotinilato anticorpo secondario diluito in TBSplus, 3 ore a temperatura ambiente. Lavare 3 volte in TBS per 15 min ciascuno. Nel frattempo ... </li><li> Preparare complesso ABC secondo il protocollo del produttore (1% A + 1% B in TBS-T). Lasciare riposare per 30 minuti a temperatura ambiente prima dell&#39;uso. Incubare sezioni AB reagente per 1 ora a RT. Lavare 3 volte in TBS per 15 min ciascuno. </li><li> Preparare 50 ml di 0,5 mg / ml DAB in TBS-T per 6 o 12 pozzetti, diviso in due metà e pipette 4 ml o 2 ml per pozzetto rispettivamente. Trasferimento sezioni in DAB soluzione (ATTENZIONE! DAB è tossico. Seguire la specific MSDS fornite dal fornitore, vale a dire, indossare camice e guanti, utilizzano una cappa). </li><li> Aggiungere 0,5 ml di 1% H 2 O 2 al restante soluzione DAB 25 ml, mescolare e volumi pipetta equivalenti come sopra ad ogni pozzetto per iniziare la reazione perossidasi. Incubare per 12 min. Lavare 3 volte in TBS per 15 min ciascuno. </li><li> Montare le sezioni per diapositive in gelatina, aria secca O / N. Coverslip con mezzo di montaggio permanente. </li><li> Optional: Controcolorare prima di mettere il vetrino (vedi paragrafo 3.5). NOTA: Se il rapporto segnale-rumore è basso a causa di alta sfondo, ripetere il trattamento H 2 O 2 dopo l&#39;incubazione con il reagente AB (passo 3.1.8). </li></ol></li><li> Multiple-immunofluorescenza <ol><li> Singolo o simultanea immunofluorescenza multipla <ol><li> Trasferire le sezioni di antigelo in TBS e risciacquare abbondantemente (una volta O / N a 4 ° C, 5 volte a temperatura ambiente per 10 minuti ciascuno) per rimuovere completamente unnel sistema di raffreddamento. </li><li> Optional: come passi 3.1.3 - 3.1.4. </li><li> Incubare in TBSplus per permeabilize il tessuto e bloccare vincolante anticorpi siti non specifici, 1 ora a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Incubare in cocktail anticorpo primario (ad esempio, ratto α-BrdU, cavia α-DCX, α-GFP capra) diluito in TBSplus, O / N a 4 ° C. Lavare 3 volte in TBS per 15 min ciascuno. </li><li> Incubare in cocktail di anticorpi secondari coniugati a fluorocromi (ad esempio, Rhodamine Red α-rat, Alexa-647 α-cavia, Alexa-488 α-capra, tutti derivati ​​in asino) diluito in TBSplus, 3 ore a temperatura ambiente o O / N a 4 ° C. D&#39;ora in poi proteggere sezioni dalla luce. Lavare 3 volte in TBS per 15 min ciascuno. </li><li> Montare le sezioni per diapositive in gelatina, aria secca O / N. Coverslip con mezzo di montaggio acquoso. </li></ol></li><li> Sequenziale immunofluorescenza multipla con anticorpi primari di una stessa specie ospiti <ol><li> Come passi 3.2.1.1 - 3.2.1.3. </li><li> Incubare in fiprimo anticorpo primario (ad esempio, α-antigene coniglio A), O / N a 4 ° C. Lavare 3 volte in TBS e una volta in TBS-T per 10 minuti ciascuna. </li><li> Incubare in prima anticorpi coniugati a fluorocromi secondaria (ad esempio, Rhodamine Red-cong. Asino α-coniglio), 3 hr RT. D&#39;ora in poi proteggere sezioni dalla luce. Lavare 3 volte in TBS e una volta in TBS-T per 10 minuti ciascuna. </li><li> Incubare in 10% di siero normale dalla stesso host gli anticorpi primari (ad esempio siero, coniglio) per 3 ore RT per saturare paratopes aperte sul primo anticorpo secondario. Lavare 3 volte in TBS e una volta in TBS-T per 10 minuti ciascuna. </li><li> Incubare in TBSplus con 50 mg / ml monovalenti non coniugata Fab frammenti diretti contro l&#39;ospite degli anticorpi primari (ad esempio, IgG α-rabbit (H + L)) per coprire epitopi che potrebbero essere riconosciuti dal secondo anticorpo secondario, O / N a 4 ° C. </li><li> Lavare almeno 3 volte in TBS e una volta in TBS-T per 10 minuti ciascuna. Durante il trasferimento, brevemente swab agli inserti in mesh che contengono sezioni su un tovagliolo di carta per rimuovere eventuali avanzi Fab. </li><li> Incubare in secondo anticorpo primario (ad esempio, coniglio α-antigene B), O / N a 4 ° C. Lavare 3 volte in TBS e una volta in TBS-T per 10 minuti ciascuna. </li><li> Incubare in secondo anticorpi coniugati a fluorocromi secondaria (ad esempio, Alexa-488-cong. Asino α-coniglio), 3 hr RT. Lavare 3 volte in TBS per 15 minuti ciascuno, montare e applicare il coprioggetto come sopra. NOTA: Per etichettare antigeni con anticorpi da diverse specie ospite aggiungerli al punto 3.2.2.2 e rispettivi anticorpi secondari al punto 3.2.2.3. </li></ol></li><li> Uno degli anticorpi secondari da specie come uno degli anticorpi primari NOTA: Questo protocollo è adatto a quadrupla-colorazione contro BrdU o Ki67 insieme GFAP, nestina-GFP e DCX. <ol><li> Seguire rigorosamente protocollo passi 3.2.1.1 - 3.2.1.5. Fino a questo punto usare solo siero asino in TBSplus. </li><li> Incubare in TBSplus contenente siero di capra 3% per 1 ora a RT. Questo copre paratopes aperte sul anticorpo secondario α-caprino. Lavare 3 volte in TBS e una volta in TBS-T per 10 minuti ciascuna. </li><li> Incubare in AMCA-cong. capra α-coniglio diluito in TBSplus, 3 hr RT o O / N 4 ° C. Risciacquare tre volte in TBS per 15 min ciascuno, montare e applicare il coprioggetto come sopra. </li></ol></li><li> CldU, Idu co-colorazione <ol><li> Sciacquare, denaturare e neutralizzare le sezioni come descritto nella sezione 3.2.1 (punti 3.2.1.1 - 3.2.1.2). </li><li> Incubare con 20 mg / ml non coniugati frammenti Fab α-topo IgG (H + L) in TBSplus, 1 ora a temperatura ambiente. Lavare 4 volte in TBS e una volta in TBS-T per 10 minuti ciascuno. </li><li> Incubare in cocktail anticorpo primario contenente ratto α-BrdU (1: 400; purificato IgG2) e α-BrdU del mouse (1: 350) diluito in TBSplus, O / N a 4 ° C. Lavare 3 volte in TBS e una volta in TBS-T per 10 minuti ciascuna. </li><li> Incubare in cocktail anticorpo secondario contenente asino biotinilate α-rat (1: 500) e FITC-conj. asino α-topo frammenti Fab (1: 100). Lavare 3 volte in TBS e una volta in TBS-T per 10 minuti ciascuna. </li><li> Incubare in Rhodamine Red-cong. Streptavidin, 2 ore a RT. Lavare 3 volte in TBS per 15 minuti ciascuno, montare e applicare il coprioggetto come sopra. </li></ol></li><li> L&#39;amplificazione del segnale di fluorescenza nei topi nestina-GFP <ol><li> Aggiungi capra α-GFP per il cocktail anticorpo primario. </li><li> Aggiungi un anticorpo secondario coniugato con fluorocromo proprietà spettrali simili a GFP (come Alexa 488 cong. Asino α-capra) per il cocktail anticorpo secondario. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Recupero Epitope <ol><li> Effettuare smascheramento dopo risciacquo antigelo. Piroscafo Preriscaldare con 6 o 12 e piastre contenenti 0,1 M citrato a pH 6,0-95 - 99 ° C (circa 25 min). </li><li> Trasferire le sezioni nel tampone citrato calda e vapore per 30 minuti (coprire i piatti con un foglio di alluminio come plastica lID non sono resistenti al calore). </li><li> Posizionare immediatamente le piastre in un bagno di ghiaccio per raffreddare. Questo aiuta a proteggere morfologia tissutale, che è di particolare importanza quando si lavora con sezioni di cervello di animali postnatale. </li><li> Lavare 3 volte in TBS per 10 minuti ciascuno per sciacquare e neutralizzare il citrato e continuare colorazione. </li></ol></li><li> Mouse anticorpi sul tessuto del mouse <ol><li> Aggiungere 20 mg / ml monovalenti frammenti Fab α-topo IgG (H + L; stessa specie ospiti di anticorpo secondario) per la prima fase di blocco (ad esempio, step 3.1.5 o 3.2.1.3). </li><li> Lavare 4 volte in TBS e una volta in TBS-T per 10 minuti ciascuno, e procedere con rispettivo protocollo. </li></ol></li><li> Violetto cresolo di contrasto <ol><li> Soluzione Preriscaldare violetto cresolo a 60 ° C (in vaso di vetro). Incubare i vetrini nella soluzione calda per 3 minuti. </li><li> Sciacquare in aq. dest. e disidratare 2 volte per 1 min ogni a 70%, 96% e 100% di isopropanolo. </li&gt; <li> Chiaro per 5-6 min in xilene o sostituto xilene e coprioggetto con un mezzo di montaggio permanente compatibile. </li></ol></li></ol> Analisi 4. Dati <ol><li> Contare le cellule neonate perossidasi colorate in ogni 6 ° sezione lungo l&#39;intera estensione rostrocaudale del giro dentato. Utilizzare un microscopio ottico con ingrandimento 400X. </li><li> Moltiplicare i numeri di cellule risultanti con l&#39;intervallo di intersezione per ottenere una stima del numero totale di cellule neonato. </li><li> Immagine la fluorescenza etichettato sezioni con un microscopio laser confocale laser dotato di adeguati e sistemi di filtraggio. Prendere pile di immagini in posizioni casuali lungo l&#39;intera estensione del giro dentato a 400X ingrandimenti e analizzare almeno 50 celle selezionate a caso di interesse per emisfero per co-marcatura con altri marcatori. </li><li> Moltiplicare le percentuali risultanti di cellule co-marcati (% / 100), con il numero totale di cellule neonate per calcolare assolutanumero di specifiche popolazioni cellulari neonati. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Quantificazione e identificazione di sottopopolazioni di cellule neonato è un tema centrale nella ricerca neurogenesi adulta. Combinando i marcatori di proliferazione e di anticorpi contro le proteine ​​espresse durante le fasi specifiche di neurogenesi adulta permette la rilevazione immunoistochimica di queste sottopopolazioni. Alcuni degli anticorpi o combinazioni di anticorpi richiedono condizioni di colorazione specifiche. Etichettatura di divisione delle cellule con analoghi della ...

Due regioni cerebrali costitutivamente generare nuovi neuroni per tutta la vita, la zona subventricolare dei ventricoli laterali e la zona subgranulare (SGZ) del giro dentato dell&#39;ippocampo (DG). I nuovi neuroni derivano da cellule progenitrici neurali e passare attraverso diverse fasi di sviluppo morfologico e fisiologico, prima di raggiungere la maturità 1,2. Da un glia-come radiale cellule staminali lentamente dividendo (tipo 1) fasi consecutive di transito amplificare cellule progenitrici intermedie sorgono. I sottotipi più indifferenziate (tipo 2a e 2b tipo) hanno una forma irregolare con brevi, processi tangenziali. Essi generano neuroblasti (tipo 3) che uscire gradualmente il ciclo cellulare di diventare neuroni immaturi (con dendriti estese verso lo strato molecolare) e, infine, integrare nella rete ippocampale granuli maturi. Per le loro caratteristiche fisiologiche particolari queste cellule forniscono il circuito con una maggiore plasticità 3 suggeting un ruolo unico in funzione ippocampale. In realtà, gli studi degli ultimi dieci anni hanno generato una sostanziale evidenza che neurogenesi adulta contribuisce alla memoria spaziale, la separazione del modello e comportamento emotivo 4,5. Neurogenesi adulta può essere studiato con diversi approcci. Analoghi della timidina incorporano nel DNA durante la fase S del ciclo cellulare e permettono la nascita datazione, la quantificazione e il destino l&#39;analisi delle cellule neonato 6-8. Applicazione sequenziale di diversi analoghi della timidina (ad esempio, CldU, EdU o IDU) può essere utilizzato per studiare il turnover cellulare o popolazioni di cellule nate in diversi momenti durante il corso di un esperimento 9. Un&#39;alternativa, marcatore endogeno per la proliferazione cellulare è Ki67. È espressa nelle cellule in divisione durante tutte le fasi del ciclo cellulare (G1, S, G2, M), tranne la fase di riposo (G0) e l&#39;inizio della G1 10,11. Per analizzare il fenotipo di popolazioni cellulari neonati nell&#39;adulto dentate del giro diversi marcatori molecolari specifici stadio possono essere utilizzati come GFAP, nestina, DCX e NeuN 1,6. GFAP è un marker di astrociti maturi, ma si esprime anche in cellule gliali radiali come nel prosencefalo adulti. Nestin è un filamento intermedio specifico per le cellule gliali radiali-like e cellule progenitrici intermedi precoci. DCX è una proteina associata ai microtubuli espresso in progenitori intermedi, neuroblasti e neuroni immaturi. Sulla base del (co) espressione di questi tre marcatori e le caratteristiche morfologiche delle cellule marcate quattro sottotipi di cellule progenitrici distinti possono essere identificati: tipo 1 (GFAP +, nestina +, DCX -), di tipo 2 bis (GFAP -, nestina + , DCX -), di tipo 2b (GFAP -, nestina +, DCX +) e di tipo 3 (GFAP -, nestina -, DCX +) 1. Co-etichettatura dei DCX insieme NeuN, che si esprime nei neuroni postmitotiche, consente la differenziazione di immature (DCX +, NeuN +) e maturo (DCX -, NeuN +) neuroni granulari. I marcatori di cui sopra sono spesso utilizzati per immunofluorescenza co-etichettatura e la successiva microscopia confocale per analizzare il numero e l&#39;identità delle cellule neonate. Ciò richiede in genere anticorpi di diverse specie ospite per evitare indesiderate anticorpi cross-reattività. Tuttavia, la maggior parte degli anticorpi primari adatti per la ricerca neurogenesi sono sollevate nei conigli o topi (ad esempio, mouse α-BrdU, topo α-NeuN, coniglio α-Ki67, α-GFAP coniglio). Questo porta a gravi limitazioni nel numero e combinazione di antigeni che possono essere valutati in una singola fetta. Questo a sua volta non solo aumenta lo sforzo di colorazione, come più colorazioni devono essere eseguite, ma potrebbe anche compromettere l&#39;affidabilità dei risultati. Inoltre, alcuni antigeni sono suscettibili di formalina epitopo mascheratura fissaggio indotta (ad esempio, Ki67, Nestina). Siamo qui descriviamo modifiche dai protocolli immunomarcatura singola e multipla classici (ad esempio, il recupero degli epitopi, multiple immunostaining sequenziale, uso di nestina-GFP topi transgenici 12) superare molti di questi problemi. In particolare, il protocollo di immunofluorescenza sequenziale multiplo permette colorazione contro un massimo di quattro diversi antigeni anche se parte degli anticorpi è derivato dallo stesso host. Questo consente il rilevamento simultaneo di tipo 1, tipo 2a, 2b e tipo cellule progenitrici tipo 3, nonché la loro attività proliferativa all&#39;interno di una singola sezione.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="665">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:277px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Comments &#38; Dilutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="13">
			<td height="13" style="height:13px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thymidine analog administration</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5-Bromo-2&#8242;-deoxyuridine, BrdU</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B9285</td>
			<td rowspan="4" style="width:131px;">toxic (mutagenic, teratogenic)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5-Chloro-2&#8242;-deoxyuridine, CldU</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C6891</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5-Chloro-2&#8242;-deoxyuridine, CldU</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>2105478</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5-Iodo-2&#8242;-deoxyuridine, IdU</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>2100357</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="10">
			<td height="10" style="height:11px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tissue preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane-Actavis</td>
			<td>Piramal Healthcare</td>
			<td>700211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Paraformaldehyde powder (PFA)</td>
			<td>Riedel-De H&#228;en</td>
			<td>16005</td>
			<td>toxic, flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Perfusion pump PD5206</td>
			<td>Heidolph Instruments</td>
			<td>523-52060-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Masterflex Tygon lab tubing, &#216; 0.8 mm&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>06409-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Feeding needle, straight, 21G, 1.75mm olive tip, 40mm</td>
			<td>Agnthos</td>
			<td>1036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Freezing microtome Microm HM 400</td>
			<td>Thermo Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">24 Well Cell Culture Multiwell Plates</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="10">
			<td height="10" style="height:11px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunohistochemistry</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tefal Vitacuisine Steamer</td>
			<td>Tefal</td>
			<td>VS 4001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:277px;">Netwell 24mm Polyester Mesh Membrane Inserts Pre-Loaded in 6-Well Culture Plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3479</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:277px;">Netwell 15mm Polyester Mesh Membrane Inserts Pre-Loaded in 12-Well Culture Plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3477</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:277px;">Netwell Plastic 6-Well Carrier Kit for 24mm Polyester Mesh Membrane Inserts</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:277px;">Netwell Plastic 12-Well Carrier Kit for 15mm Polyester Mesh Membrane Inserts</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Vectastain Elite ABC Kit</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>PK-6100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:277px;">DAB (3,3&#8242;-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride hydrate)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D-5637</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">carcinogenic, light sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Fluoromount-G</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>0100-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Primary antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;">rabbit IgG1 &#945;-Ki67</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Novocastra/ Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>NCL-L-Ki67MM1</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">DAB 1:400/IF 1:100; requires epitope retrieval</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">rabbit &#945;-GFAP, AS-3-GF</td>
			<td>Synaptic Systems</td>
			<td>173 002</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">goat IgG (H+L) &#945;-GFP</td>
			<td>Acris Antibodies</td>
			<td>R1091P</td>
			<td>1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;">mouse IgG1 &#945;-nestin</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab6142</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">1:200; requires epitope retrieval</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">guinea pig IgG (H+L) &#945;-Doublecortin</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>AB2253</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">rat IgG2a &#945;-BrdU (ascites)</td>
			<td>AbD Serotec/ Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>OBT0030CX</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">for detection of BrdU; DAB 1:500/IF 1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;">rat IgG2a &#945;-BrdU (purified)</td>
			<td>AbD Serotec/ Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>OBT0030&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">for detection of CldU; DAB 1:500/IF 1:250-400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;">mouse IgG1&#312; &#945;-BrdU</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>347580</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">for detection of IdU; DAB 1:500/IF 1:350</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">mouse IgG1 &#945;-NeuN</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB377</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Secondary antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">donkey &#945;-guinea pig IgG (H+L)-Biotin</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>711-065-152</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">donkey &#945;-rat IgG (H+L)-Biotin</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>712-065-150</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">donkey &#945;-mouse IgG (H+L)-Biotin</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>715-065-151</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">goat &#945;-rat IgG (H+L)-Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A11006</td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">donkey &#945;-goat IgG (H+L)-Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A11055</td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">donkey &#945;-mouse IgG (H+L)-FITC, Fab-Fragment</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>715-097-003</td>
			<td>1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">donkey &#945;-mouse IgG (H+L)-Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>715-605-151</td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">donkey &#945;-guinea pig IgG (H+L)-Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>706-605-148</td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">donkey &#945;-rat IgG (H+L)-Rhodamine Red-X</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>712-295-150</td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">donkey &#945;-rabbit IgG (H+L)-Rhodamine Red-X</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>711-295-152</td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">donkey &#945;-guinea pig IgG (H+L)-Rhodamine Red-X</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>706-296-148</td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Streptavidin-Rhodamine Red-X&#160;</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>016-290-084</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">goat &#945;-rabbit IgG (H+L)-AMCA</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>111-155-144</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">1:250, works only with rabbit &#945;-GFAP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>H3570</td>
			<td>1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DAPI</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blocking</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fab-fragment donkey &#945;-mouse IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>715-007-003</td>
			<td>1:20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fab-fragment donkey &#945;-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>711-007-003</td>
			<td>1:20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Normal donkey serum</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>S30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Normal rabbit serum</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>011-000-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>005-000-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Bovine Serum Albumine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Histology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Cresyl violett</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:277px;">Neo-Clear</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>109843</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">non-toxic xylene substitute</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:277px;">Neo-Mount</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>109016</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">permanent mounting medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="10">
			<td height="10" style="height:11px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Axioskop 2</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">LSM 710</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

immunohistochemistry and multiple labeling with antibodies from the same host species to study adult hippocampal neurogenesis

Neurogenesi adulta è altamente regolamentato, processo a più stadi, in cui nuovi neuroni sono generati da una cellula staminale neurale attivato via sempre più impegnati sottotipi progenitrici intermedi. Ciascuno di questi sottotipi esprime un insieme di marcatori molecolari specifici, nonché criteri morfologici specifici, possono essere utilizzati per la loro identificazione. In genere, vengono applicate le tecniche di immunofluorescenza coinvolge anticorpi specifici del sottotipo in combinazione con indicatori di proliferazione exo- o endogeni. Siamo qui descriviamo immunomarcatura metodi per il rilevamento e la quantificazione di tutte le fasi di adulti neurogenesi ippocampale. Questi comprendono l&#39;applicazione di analoghi della timidina, perfusione transcardial, lavorazione dei tessuti, calore indotta recupero epitopi, ABC immunoistochimica, multiple immunofluorescenza indiretta, microscopia confocale e quantificazione delle cellule. Inoltre, vi presentiamo un protocollo di immunofluorescenza sequenziale multiplo che elude problemi usually derivanti dalla necessità di utilizzare anticorpi primari sollevati nella stessa specie ospite. Esso permette una accurata identificazione di tutti i sottotipi progenitrici ippocampali insieme con un marcatore di proliferazione all&#39;interno di una singola sezione. Queste tecniche sono un potente strumento per studiare la regolazione di diversi sottotipi progenitrici in parallelo, il loro coinvolgimento in patologie cerebrali e il loro ruolo nelle funzioni cerebrali specifiche.

Abbiamo applicato i metodi sopra descritti per quantificare e caratterizzare cellule neonate nei postnatale e adulta ippocampo. Pertanto, abbiamo utilizzato di tipo selvatico e neurogenesi-carente ciclina D2 knock out (KO) CCND2 topi alloggiati in condizioni note per influenzare il tasso di neurogenesi (cioè, ambiente arricchito, EE) 13,14. La colorazione immunoistochimica DAB contro uno Ki67, BrdU, CldU o Idu costantemente rivelato differenze di numero di cellule neonati tra tipo selvatico...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunohistochemistry and Multiple Labeling with Antibodies from the Same Host Species to Study Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis at JoVE.com

Immunohistochemistry and Multiple Labeling with Antibodies from the Same Host Species to Study Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

This video article illustrates a comprehensive protocol to detect and quantify all stages of adult hippocampal neurogenesis within the same tissue section. We elaborated a method to overcome the limitations of indirect multiple immunofluorescence that arise when suitable antibodies from different host species are unavailable.

Immunoistochimica e multiplo etichettatura con anticorpi delle specie ospite stessi allo Studio adulti ippocampale neurogenesi

Adult neurogenesis is a highly regulated, multi-stage process in which new neurons are generated from an activated neural stem cell via increasingly ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

26.4K Views.  Jena University Hospital. This video article illustrates a comprehensive protocol to detect and quantify all stages of adult hippocampal neurogenesis within the same tissue section. We elaborated a method to overcome the limitations of indirect multiple immunofluorescence that arise when suitable antibodies from different host species are unavailable.

Video: Immunohistochemistry and Multiple Labeling with Antibodies from the Same Host Species to Study Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells, a bristle cell and eight photoreceptors (PRs) R1-R8 2. The PRs have specialized microvillar structures, the rhabdomeres, which contain light-sensitive pigments, the Rhodopsins (Rhs). The rhabdomeres of six PRs (R1-R6) form a trapezoid and contain Rh1 3 4. The rhabdomeres of R7 and R8 are positioned in tandem in the center of the trapezoid and share the same path of light. R7 and R8 PRs stochastically express different combinations of Rhs in two main subtypes5: In the 'p' subtype, Rh3 in pR7s is coupled with Rh5 in pR8s, whereas in the 'y' subtype, Rh4 in yR7s is associated with Rh6 in yR8s 6 7 8.
Early specification of PRs and development of ommatidia begins in the larval eye-antennal imaginal disc, a monolayer of epithelial cells. A wave of differentiation sweeps across the disc9 and initiates the assembly of undifferentiated cells into ommatidia10-11. The 'founder cell' R8 is specified first and recruits R1-6 and then R7 12-14. Subsequently, during pupal development, PR differentiation leads to extensive morphological changes 15, including rhabdomere formation, synaptogenesis and eventually rh expression.
In this protocol, we describe methods for retinal dissections and immunohistochemistry at three defined periods of retina development, which can be applied to address a variety of questions concerning retinal formation and developmental pathways. Here, we use these methods to visualize the stepwise PR differentiation at the single-cell level in whole mount larval, midpupal and adult retinas (Figure 1).

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The Drosophila retina is a crystal-like lattice composed of a small number of cell types that are generated in a stereotyped manner 1. Its amenability to sophisticated genetic analysis allows the study of complex developmental programs. This protocol describes dissections and immunohistochemistry of retinas at three discrete developmental stages, with a focus on photoreceptor differentiation.

Dissezione e immunoistochimica di larvale, pupa e adulto<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Retine

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including ...

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Neuroscienze

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral delivery or transgenic animals have potential confounds that make interpretation of results from these studies difficult. New radiological tools are emerging, however, that allow one to noninvasively investigate the function of select groups of adult-born neurons through accurate and precise anatomical targeting in small animals. Focal ionizing radiation inhibits the birth and differentiation of new neurons, and allows targeting of specific neural progenitor regions. In order to illuminate the potential functional role that adult hypothalamic neurogenesis plays in the regulation of physiological processes, we developed a noninvasive focal irradiation technique to selectively inhibit the birth of adult-born neurons in the hypothalamic median eminence. We describe a method for Computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR) delivery to enable precise and accurate anatomical targeting in small animals. CFIR uses three-dimensional volumetric image guidance for localization and targeting of the radiation dose, minimizes radiation exposure to nontargeted brain regions, and allows for conformal dose distribution with sharp beam boundaries. This protocol allows one to ask questions regarding the function of adult-born neurons, but also opens areas to questions in areas of radiobiology, tumor biology, and immunology. These radiological tools will facilitate the translation of discoveries at the bench to the bedside.

The function of adult-born mammalian neurons remains an active area of investigation. Ionizing radiation inhibits the birth of new neurons. Using computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR), three-dimensional anatomical targeting of specific neural progenitor populations can now be used to assess the functional role of adult neurogenesis.

Interrogatorio funzionale di età ipotalamico neurogenesi con focale Radiological inibizione

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral ...

Heat-Induced Antigen Retrieval: An Effective Method to Detect and Identify Progenitor Cell Types during Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Traditional methods of immunohistochemistry (IHC) following tissue fixation allow visualization of various cell types. These typically proceed with the application of antibodies to bind antigens and identify cells with characteristics that are a function of the inherent biology and development. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a sequential process wherein a quiescent neural stem cell can become activated and proceed through stages of proliferation, differentiation, maturation and functional integration. Each phase is distinct with a characteristic morphology and upregulation of genes. Identification of these phases is important to understand the regulatory mechanisms at play and any alterations in this process that underlie the pathophysiology of debilitating disorders. Our heat-induced antigen retrieval approach improves the intensity of the signal that is detected and allows correct identification of the progenitor cell type. As discussed in this paper, it especially allows us to circumvent current problems in detection of certain progenitor cell types.

During adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a distinct set of genetic markers are expressed when a quiescent neural stem cell sequentially progresses and develops into a functionally integrated neuron in the circuit. Using heat-induced antigen retrieval, progenitor cell types that are otherwise difficult to detect are identified with improved effectiveness.

Traditional  methods of immunohistochemistry (IHC) following tissue fixation allow visualization  of various cell types. These typically proceed with the ...

Membrane Potential Dye Imaging of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Neurons From Adult Mice to Study Glucose Sensing

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with increasing connective tissue and decreased neuronal viability that occur with age. Here, we describe a methodology for the dissociation of healthy hypothalamic neurons from adult-aged mice. The ability to study neurons from adult-aged mice allows the use of disease models that manifest at a later age and might be more developmentally accurate for certain studies. Fluorescence imaging of dissociated neurons can be used to study the activity of a population of neurons, as opposed to using electrophysiology to study a single neuron. This is particularly useful when studying a heterogeneous neuronal population in which the desired neuronal type is rare such as for hypothalamic glucose sensing neurons. We utilized membrane potential dye imaging of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons to study their responses to changes in extracellular glucose. Glucose sensing neurons are believed to play a role in central regulation of energy balance. The ability to study glucose sensing in adult rodents is particularly useful since the predominance of diseases related to dysfunctional energy balance (e.g.&#160;obesity) increase with age.

The activity of single neurons from adult-aged mice can be studied by dissociating neurons from specific brain regions and using fluorescent membrane potential dye imaging. By testing responses to changes in glucose, this technique can be used to study the glucose sensitivity of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons.

Potenziale di membrana Dye Imaging di ventromediale dell&#39;ipotalamo neuroni da topi adulti per studiare glucosio Sensing

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with ...

Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-&#954;B-dependent Adult Neurogenesis

The hippocampus plays a pivotal role in the formation and consolidation of episodic memories, and in spatial orientation. Historically, the adult hippocampus has been viewed as a very static anatomical region of the mammalian brain. However, recent findings have demonstrated that the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is an area of tremendous plasticity in adults, involving not only modifications of existing neuronal circuits, but also adult neurogenesis. This plasticity is regulated by complex transcriptional networks, in which the transcription factor NF-&#954;B plays a prominent role. To study and manipulate adult neurogenesis, a transgenic mouse model for forebrain-specific neuronal inhibition of NF-&#954;B activity can be used.
In this study, methods are described for the analysis of NF-&#954;B-dependent neurogenesis, including its structural aspects, neuronal apoptosis and progenitor proliferation, and cognitive significance, which was specifically assessed via a dentate gyrus (DG)-dependent behavioral test, the spatial pattern separation-Barnes maze (SPS-BM). The SPS-BM protocol could be simply adapted for use with other transgenic animal models designed to assess the influence of particular genes on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Furthermore, SPS-BM could be used in other experimental settings aimed at investigating and manipulating DG-dependent learning, for example, using pharmacological agents.

Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-&amp;#954;B-dependent Adult Neurogenesis

Methods for the manipulation and analysis of NF-&#954;B-dependent adult hippocampal neurogenesis are described. A detailed protocol is presented for a dentate gyrus-dependent behavioral test (termed the spatial pattern separation-Barnes maze) for the investigation of cognitive outcome in mice. This technique should also help enable investigations in other experimental settings.

Metodi per la modulazione e analisi di NF-kB-dipendente adulti neurogenesi

The hippocampus plays a pivotal role in the formation and consolidation of episodic memories, and in spatial orientation. Historically, the adult ...

Retrograde Labeling of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Adult Zebrafish with Fluorescent Dyes

As retrograde labeling retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can isolate RGCs somata from dying sites, it has become the gold standard for counting RGCs in RGCs survival and regeneration experiments. Many studies have been performed in mammalian animals to research RGCs survival after optic nerve injury. However, retrograde labeling of RGCs in adult zebrafish has not yet been reported, though some alternative methods can count cell numbers in retinal ganglion cell layers (RGCL). Considering the small size of the adult zebrafish skull and the high risk of death after drilling on the skull, we open the skull with the help of acid-etching and seal the hole with a light curing bond, which could significantly improve the survival rate. After absorbing the dyes for 5 days, almost all the RGCs are labeled. As this method does not need to transect the optic nerve, it is irreplaceable in the research of RGCs survival after optic nerve crush in adult zebrafish. Here, we introduce this method step by step and provide representative results.

We introduce an efficient method to retrograde label retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in adult zebrafish.

Etichettatura retrograda di cellule gangliari della retina in Zebrafish adulti con coloranti fluorescenti

As retrograde labeling retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can isolate RGCs somata from dying sites, it has become the gold standard for counting RGCs in RGCs ...

Juxtasomal Biocytin Labeling to Study the Structure-function Relationship of Individual Cortical Neurons

The cerebral cortex is characterized by multiple layers and many distinct cell-types that together as a network are responsible for many higher cognitive functions including decision making, sensory-guided behavior or memory. To understand how such intricate neuronal networks perform such tasks, a crucial step is to determine the function (or electrical activity) of individual cell types within the network, preferentially when the animal is performing a relevant cognitive task. Additionally, it is equally important to determine the anatomical structure of the network and the morphological architecture of the individual neurons to allow reverse engineering the cortical network. Technical breakthroughs available today allow recording cellular activity in awake, behaving animals with the valuable option of post&#160;hoc identifying the recorded neurons. Here, we demonstrate the juxtasomal biocytin labeling technique, which involves recording action potential spiking in the extracellular (or loose-patch) configuration using conventional patch pipettes. The juxtasomal recording configuration is relatively stable and applicable across behavioral conditions, including anesthetized, sedated, awake head-fixed, and even in the freely moving animal. Thus, this method allows linking cell-type specific action potential spiking during animal behavior to reconstruction of the individual neurons and ultimately, the entire cortical microcircuit. In this video manuscript, we show how individual neurons in the juxtasomal configuration can be labeled with biocytin in the urethane-anaesthetized rat for post&#160;hoc identification and morphological reconstruction.

To understand the structure of neuronal networks, functional and morphological characterization of individual neurons is a necessity. Here, we demonstrate juxtasomal biocytin labeling, which allows electrophysiological recordings in the extracellular configuration, yet maintaining the ability to intracellularly label the neuron for post&#160;hoc reconstruction of dendritic and axonal architecture.

Juxtasomal biocitina Etichettatura per studiare la struttura-funzione relazioni dei singoli neuroni corticali

The cerebral cortex is characterized by multiple layers and many distinct cell-types that together as a network are responsible for many higher cognitive ...

Stab Wound Injury of the Zebrafish Adult Telencephalon: A Method to Investigate Vertebrate Brain Neurogenesis and Regeneration

Adult zebrafish have an amazing capacity to regenerate their central nervous system after injury. To investigate the cellular response and the molecular mechanisms involved in zebrafish adult central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and repair, we developed a zebrafish model of adult telencephalic injury.
In this approach, we manually generate an injury by pushing an insulin syringe needle into the zebrafish adult telencephalon. At different post injury days, fish are sacrificed, their brains are dissected out and stained by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization (ISH) with appropriate markers to observe cell proliferation, gliogenesis, and neurogenesis. The contralateral unlesioned hemisphere serves as an internal control. This method combined for example with RNA deep sequencing can help to screen for new genes with a role in zebrafish adult telencephalon neurogenesis, regeneration, and repair.

To shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of zebrafish adult neurogenesis and regeneration, we developed a protocol for invasive surgery causing mechanical injuries in the zebrafish adult telencephalon and subsequent monitoring of changes in the stabbed hemisphere by immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.

Stab Ferita Lesione del Zebrafish adulti Telencefalo: Un metodo per Indagare vertebrati cervello neurogenesi e rigenerazione

Adult zebrafish have an amazing capacity to regenerate their central nervous system after injury. To investigate the cellular response and the molecular ...

Assessing Primary Neurogenesis in Xenopus Embryos Using Immunostaining

Primary neurogenesis is a dynamic and complex process during embryonic development that sets up the initial layout of the central nervous system. During this process, a portion of neural stem cells undergo differentiation and give rise to the first populations of differentiated primary neurons within the nascent central nervous system. Several vertebrate model organisms have been used to explore the mechanisms of neural cell fate specification, patterning, and differentiation. Among these is the African clawed frog, Xenopus, which provides a powerful system for investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for primary neurogenesis due to its rapid and accessible development and ease of embryological and molecular manipulations. Here, we present a convenient and rapid method to observe the different populations of neuronal cells within Xenopus central nervous system. Using antibody staining and immunofluorescence on sections of Xenopus embryos, we are able to observe the locations of neural stem cells and differentiated primary neurons during primary neurogenesis.

Assessing Primary Neurogenesis in Xenopus Embryos Using Immunostaining

This article presents a convenient and rapid method for visualizing different neuronal cell populations in the central nervous system of Xenopus embryos using immunofluorescent staining on sections.

La valutazione primaria neurogenesi in<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Embrioni Utilizzando Immunocolorazione

Primary neurogenesis is a dynamic and complex process during embryonic development that sets up the initial layout of the central nervous system. During ...

Minimizing Hypoxia in Hippocampal Slices from Adult and Aging Mice

Acute hippocampal slices have enabled generations of neuroscientists to explore synaptic, neuronal, and circuit properties in detail and with high fidelity. Exploration of LTP and LTD mechanisms, single neuron dendritic computation, and experience-dependent changes in circuitry, would not have been possible without this classical preparation. However, with a few exceptions, most basic research using acute hippocampal slices has been performed using slices from rodents of relatively young ages, ~P20-P40, even though synaptic and intrinsic excitability mechanisms have a long developmental tail that reaches past P60. The main appeal of using young hippocampal slices is preservation of neuronal health aided by higher tolerance to hypoxic damage. However, there is a need to understand neuronal function at more mature stages of development, further accentuated by the development of various animal models of neurodegenerative diseases that require an aging brain preparation. Here we describe a modification to an acute hippocampal slice preparation that reliably delivers healthy slices from adult and aging mouse hippocampi. The protocol&#8217;s critical steps are transcardial perfusion and cutting with ice-cold sodium-free NMDG-aSCF. Together, these steps attenuate the hypoxia-induced drop in ATP upon decapitation, as well as cytotoxic edema caused by passive sodium fluxes. We demonstrate how to cut transversal slices of hippocampus plus cortex using a vibrating microtome. Acute hippocampal slices obtained in this way are reliably healthy over many hours of recording, and are appropriate for both field-recordings and targeted patch-clamp recordings, including targeting of fluorescently labeled neurons.

This is a protocol for acute slice preparation from adult and aging mouse hippocampi that takes advantage of transcardial perfusion and slice cutting with ice-cold NMDG-aCSF to reduce hypoxic damage to the tissue. The resulting slices stay healthy over many hours, and are suitable for long-term patch-clamp and field-recordings.