Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dal National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke concedere NS081333 (CMT), Alzheimer sovvenzione dell&#39;Associazione NIRG-10-171.721 e Istituto Nazionale di Salute Mentale concessione MH096702 (UH), e National Institute on Aging, finanziato la ricerca sulle malattie di Alzheimer Center presso la Columbia University di sovvenzione pilota AG008702 (a YYJ e JB).

Nota: Per tutti sperimentazione animale, istituzionale e le linee guida nazionali per la cura e l&#39;uso di animali da laboratorio sono stati seguiti. 1. Preparare Strumenti chirurgici e soluzioni per la chirurgia <ol><li> Autoclavare tutti gli strumenti chirurgici in acciaio inox. </li><li> Preparare 70% di etanolo diluendo 200 prova etanolo assoluto con grado molecolare acqua distillata deionizzata sterile. </li><li> Attaccare l&#39;ago G 29 alla siringa Hamilton. Pulire l&#39;interno della siringa Hamilton e l&#39;ago attraverso l&#39;elaborazione e l&#39;acqua espulsione Nanopure ripetutamente per 1 min. Ripetere questa procedura con il 70% di etanolo. <ol><li> Rimuovere il pistone e l&#39;ago dalla siringa Hamilton. Asciugare le parti in una cappa O / N a flusso laminare. </li><li> Irradiare l&#39;ago e la siringa con la luce ultravioletta per 30 minuti prima dell&#39;uso. </li></ol></li><li> Preparare la soluzione salina sciogliendo NaCl in acqua grado molecolare ad un peso finale di concentrazione in volume del 0,9%. SteriliZE la soluzione filtrandola attraverso 0,2 micron filtro pori. </li></ol> 2. Preparare oligomerica Ap 1-42 <ol><li> Monomerize e risospendere ricombinante umana Ap 1-42 in DMSO a 5 mM esattamente come descritto nella pubblicazione di Fa &#39;altri 13. </li><li> Diluire 5mM Ap 1-42 con sterile (1x) PBS a 100 micron per il giorno prima dell&#39;intervento. </li><li> Mescolare bene la soluzione per triturazione. </li><li> Incubare Ap soluzione 1-42 per 12 ore a 4 ° C. Nota: Le soluzioni di controllo come la diluizione DMSO in PBS o strapazzate / retromarcia Ap 1-42 peptide dovrebbe essere preparato allo stesso modo di Ap 1-42. </li></ol> 3. Determinare coordinate iniezione <ol><li> Utilizzare i adulto atlante del cervello mouse per determinare l&#39;esatta antero-posteriore (AP), medio-laterale (ML), e dorso-ventrale (DV) coordina per la regione del cervello di interessi 14. Note: per illustrare la tecnica abbiamo scelto il giro dentato dell&#39;ippocampo, come l&#39;obiettivo con le seguenti coordinate dal bregma: AP, -2.00 mm; ML, ± 1,3 millimetri; DV, -2.2 mm. Il segno negativo che precede il valore AP indica che 2,00 mm posteriormente del bregma. Il segno che precede il valore ± ML indica la direzione a destra ea sinistra dal centro. Infine, il segno negativo che precede la DV indica si sta muovendo ventralmente dalla superficie del cervello. </li></ol> 4. stereotassico Impostazione cornice <ol><li> Indossare una maschera chirurgica faccia, camice da laboratorio pulito, e guanti chirurgici sterili. </li><li> Pulire strumento stereotassico e l&#39;adattatore di mouse con il 70% di etanolo. </li><li> Adagiare sterile telo chirurgico sul bancone. </li><li> Posizionare lo strumento stereotassico con adattatore mouse sulla parte superiore del telo chirurgico sterile. </li><li> Pulire il rilievo di riscaldamento di mouse con il 70% di etanolo. Posizionare il pad riscaldamento sopra il letto telaio stereotassico. Utilizzare labora general purposetory nastro con etichette su nastro lungo la piastra elettrica sul letto adattatore del mouse. <ol><li> Fissare la piastra elettrica alla pompa ricircolatore acqua calda secondo le istruzioni del produttore. </li><li> Accendere la pompa ricircolatore acqua calda e impostare la temperatura a 37 ° C, e poi attendere fino a raggiungere la temperatura. </li></ol></li><li> Fissare la siringa da 50 microlitri Hamilton con un ago G 29 sul telaio stereotassico avvitandolo sull&#39;albero iniezione verticale motorizzato secondo le istruzioni del produttore. </li><li> Accendere lo sterilizzatore tallone e attendere fino a raggiungere la temperatura preimpostata del produttore. Nota: Questo è usato per la sterilizzazione degli strumenti in acciaio inossidabile tra animali. Prende strumenti 20 sec di contatto con i granuli di sterilizzazione. </li><li> Accendere piastra calda e impostarlo a 42 ° C e posizionare una gabbia vuota pulito in cima. </li><li> Mentre la siringa Hamilton è fissato sul telaio stereotassico utilizzare il stereotassica i motorizzatonjector di elaborare la soluzione Ap 1-42. Nota: Elaborare più di 4 ml di soluzione nella siringa e quindi utilizzare l&#39;iniettore stereotassica per impostare il volume d&#39;iniezione. Azionare l&#39;iniettore secondo le istruzioni del produttore. </li></ol> 5. Preparazione degli animali <ol><li> Determinare il peso del mouse usando la scala pesare. </li><li> Anestetizzare mouse con ketamina / xilazina cocktail a 100 mg / kg ketamina e 10 mg / kg xilazina iniettando per via intraperitoneale (IP). Monitorare la profondità dell&#39;anestesia dalla perdita di pinch toe reflex. </li><li> Dopo che il mouse è sedato prendere il tagliatore di capelli e radersi la testa per esporre la pelle sopra il cranio. </li><li> Posizionare il mouse sulla parte superiore del pad riscaldamento sulla cima del letto stereotassico. </li><li> Utilizzare la spatola per aprire la bocca e posizionare i denti incisivi dentro la guardia denti. Fissare il revolver sulla faccia del mouse. Fissare con delicatezza e non troppo stretto. </li><li> PosiTion traverse orecchio bilaterali in meato uditivo per fissare la testa. Spostare ogni traversina fino a raggiungere il cranio, e poi girare la vite per bloccarlo. <ol><li> Per assicurarsi che la testa è assicurato usa il dito indice per spingere delicatamente sulla testa. Se la testa è correttamente protetto, non darà fuori o muoversi quando viene premuto. </li></ol></li><li> Applicare una goccia di crema per gli occhi o collirio per gli occhi per mantenerli umidi. Assicurarsi che gli occhi sono umidi durante tutta la procedura chirurgica. </li><li> Per disinfettare il sito chirurgico utilizzare tamponi di cotone sterili per applicare la soluzione betadine per la pelle sopra il cranio, seguito dal 70% di etanolo. Eseguire la betadine alternata e il 70% di pulizia 2 volte etanolo. </li></ol> 6. Chirurgia e Infusion <ol><li> Utilizzare un bisturi per fare un&#39;incisione 2-3 mm sulla linea mediana del cuoio capelluto, e quindi utilizzare un dritto forbici multa di estendere la linea di incisione di 1,0-1,5 cm per esporre la sutura sagittale, bregma e lambda del cranio, punto di riferimentos che le coordinate stereotassica si basano su. Utilizzare micro pinze per mantenere la pelle a parte. Nota: Le posizioni bregma e lambda sono spiegati nel topo cervello atlante &quot;Il cervello di topo in stereotassico coordinate&quot; 14. </li><li> Prendete un batuffolo di cotone, immergerlo in soluzione salina sterile, e usarlo per pulire il cranio. Quindi, utilizzare un tampone di cotone pulito e asciutto per asciugare il cranio. </li><li> Utilizzare una penna a punta fine sterile per segnare un punto sulla bregma. Utilizzare il micromanipolatore stereotassica per posizionare la siringa Hamilton modo che la punta dell&#39;ago tocca appena il punto sulla bregma. <ol><li> Registra la coordinata DV. </li><li> Per verificare se l&#39;asse AP del cranio è livello di spostare la siringa Hamilton posteriormente in modo che la punta dell&#39;ago tocca il punto lambda. </li><li> Registrare la posizione di DV. Assicurarsi che coordina il DV per bregma e lambda sono entro 0,5 mm. Nota: L&#39;obiettivo è di ridurre al minimo la differenza tra il DV bregma e lambda. </li></ol></li><li> Usaliicromanipulator per tornare alla punta siringa Hamilton torna al punto bregma. </li><li> Registrare la posizione di partenza di AP. </li><li> Calcolare la posizione di AP fine sottraendo 2,00 millimetri dalla AP partire coordinate. </li><li> Utilizzare il micromanipolatore per riposizionare l&#39;ago della siringa Hamilton alla finale AP coordinate. </li><li> Registra la coordinata corrente ML. </li><li> Calcolare sinistra e destra termina ML coordinate aggiungendo o sottraendo 1,3 millimetri dalla partire ML coordinate. </li><li> Utilizzare il micromanipolatore per spostare l&#39;ago della siringa Hamilton sia coordinata ML finale. <ol><li> Toccare la punta dell&#39;ago sulla superficie del cranio su entrambi terminano coordinate ML e registrare le coordinate DV e assicurarsi che i valori sono entro 0,5 mm. Nota: L&#39;obiettivo è di ridurre al minimo la differenza DV tra i due termina coordinate ML. </li><li> Mentre a un finale coordinata tirare l&#39;ago su 0,5-1 cm sopra il cranio. Prendete una penna a punta fine sterile per segnare un punto su the superficie del cranio. Ripetere questa operazione per il lato controlaterale del cranio. </li></ol></li><li> Ruotare la siringa Hamilton chiara fuori strada. </li><li> Fissare 0,8 millimetri testa di perforazione per il trapano. Prendere il trapano con entrambe le mani, impostare gomiti sulla superficie del tavolo per la stabilità, e posizione leggermente la testa di perforazione sopra il punto sharpie sulla sinistra o destra ML coordinate. Attivare il trapano, abbassare la punta della fresa sulla superficie del cranio di introdurre un foro nel cranio. Ripetere questa operazione per il lato controlaterale. Nota: Alcuni sanguinamento può avvenire dai fori di nuova introduzione. Se c&#39;è sanguinamento quindi utilizzare un batuffolo di cotone pulito e asciutto per tamponare il sangue. </li><li> Spostare la siringa Hamilton di nuovo in posizione su uno dei due fori ML di nuova introduzione. Abbassare l&#39;ago Hamilton appena passato il cranio. A questo punto fare attenzione a non forare il cervello. Per assicurarsi che l&#39;ago è passato il cranio prendere il dito indice e spingere delicatamente l&#39;ago contro il cranio per fare sure l&#39;ago non uscire dal buco. </li><li> Registra la coordinata DV partenza. </li><li> Calcola la coordinata DV fine sottraendo 2,2 millimetri dal DV partire coordinate. </li><li> Abbassare l&#39;ago verso il DV fine di coordinate. </li><li> Attivare la pompa iniettore stereotassica per pompare 4 ml di Ap 1-42 nel giro dentato ad una velocità di 0,5 ml / min. </li><li> Quando l&#39;infusione è completo lasciare l&#39;ago rimanga in vigore per un ulteriore 1 min per ridurre al minimo il riflusso di soluzione fuori del sito di iniezione. </li><li> Spostare l&#39;ago verso l&#39;altro lato del cervello e ripetere i passaggi 6,13-6,18. </li></ol> 7. Rimozione animali e Cura postoperatoria <ol><li> Allentare le barre orecchio e guardia faccia / naso. Rimuovere il mouse dall&#39;apparecchio. </li><li> Utilizzare uno studente pinza modello standard per tirare chiudere il cuoio capelluto e quindi sigillare la ferita con sutura. </li><li> Iniettare 1 ml di soluzione salina sterile nel mouse tramite IP per l&#39;idratazione. </li><li> Ingetto buprenorfina (0,1 mg / kg) per via sottocutanea per alleviare il dolore. </li><li> Mantenere il mouse nella gabbia vuota pulito sulla cima di 42 ° C piastra fino a quando non si sveglia, per poi tornare alla sua gabbia alloggiamento con abbondante acqua e cibo. </li><li> Somministrare buprenorfina per via sottocutanea ogni 12 ore per 3 giorni per alleviare il dolore. </li></ol> 8. sutura rimozione <ol><li> Anestetizzare il mouse con ketamina / xylazina cocktail a 100 mg / kg di ketamina e 10 mg / kg xlyazine da IP. Nota: Questo viene fatto 7-10 giorni dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico. </li><li> Utilizzare uno studente pinza modello standard e diritte forbici sottili per rimuovere la sutura. </li><li> Iniettare 1 ml di soluzione salina sterile nel mouse tramite IP per l&#39;idratazione. </li><li> Mantenere il mouse in una gabbia vuota pulito sulla cima di 42 ° C piastra fino a quando non si sveglia, e poi tornare alla sua gabbia alloggiamento con abbondante acqua e cibo. </li></ol> 9. Animal sacrificio e Tissue Processing <ol><li> Anestetizzare il mouse e perfuse con 4% paraformaldeide 15, rimuovere il cervello, ed elaborare per criosezionamento 16. Nota: I tempi di sacrificio animale dipende sperimentatore. Tuttavia, per i nostri studi abbiamo scelto 7 e 14 giorni dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico. </li></ol>

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R., Zaborszky, L., Heimer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+GABAergic+and+cholinergic+neurons+in+the+rat+diagonal+band.">Distribution of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in the rat diagonal band.</a> Neuroscience. 17 (2), 439-451 (1986).</li><li>Clarke, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cholinergic+innervation+of+the+rat+dentate+gyrus:+an+immunocytochemical+and+electron+microscopical+study.">Cholinergic innervation of the rat dentate gyrus: an immunocytochemical and electron microscopical study.</a> Brain research. 360 (1-2), 349-354 (1985).</li><li>Garcia-Osta, A., Alberini, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amyloid+beta+mediates+memory+formation.">Amyloid beta mediates memory formation.</a> Learning &amp; memory. 16 (4), 267-272 (2009).</li></ol>

Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

Per ottenere un successo Ap 1-42 iniezione lo sperimentatore o chirurgo deve: 1) utilizzare una tecnica asettica; 2) identificare correttamente la regione del cervello di interessi con coordinate precise; 3) essere in grado di rendere sicure le mouse nella telaio stereotassico con il cervello livellato sull&#39;asse AP e ML; 4) avere la capacità di operare il micromanipolatore con precisione; 5) assicurare una corretta assistenza post-operatoria. Osservando tali passaggi chiave il mouse dovrebbe sopravvivere...

Depositi di placca amiloide, che sono composti di beta-amiloide (A? 1-42), sono un elemento chiave della patologia della malattia di Alzheimer (AD). Numerosi studi hanno dimostrato che i livelli elevati o tossici di ricombinante oligomeri Ap 1-42 suscitare morte neuronale, sinaptica la distrofia, perdita e disfunzioni; così come apprendimento e memoria deficit 1-4. Regioni cerebrali colpite sono l&#39;ippocampo, la corteccia, e le strutture sottocorticali, come prosencefalo basale e il 5,6 amigdala. Ad oggi, ci sono più modelli di topi transgenici che tentano di simulare l&#39;Ap 1-42 patologia di AD. A seconda del ceppo questi animali rivelarsi utile in esame selezionare caratteristiche patologiche di AD. Purtroppo, con l&#39;eccezione di 2 linee transgeniche, APP23 e 5XFAD, questi topi non replicano completamente perdita neuronale, un aspetto fondamentale di AD. Anche con la perdita neuronale osservata in APP23 e 5XFAD, l&#39;osser morte neuronaleved era sottile, l&#39;età dipendente, e isolato di un paio di regioni selezionate 7,8. L&#39;infusione diretta di oligomerica Ap 1-42 nel cervello di topo wild-type fornisce un&#39;eccellente modello in vivo che riproduce l&#39;aspetto morte neuronale di amyloidopathy 1,9,10. A differenza dei modelli di topo transgenico comunemente utilizzate il oligomerica Ap 1-42 modello infusione è ideale per acutamente elevare Ap 1-42 livelli in modo spaziale e temporale. Il vantaggio di utilizzare topi wild-type per questo modello evita di compensazione o collaterali potenziali effetti delle mutazioni introdotte nelle linee di topi transgenici. Studi precedenti hanno mostrato che l&#39;infusione livelli tossici di Ap 1-42 nell&#39;ippocampo provoca la morte dei neuroni in prossimità del sito di iniezione entro 1 settimana 1. Inoltre, in linea con l&#39;osservazione che Ap 1-42 è tossica per i neuroni colinergici 11 del prosencefalo basalecolinergici neurone (BFCN) Popolazione quali progetti l&#39;ippocampo è diminuita del 20-50% entro 7-14 giorni seguenti beta-amiloide infusione 1,10 nei topi, in modo efficace che consente per gli esami di isolato circuiti neuronali nel cervello. Dal progetto BFCN ipsilaterale al giro dentato dell&#39;ippocampo 12, per il massimo controllo parte / veicolo e oligomeri Ap 1-42 soluzioni possono essere iniettati su entrambi i lati del cervello che permette di effettuare confronti tra l&#39;emisfero destro e sinistro 1. In questo rapporto ci fornirà una metodologia chirurgica e iniezione dettagliato per adulti wild-type C57BL / 6J. Questo ceppo di topi è stato scelto a causa del suo largo uso nel campo della ricerca. Tecnicamente, ogni regione del cervello può essere mirata per infusione, ma qui useremo il giro dentato dell&#39;ippocampo, come l&#39;obiettivo di illustrare la tecnica.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine HCl (100mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Medical</td>
			<td>1049007</td>
			<td>100 mg ketamine per 1 kg animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine (20mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Medical</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>10 mg xylazine per 1 kg animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenex (0.3mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Medical</td>
			<td>1217793</td>
			<td>0.1 mg buprenex per 1 kg animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A&#946;1-42</td>
			<td>David Teplow/UCLA</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>100 &#956;M; This amyloid was used in the paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A&#946;1-42</td>
			<td>Bachem</td>
			<td>H-1368</td>
			<td>Can be used in place of amyloid from the Teplow lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A&#946;1-42</td>
			<td>American Peptide</td>
			<td>62-0-80B</td>
			<td>Can be used in place of amyloid from the Teplow lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scrambled A&#946;1-42</td>
			<td>American Peptide</td>
			<td>62-0-46B</td>
			<td>Can be used as control peptide for comparing A&#946;1-42</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NU4 Antibody (Oligomeric Amyloid Antibody)</td>
			<td>Gift from William Klein/Northwestern U.</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>1:2000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Amyloid Oligomeric Antibody&#160; (Polyclonal Rabbit)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>AB9234</td>
			<td>May be used in place of Nu4; needs to&#160; be tested by the end user</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6E10 Antibody (Monoclonal Mouse) (Amyloid Antibody)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>sig-39320</td>
			<td>1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ChAT Antibody (Polyclonal Goat)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB144P</td>
			<td>1:100 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DeadEnd Fluorometric TUNEL system</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G3250</td>
			<td>Follow manufacturer&#39;s directions for use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36935</td>
			<td>Use when coverslipping slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorogold</td>
			<td>Fluorochrome, LLC</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>2% solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute Ethanol (200 proof)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP2818-4</td>
			<td>For making 70% ethanol for sanitizing and disinfecting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novex 10-20% Tricine gel</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>EC6625BOX</td>
			<td>For separating A&#946;1-42</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novex Tricine SDS Running Buffer (10X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>LC1675</td>
			<td>For running 10-20% Tricine gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novex Tris-Glycine Transfer Buffer (25X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>LC3675</td>
			<td>For transferring 10-20% Tricine gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperSignal Western Blot Enhancer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>46640</td>
			<td>For enhancing A&#946;1-42 signal; follow manufacturer&#39;s protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protran BA79 Nitrocellulose Blotting Membrane, 0.1 &#956;m</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>10402088</td>
			<td>For transferring 10-20% Tricine gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xcell SureLock Mini-Cell</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>EI0001</td>
			<td>Electrophoresis aparatus for running 10-20% Tricine gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GenTeal Lubricant Eye Gel</td>
			<td>Novartis</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>For keeping the mouse eyes moist during surgery; can be found in local pharmacy stores</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refresh Optive Lubricant Eye Drops</td>
			<td>Allergan</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>For keeping the mouse eyes moist during surgery; can be found in local pharmacy stores; Can be used in place of GenTeal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>50998</td>
			<td>For sanitizing and disinfecting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round/Tapered Spatula&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82027-490</td>
			<td>For opening animal mouth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bulldog Serrefines Clamps (Jaw Dims. 9X1.6mm; Length 28mm)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>18050-28</td>
			<td>Optional; For keeping scalp skin apart during injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Fine Scissors (Cutting edge 25mm; Length 11.5cm)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14060-11</td>
			<td>For cutting scalp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#3 Scalpel Handle</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#11 Surgical Blade</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10011-00</td>
			<td>For making scalp incision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Student Standard Pattern Forcep (Tip Dims. 2.5x1.5mm; Length 11.5cm)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91100-12</td>
			<td>For holding scalp closed during suturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trimmer Combo Kit</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>CL9990-1201</td>
			<td>For shaving hair</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T/Pump Warm Water Recirculator&#160;</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>TP-700</td>
			<td>For warming animal during surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Resusable Warmining Pad (5&#34; x 10&#34;)</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>TPZ-0510FEA</td>
			<td>For attaching it to the T/Pump warm water recirculator to warm the animal during surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cordless Micro Drill</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>58610</td>
			<td>Use 0.8mm steel burrs to drill holes in the skull</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab Standard Stereotaxic Instrument with Mouse &#38; Neonatal Rat Adaptor</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>51615</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Just for Mouse Stereotaxic Instrument</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>51730</td>
			<td>Can use this in place of Stoelting Cat. #51615</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quintessential Stereotaxic Injector</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>53311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry Glass Bead Sterilizer</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>50287</td>
			<td>For sterilizing stainless steel instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Surgical Drape (18&#34; x 26&#34;)</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>50981</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton Syringe 50 ml, Model 705 RN SYR, NDL</td>
			<td>Hamilton Company</td>
			<td>7637-01</td>
			<td>For brain injection; use different syringes for different solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>29 Gauge Needle, Small Hub RN NDL</td>
			<td>Hamilton Company</td>
			<td>7803-06</td>
			<td>For attaching to the Hamilton syringe for brain injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml BD Tuberculin Syringes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BD309659</td>
			<td>For administering anesthesia and saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30 Gauge Needle (0.5&#34;)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BD305106</td>
			<td>For administering anesthesia and saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Portable Electronic CS Series Scale (Ohaus)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>65500-202</td>
			<td>For weighing animals to determine anesthesia dose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot plate (Top Plate Dims. 7.25x7.25in)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>47751-148</td>
			<td>For warming animals post-surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sofsilk Silk Suture C-1 Cutting 3/8, 12 mm</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>S1173</td>
			<td>For closing wound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vetbond Tissue Adhesive (3M)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-361931</td>
			<td>Optional: for aiding in wound closure; Use with suture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton-Tipped Wooden-Shaft Sterile Applicators</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>22-029-488</td>
			<td>For cleaning and drying surgical wound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td>For collecting brain sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VWR Micro Cover Glass 24 X 50 mm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48393241</td>
			<td>For mounting microscope slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Nalgene Syringe Filter 0.2 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>194-2520</td>
			<td>For sterilizing saline solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile dual tip skin markers by Viscot Medical</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>VIS1422SRL91</td>
			<td>For marking coordinates on the skull</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stereotaxic infusion of oligomeric amyloid-beta into the mouse hippocampus

Malattia di Alzheimer è una malattia neurodegenerativa che colpisce la popolazione. Una caratteristica neuropathological fondamentale della malattia è l&#39;eccessiva produzione di beta-amiloide e la deposizione di beta-amiloide placche nelle regioni del cervello degli individui afflitti. Nel corso degli anni gli scienziati hanno generato numerosi modelli del mouse della malattia di Alzheimer che tentano di replicare il beta-amiloide patologia. Purtroppo, i modelli di topo solo selettivamente imitano le caratteristiche della malattia. La morte neuronale, un effetto importante nel cervello dei pazienti con malattia di Alzheimer, è notevolmente carente in questi topi. Quindi, noi ed altri abbiamo impiegato un metodo di infondere direttamente solubili specie oligomeriche di beta-amiloide - forme di beta-amiloide, che hanno dimostrato di essere più tossico per i neuroni - stereotaxically nel cervello. In questo rapporto utilizziamo maschi C57BL / 6J per documentare questa tecnica chirurgica di aumentare i livelli di beta-amiloide in una selezione regione del cervello. Ilbersaglio infusione è il giro dentato dell&#39;ippocampo perché questa struttura cerebrale, insieme al proencefalo basale che è collegata dal circuito colinergico, rappresenta una delle aree di degenerazione nella malattia. I risultati di elevare beta-amiloide nel giro dentato tramite infusione stereotassica rivelano aumenti di perdita di neuroni nel giro dentato entro 1 settimana, mentre vi è un concomitante aumento della morte cellulare e la perdita di neuroni colinergici nel ramo verticale della banda diagonale di Broca del proencefalo basale. Questi effetti sono stati osservati fino a 2 settimane. I nostri dati suggeriscono che il beta-amiloide modello infusione attuale prevede un modello alternativo del mouse per affrontare regione specifica morte dei neuroni in una base a breve termine. Il vantaggio di questo modello è che amiloide-beta può essere elevato in modo spaziale e temporale.

L&#39;attuale metodo di preparazione umana ricombinante oligomeric Ap 1-42 produce specie oligomeriche solubili costituiti da monomeri, dimeri, trimeri e tetrameri (Figura 1A). Questi a basso peso molecolare Ap 1-42 specie, ma non le fibrille e placche, sono state esposte in numerose impostazioni per essere più tossico per i neuroni 1,4,9,17-19. Per determinare se oligomerica Ap 1-42 induce la morte dei neuroni nel cervello di topo Ap 1-42 (4 ml di...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus at JoVE.com

Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

Here, we present a protocol for direct stereotaxic brain infusion of amyloid-beta. This methodology provides an alternative in vivo mouse model to address the short-term effects of amyloid-beta on brain neurons.

Infuso stereotassico di Oligomeric amiloide-beta nelle Hippocampus mouse

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the ...

stereotaxic-infusion-oligomeric-amyloid-beta-into-mouse

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Neuroscience

17.9K Views.  Columbia University Medical Center. Here, we present a protocol for direct stereotaxic brain infusion of amyloid-beta. This methodology provides an alternative in vivo mouse model to address the short-term effects of amyloid-beta on brain neurons.

Video: Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date this tool has been widely used to study the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal migration especially in the developing cerebral cortex 6-8. Here we detail our protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus and provide evidence that this approach can be used to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.
Visualization and manipulation of neurons in primary cultures have contributed to a better understanding of the processes involved in dendrite, spine and synapse development. However neurons growing in vitro are not exposed to all the physiological cues that can affect dendrite and/or spine formation and maintenance during normal development. Our knowledge of dendrite and spine structures in vivo in wild-type or mutant mice comes mostly from observations using the Golgi-Cox method 9. However, Golgi staining is considered to be unpredictable. Indeed, groups of nerve cells and fiber tracts are labeled randomly, with particular areas often appearing completely stained while adjacent areas are devoid of staining. Recent studies have shown that IUE of fluorescent constructs represents an attractive alternative method to study dendrites, spines as well as synapses in mutant / wild-type mice 10-11 (Figure 1A). Moreover in comparison to the generation of mouse knockouts, IUE represents a rapid approach to perform gain and loss of function studies in specific population of cells during a specific time window. In addition, IUE has been successfully used with inducible gene expression or inducible RNAi approaches to refine the temporal control over the expression of a gene or shRNA 12. These advantages of IUE have thus opened new dimensions to study the effect of gene expression/suppression on dendrites and spines not only in specific cerebral structures (Figure 1B) but also at a specific time point of development (Figure 1C).
Finally, IUE provides a useful tool to identify functional interactions between genes involved in dendrite, spine and/or synapse development. Indeed, in contrast to other gene transfer methods such as virus, it is straightforward to combine multiple RNAi or transgenes in the same population of cells. 
In summary, IUE is a powerful method that has already contributed to the characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying brain function and disease and it should also be useful in the study of dendrites and spines.

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

This article describes in detail a protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus at E14.5 in mice. We also show that this is a valuable method to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.

Visualizzazione e manipolazione genetica di dendriti e spine nella corteccia cerebrale e nell&#39;ippocampo mouse utilizzando<em&gt; In utero</em&gt; Elettroporazione

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

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Neuroscienze

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central nervous system. We demonstrate a stereotaxic injection technique that allows targeted gene expression or silencing in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord. The surgical procedure is brief. It requires laminectomy of a single vertebra, providing for quick recovery of the animal and unimpaired motility of the spine. Controlled injection of a small vector suspension volume at low speed and use of a microsyringe with beveled glass cannula minimize the tissue lesion. The local immune response to the vector depends on the intrinsic properties of the virus employed; in our experience, it is minor and short-lived when a recombinant adeno-associated virus is used. A reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein facilitates monitoring spatial distribution of the vector, and the efficacy and cellular specificity of the transfection.

Viral vectors allow for targeted gene manipulation. We demonstrate a method for conditional gene expression or ablation in the mouse spinal cord, using stereotaxic injection of a viral vector into the dorsal horn, a prominent site of synaptic contact between primary somatosensory afferents and neurons of the central nervous system.

Iniezione stereotassica di un vettore virale per la manipolazione del gene condizionale nel midollo spinale del mouse

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

Building An Open-source Robotic Stereotaxic Instrument

This protocol includes the designs and software necessary to upgrade an existing stereotaxic instrument to a robotic (CNC) stereotaxic instrument for around $1,000 (excluding a drill), using industry standard stepper motors and CNC controlling software. Each axis has variable speed control and may be operated simultaneously or independently. The robot&#39;s flexibility and open coding system (g-code) make it capable of performing custom tasks that are not supported by commercial systems. Its applications include, but are not limited to, drilling holes, sharp edge craniotomies, skull thinning, and lowering electrodes or cannula. In order to expedite the writing of g-coding for simple surgeries, we have developed custom scripts that allow individuals to design a surgery with no knowledge of programming. However, for users to get the most out of the motorized stereotax, it would be beneficial to be knowledgeable in mathematical programming and G-Coding (simple programming for CNC machining).
The recommended drill speed is greater than 40,000 rpm. The stepper motor resolution is 1.8&#176;/Step, geared to 0.346&#176;/Step. A standard stereotax has a resolution of 2.88 &#956;m/step. The maximum recommended cutting speed is 500 &#956;m/sec. The maximum recommended jogging speed is 3,500 &#956;m/sec. The maximum recommended drill bit size is HP 2.

This protocol includes the designs and software necessary to upgrade an existing stereotaxic instrument to a robotic (computer numeric controlled; CNC) stereotaxic instrument for around $1,000 (excluding a drill).

Costruire un Open-source Robotic Stereotassica Instrument

This protocol includes the designs and software necessary to upgrade an existing stereotaxic instrument to a robotic (CNC) stereotaxic instrument for ...

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous substances into the brain. These exogenous substances may induce injurious impact or constitute therapeutic strategy. The most common delivery methods of exogenous substances into the brain are based on systemic deliveries, such as subcutaneous or intravenous routes. Although commonly used, these approaches have several limitations, including low delivery efficacy into the brain. In contrast, surgical methods that locally deliver substances into the CNS are more specific and prevent the uptake of the exogenous substances by other organs. Several surgical methods for CNS delivery are available; however, they tend to be very traumatic. Here, we describe a mouse infusion microsurgery technique, which effectively delivers substances into the brain via the internal carotid artery, with minimal trauma and no interference with normal CNS functionality.

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

The present protocol describes a mouse microsurgery infusion technique, which effectively delivers substances directly into the brain via the internal carotid artery.

Tecnica mouse Microchirurgia infusione per Targeted Sostanza consegna nel sistema nervoso centrale<i&gt; via</i&gt; Carotide interna

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous ...

Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

Many genes are expressed in embryonic brains, and some of them are continuously expressed in the brain after birth. For such persistently expressed genes, they may function to regulate the developmental process and/or physiological function in neonatal brains. To investigate neurobiological functions of specific genes in the brain, it is essential to inactivate genes in the brain. Here, we describe a simple stereotaxic method to inactivate gene expression in the striatum of transgenic mice at neonatal time windows. AAV-eGFP-Cre viruses were microinjected into the striatum of Ai14 reporter gene mice at postnatal day (P) 2 by stereotaxic brain surgery. The tdTomato reporter gene expression was detected in P14 striatum, suggesting a successful Cre-loxP mediated DNA recombination in AAV-transduced striatal cells. We further validated this technique by microinjecting AAV-eGFP-Cre viruses into P2Foxp2fl/fl mice. Double labeling of GFP and Foxp2 showed that GFP-positive cells lacked Foxp2 immunoreactivity in P9 striatum, suggesting the loss of Foxp2 protein in AAV-eGFP-Cre transduced striatal cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate an effective genetic deletion by stereotaxically microinjected AAV-eGFP-Cre viruses in specific neuronal populations in the neonatal brains of floxed transgenic mice. In conclusion, our stereotaxic technique provides an easy and simple platform for genetic manipulation in neonatal mouse brains. The technique can not only be used to delete genes in specific regions of neonatal brains, but it also can be used to inject pharmacological drugs, neuronal tracers, genetically modified optogenetics and chemogenetics proteins, neuronal activity indicators and other reagents into the striatum of neonatal mouse brains.

We describe a protocol of stereotaxic surgery with a homemade head-fixed device for microinjecting reagents into the striatum of neonatal mouse brains. This technique allows genetic manipulation in neuronal cells of specific regions of neonatal mouse brains.

Chirurgia stereotassica per la manipolazione genetica in cellule striatali di cervelli di topo neonatale

Many genes are expressed in embryonic brains, and some of them are continuously expressed in the brain after birth. For such persistently expressed genes, ...

Recording Spatially Restricted Oscillations in the Hippocampus of Behaving Mice

The local field potential (LFP) emerges from ion movements across neural membranes. Since the voltage recorded by LFP electrodes reflects the summed electrical field of a large volume of brain tissue, extracting information about local activity is challenging. Studying neuronal microcircuits, however, requires a reliable distinction between truly local events and volume-conducted signals originating in distant brain areas. Current source density (CSD) analysis offers a solution for this problem by providing information about current sinks and sources in the vicinity of the electrodes. In brain areas with laminar cytoarchitecture such as the hippocampus, one-dimensional CSD can be obtained by estimating the second spatial derivative of the LFP. Here, we describe a method to record multilaminar LFPs using linear silicon probes implanted into the dorsal hippocampus. CSD traces are computed along individual shanks of the probe. This protocol thus describes a procedure to resolve spatially restricted neuronal network oscillations in the hippocampus of freely moving mice.

This protocol describes the recording of local field potentials with multi-shank linear silicon probes. Conversion of the signals using current source density analysis allows the reconstruction of local electrical activity in the mouse hippocampus. With this technique, spatially restricted brain oscillations can be studied in freely moving mice.

Registrazione spazialmente limitate oscillazioni nell'ippocampo dei topi di comportarsi

The local field potential (LFP) emerges from ion movements across neural membranes. Since the voltage recorded by LFP electrodes reflects the summed ...

Transplantation of Chemogenetically Engineered Cortical Interneuron Progenitors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Neuronal development is regulated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. Assessing the relative contribution of each component is a complicated task, which is particularly difficult in regards to the development of &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic cortical interneurons (CIs). CIs are the main inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex, and they play key roles in neuronal networks, by regulating both the activity of individual pyramidal neurons, as well as the oscillatory behavior of neuronal ensembles. They are generated in transient embryonic structures (medial and caudal ganglionic eminences -&#160;MGE and CGE) that are very difficult to efficiently target using in utero electroporation approaches. Interneuron progenitors migrate long distances during normal embryonic development, before they integrate in the cortical circuit. This remarkable ability to disperse and integrate into a developing network can be hijacked by transplanting embryonic interneuron precursors into early post-natal host cortices. Here, we present a protocol that allows genetic modification of embryonic interneuron progenitors using focal ex vivo electroporation. These engineered interneuron precursors are then transplanted into early post-natal host cortices, where they will mature into easily identifiable CIs. This protocol allows the use of multiple genetically encoded tools, or the ability to regulate the expression of specific genes in interneuron progenitors, in order to investigate the impact of either genetic or environmental variables on the maturation and integration of CIs.

Here we present a protocol, designed to use chemogenetic tools to manipulate the activity of cortical interneuron progenitors transplanted into the cortex of early postnatal mice.

Trapianto di progenitori interneuroni corticali chemiogeneticamente ingegnerizzati nei primi cervelli dei topi postnatali

Neuronal development is regulated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. Assessing the relative contribution of each component is ...

Microdissection of Mouse Brain into Functionally and Anatomically Different Regions

The brain is the command center for the mammalian nervous system and an organ with enormous structural complexity. Protected within the skull, the brain consists of an outer covering of grey matter over the hemispheres known as the cerebral cortex. Underneath this layer reside many other specialized structures that are essential for multiple phenomenon important for existence. Acquiring samples of specific gross brain regions requires quick and precise dissection steps.&#160;It is understood that at the microscopic level, many sub-regions exist and likely cross the arbitrary regional boundaries that we impose for the purpose of this dissection.
Mouse models are routinely used to study human brain functions and diseases. Changes in gene expression patterns may be confined to specific brain areas targeting a particular phenotype depending on the diseased state. Thus, it is of great importance to study regulation of transcription with respect to its well-defined structural organization. A complete understanding of the brain requires studying distinct brain regions, defining connections, and identifying key differences in the activities of each of these brain regions. A more comprehensive understanding of each of these distinct regions may pave the way for new and improved treatments in the field of neuroscience. Herein, we discuss a step-by-step methodology for dissecting the mouse brain into sixteen distinct regions. In this procedure, we have focused on male mouse C57Bl/6J (6-8 week old) brain removal and dissection into multiple regions using neuroanatomical landmarks to identify and sample discrete functionally-relevant and behaviorally-relevant&#160;brain regions. This work will help lay a strong foundation in the field of neuroscience, leading to more focused approaches in the deeper understanding of brain function.

We present a hands-on, step-by-step, rapid protocol for mouse brain removal and dissection of discrete regions from fresh brain tissue. Obtaining brain regions for molecular analysis has become routine in many neuroscience labs. These brain regions are immediately frozen to obtain high quality transcriptomic data for system level analysis.

Microdissezione del cervello di topo in regioni funzionalmente e anatomicamente diverse

The brain is the command center for the mammalian nervous system and an organ with enormous structural complexity. Protected within the skull, the brain ...

Full- versus Sub-Regional Quantification of Amyloid-Beta Load on Mouse Brain Sections

Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (A&#946;) plaques is one of the major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is the target of the only FDA-approved disease-modifying treatment for AD. Accordingly, the use of transgenic mouse models that overexpress the amyloid precursor protein and thereby accumulate cerebral A&#946; plaques are widely used to model human AD in mice. Therefore, immunoassays, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunostaining, commonly measure the A&#946; load in brain tissues derived from AD transgenic mice. Though the methods for A&#946; detection and quantification have been well established and documented, the impact of the size of the region of interest selected in the brain tissue on A&#946; load measurements following immunostaining has not been reported. Therefore, the current protocol aimed to compare the A&#946; load measurements across the full- and sub-regions of interest using an image analysis software. The steps involved in brain tissue preparation, free-floating brain section immunostaining, imaging, and quantification of A&#946; load in full- versus sub-regions of interest are described using brain sections derived from 13-month-old APP/PS1 double transgenic male mice. The current protocol and the results provide valuable information about the impact of the size of the region of interest on A&#946;-positive area quantification, and show a strong correlation between the A&#946;-positive area obtained using the full- and sub-regions of interest analyses for brain sections derived from 13-month-old male APP/PS1 mice that show widespread A&#946; deposition.

The present protocol describes and compares the procedure to perform a full-region or sub-region of interest analysis of sagittal mouse brain sections to quantify amyloid-beta load in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Quantificazione completa rispetto a quella subregionale del carico di amiloide-beta sulle sezioni cerebrali del topo

Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (A&#946;) plaques is one of the major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is the target of ...

In Vivo Chronic Two-Photon Imaging of Microglia in the Mouse Hippocampus

Microglia, the only immune cells resident in the brain, actively participate in neural circuit maintenance by modifying synapses and neuronal excitability. Recent studies have revealed the differential gene expression and functional heterogeneity of microglia in different brain regions. The unique functions of the hippocampal neural network in learning and memory may be associated with the active roles of microglia in synapse remodeling. However, inflammatory responses induced by surgical procedures have been problematic in the two-photon microscopic analysis of hippocampal microglia. Here, a method is presented that enables the chronic observation of microglia in all layers of the hippocampal CA1 through an imaging window. This method allows the analysis of morphological changes in microglial processes for more than 1 month. Long-term and high-resolution imaging of the resting microglia requires minimally invasive surgical procedures, appropriate objective lens selection, and optimized imaging techniques. The transient inflammatory response of hippocampal microglia may prevent imaging immediately after surgery, but the microglia restore their quiescent morphology within a few weeks. Furthermore, imaging neurons simultaneously with microglia allows us to analyze the interactions of multiple cell types in the hippocampus. This technique may provide essential information about microglial function in the hippocampus.

In Vivo Chronic Two-Photon Imaging of Microglia in the Mouse Hippocampus

This paper describes a method for chronic in vivo observation of the resting microglia in the mouse hippocampal CA1 using precisely controlled surgery and two-photon microscopy.