Name: analysis of developing tooth germ innervation using microfluidic co-culture devices
Uploaded: 2015-08-14T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 1 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices at JoVE.com

The work was funded by the University of Zurich. The authors would like to thank Estrela Neto and Dr. Meriem Lamghari for helping in establishing the co-culture conditions.

Tutti i topi sono stati mantenuti e gestiti secondo la Legge benessere degli animali svizzera e nel rispetto delle norme del ufficio cantonale di veterinaria, Zurigo. 1. Preparazione di dissezione Materiale, Cultura Media, dispositivi microfluidici <ol><li> Autoclave pinze micro-dissezione e forbici (121 ° C, tempo di sterilizzazione: 20 min) e conservarle in un contenitore sterile. </li><li> Sterilizzare coprioggetto di vetro (24 mm x 24 mm) da loro incubazione in 1 M HCl per 24 ore in un agitatore orbitale a 37 ° C. Lavare per tre volte con una soluzione sterile, H 2 O distillata e tre volte con etanolo 99%. Secco poi i coprioggetti a 37 ° C o sotto cappa a flusso sterile. Infine, autoclave o esporre i coprioggetti alla luce UV (30 min) per completare la sterilizzazione. Coprioggetto possono essere conservati in etanolo al 70%. </li><li> Rimuovere accuratamente i dispositivi di isolamento AXIS Axon dal pacchetto con pinza sterile e metterli in una piastra di Petri sterile. </li&gt; <li> Utilizzando una biopsia sterile (ø: 1mm) creare un foro per ogni campione da coltivate (figura 1) in corrispondenza delle camere di coltura. NOTA: Non pugno troppo vicino alle microscanalature, in quanto potrebbero essere danneggiati dalla pressione applicata. </li><li> Sterilizzare i dispositivi di isolamento AXIS Axon da loro immergendo in etanolo al 70%. Asciutto, quindi AXIS Axon dispositivi di isolamento e coprioggetti completamente sotto una cappa a flusso sterili. Attendere almeno 3 ore prima di procedere. NOTA: essiccazione incompleta provocherà assemblaggio difettoso dei dispositivi microfluidici. </li><li> Posizionare ogni vetrino in una capsula di Petri da 35 mm o in un pozzo all&#39;interno di un 6-pozzetti. </li><li> Posizionare il dispositivo di isolamento AXIS Axon sul vetrino e premere delicatamente ma con fermezza, con una pinza con estremità piegate in modo da consentire la piena adesione tra il dispositivo di isolamento e il vetrino di vetro. </li><li> In ciascuna camera di coltura, pipetta 150 ml di poli-D-lisina (0,1 mg / ml in sterile, distillata H 2O). Posizionare i dispositivi microfluidici sotto vuoto per 5 minuti, per eliminare tutta l&#39;aria dalle camere di coltura. </li><li> Se l&#39;aria è ancora visibile all&#39;interno delle camere, ri-pipetta la soluzione poli-D-lisina nelle camere. </li><li> Incubare i dispositivi con poli-D-lisina O / N a 37 ° C. </li><li> Lavare camere tre volte con sterili, H 2 O. distillata </li><li> Riempire camere con 150 microlitri soluzione laminina lavoro (Sigma-Aldrich, 5 mcg / ml, in PBS o terreno privo di siero), e incubare O / N a 37 ° C. </li><li> Preparare 50 ml di terreno per le colture gangli trigeminali 37, così composto: 48 ml Neurobasal medio, 1 ml di B-27, 100 U / ml di penicillina / streptomicina, 2 mM L-glutammina, 5 ng / ml fattore di crescita nervoso (NGF) , 12:25 citosina arabinoside. </li><li> Preparare 50 ml di mezzo di crescita per dente germinali 37, così composto: 40 ml DMEM-F12, 10 ml di siero bovino fetale (FBS, concentrazione finale: 20%), 100 U / ml di penicillina / streptomicina, 2 mM L-glutammina, 150 mg / ml di acido ascorbico. </li></ol> Embrione Generazione ed Dissection 2. mouse <ol><li> Determinare l&#39;età embrionale secondo tappo vaginale (spina vaginale: embrionale giorno di sviluppo 0.5, E0.5) e confermare tramite criteri morfologici. Per questo protocollo, generalmente usiamo gli embrioni E14.5 E17.5-mouse. </li><li> Pulire l&#39;area dissezione e lo stereoscopio con etanolo al 70%. </li><li> Sacrifica la madre incinta tramite dislocazione cervicale. Bloccare il collo del mouse con il primo e secondo dito su una griglia, e tirare con decisione la coda. </li><li> Sezionare la pelle intorno basso addome, e aprire l&#39;addome con le forbici. Individuare l&#39;utero: durante queste ultime fasi della gravidanza, l&#39;utero abbondantemente riempire la cavità addominale. </li><li> Sezionare l&#39;utero e posto in un tubo riempito con PBS sul ghiaccio. Quando sul ghiaccio, il tessuto può essere lasciato per vari hr. Eliminare il cadavere della madre in base alle linee guida istituzionali </li> &lt;li&gt; sezionare gli embrioni dall&#39;utero e liberarli dai loro tessuti extraembrionali. Mettere gli embrioni in PBS sul ghiaccio. </li><li> Decapitare gli embrioni con forbici, e separare la mascella inferiore dal resto della testa con le forbici micro-dissezione (Figura 2A). Rimuovere proprio la mascella inferiore, senza danneggiare i gangli del trigemino; come quest&#39;ultimo sono localizzate in prossimità della mascella inferiore, il loro danneggiamento accidentale è possibile. Conservare la mandibola e il resto della testa in PBS freddo, sul ghiaccio. </li><li> Per sezionare TG, prendere la testa e metterlo su un piatto di vetro Petri dissezione, già pieno di PBS freddo. Utilizzando le pinze, togliere la pelle e il cranio. Rimuovere poi il telencefalo e il cervelletto ponendo forcipe sotto telencefalo e ascensore; telencefalo e cervelletto si capovolgere insieme, lasciando il fondo del cranio esposto. </li><li> Localizzare gangli del trigemino (Figura 2B). Utilizzare le pinzeper separare il TG dai nervi trigemino. Eliminare i resti delle proiezioni trigeminali con gli aghi di dissezione come coltelli. Posizionare il TG sezionato in una capsula di Petri riempita con PBS freddo e tenerli su ghiaccio. </li><li> Per sezionare denti embrionali, posizionare la mascella inferiore, precedentemente separato dal cranio, sulla piastra di Petri di vetro dissezione, pieno di PBS freddo. Usando aghi dissezione come coltelli, rimuovere la lingua e la pelle che circonda la mascella. Separare la destra emi-griffe sinistra e tagliando lungo la linea mediana della mandibola. I germi dei denti sono facilmente visibili, come mostrato nella Figura 1C. Isolare i germi dei denti utilizzando aghi dissezione e rimuovere l&#39;eccesso di tessuti non-dentali. Posizionare i germi dente sezionato in una capsula di Petri riempita con PBS freddo e tenerli su ghiaccio. </li></ol> 3. Microfluidic co-culture <ol><li> Dopo la dissezione, rimuovere laminina dai dispositivi microfluidica. Riempire le camere con 200 microlitri della respective media. </li><li> Con pinze, trasferire delicatamente i TG e dei denti germi sezionato nei fori creati dalla punzonatura (Figura 1D). Assicurarsi che i germi dei denti non galleggiano e che affondano fino a quando entrano in contatto con le lamelle. </li><li> Cultura campioni in incubatore a 37 ° C, 5% di CO 2. </li><li> Modificare il terreno di coltura ogni 48 ore. Non svuotare le camere completamente, e non pipettare direttamente nelle camere di coltura. Completo svuotamento delle camere comporterebbe la formazione di bolle d&#39;aria all&#39;interno delle camere; pipettaggio diretto nella camera potrebbe causare un danno assonale. Per evitare questi problemi, rimuovere il supporto punta della pipetta verso il lato esterno dei pozzetti; analogamente, pipettare il mezzo fresco sulla parete del pozzetto situato di fronte alle camere. </li><li> Durante il periodo di coltura, co-culture possono essere facilmente ripreso al microscopio time-lapse. Co-culture possono essere mantenuti per più di 10 giorni. </li><li> Dopo il perio culturad, lavare le camere pipettando 150 ml di soluzione in un pozzo per ogni camera, e lasciando PBS fluire attraverso le camere per tre volte. </li><li> Rimuovere la PBS e fissare i campioni pipettando 150 ml di paraformaldeide 4% (in PBS) in un pozzetto per camera; incubare a temperatura ambiente per 15 min. </li><li> Lavare le camere due volte con PBS come descritto in 3.6. </li><li> Procedere con ulteriori analisi. </li></ol>

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics+co-culture+systems+for+studying+tooth+innervation.">Microfluidics co-culture systems for studying tooth innervation.</a> Frontiers in physiology. 5 (August), (2014).</li><li>Connor, R., Tessier-Lavigne, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+maxillary+factor,+a+maxillary+process-derived+chemoattractant+for+developing+trigeminal+sensory+axons.">Identification of maxillary factor, a maxillary process-derived chemoattractant for developing trigeminal sensory axons.</a> Neuron. 24, 165-178 (1999).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Precedente in studi in vitro di dente innervazione erano basati su co-colture convenzionali di gangli trigeminali e tessuti dentali o cellule 26,28,29. Sono stati condotti Questi studi per investigare principalmente gli effetti interessanti di queste cellule o tessuti di assoni sensoriali 38. Anche se portare significativi progressi nel campo, alcuni problemi tecnici sono state sollevate. Germi denti cominciano a degenerare dopo pochi giorni di coltura 37. Sulla base di...

Innervazione svolge un ruolo chiave nello sviluppo, omeostasi e la rigenerazione di organi e tessuti 1,2. Inoltre, innervazione è coinvolto nella regolazione della proliferazione delle cellule staminali, la mobilitazione e la differenziazione 3-5. Infatti, recenti studi realizzati in tessuti del complesso orofacciale hanno dimostrato che i nervi parasimpatici sono necessari per la funzione epiteliali cellule progenitrici durante lo sviluppo e la rigenerazione delle ghiandole salivari 6,7. Analogamente, è stato dimostrato che innervazione è necessario per lo sviluppo e il mantenimento delle papille gustative 8 - 11. Pertanto, è importante analizzare i ruoli ancora trascurati innervazione nello sviluppo di altri importanti organi e tessuti orofacciali come i denti. Nonostante la ricca innervazione dei denti adulti, e in contrasto con tutti gli altri organi e tessuti del corpo, svidenti ping cominciano ad essere innervato nelle fasi postnatali prime. Denti si sviluppano a causa di interazioni sequenziali e reciproche tra l&#39;ectoderma orale e cranio neurale mesenchima crest-derivati. Queste interazioni danno luogo a ameloblasts epiteliali derivate e odontoblasti mesenchima-derivati ​​che sono responsabili della formazione di smalto e dentina, rispettivamente 12. Nervi sensoriali del gangli trigeminali e nervi simpatici dai gangli cervicale superiore innervano i denti adulti 13 - 15. Durante l&#39;embriogenesi, fibre nervose che emana dal progetto gangli trigeminali verso i germi di sviluppo dei denti e progressivamente li circondano, ma non penetrare nel dentale papilla mesenchima 13. Fibre nervose entrano la polpa dentale mesenchima a stadi di sviluppo più avanzati che correlano con la differenziazione odontoblast e matrice dentina deposizione 16. Dental polpa innervazione è completed subito dopo l&#39;eruzione dei denti nel cavo orale 13. Studi precedenti hanno rivelato che diversi semaforine e neurotrofine sono coinvolti nella regolazione della innervazione durante l&#39;odontogenesi 16-19. Studi precedenti hanno chiaramente dimostrato che innervazione è un prerequisito per la formazione dei denti nei pesci 20. Studi più recenti hanno dimostrato che l&#39;omeostasi delle cellule staminali mesenchima dentale in incisivi mouse è regolata da nervi sensoriali attraverso la secrezione di sonic hedgehog (Shh) 21. Tuttavia, il ruolo di innervazione in dente iniziazione, lo sviluppo e la rigenerazione è ancora molto controversa nei mammiferi 22 - 24. Una pletora di studi in vivo hanno fornito importanti informazioni sui modelli di innervazione di tessuti dentali durante lo sviluppo e riparazione processi di vari modelli animali 13,25,26. Tuttavia, la maggior parte di questi Approdolori non sono ottimali per evidenziare le basi molecolari delle interazioni tra le fibre nervose e organi bersaglio e dei tessuti. Co-culture costituiscono un valido metodo per indagare e manipolare le interazioni tra le fibre nervose e denti in un ambiente controllato e isolato 26 a 29 -. Allo stesso tempo, co-coltura è soggetta a varie regolazioni tecniche. Ad esempio, nervi e tessuti dentali specifici (ad esempio, pasta dentale, follicolo dentale, epitelio dentale) spesso richiedono terreni di coltura diversa per garantire la sopravvivenza del tessuto per lunghi periodi di tempo 30-32. Negli ultimi decenni, co-colture convenzionali che utilizzano lo stesso mezzo di coltura sono stati effettuati per periodi molto brevi (ad esempio, due giorni) per studiare gli effetti di attrazione o repulsione di sviluppare tessuti orali e dentali sulle fibre nervose sensoriali 27-29.Tuttavia, l&#39;estensione del periodo di coltura è necessario per studiare gli effetti di innervazione sul dente morfogenesi e citodifferenziazione, e per studiare le dinamiche di fibre nervose si diramano all&#39;interno organi bersaglio. Pertanto, co-colture non contigui sarebbe più adatto per realizzare studi su tessuti interazioni neuronali-dentale. Sistemi di microfluidica permettono co-colture di neuroni e diversi tipi di cellule nella loro terreni di coltura appropriati. In questi dispositivi, tessuti dentali e neuroni sono separati in differenti compartimenti, pur consentendo la crescita degli assoni dai corpi cellulari neuronali attraverso microcanali verso il compartimento contenente il tessuto bersaglio 33. Dispositivi microfluidici sono già stati utilizzati per studiare le interazioni tra neuroni e microglia 34,35, così come cellule alle interazioni cellulari nel cancro e neovascolarizzazione 35. Inoltre, questi sistemi sono stati utilizzati per studiare le interazioni tra dorsal gangli e osteoblasti 36. Abbiamo recentemente dimostrato che gangli del trigemino (TG) ed i denti sono in grado di sopravvivere per lunghi periodi di tempo quando co-coltivate in dispositivi microfluidici 37. Inoltre, abbiamo dimostrato che i denti da diverse fasi di sviluppo di mantenere in queste condizioni in vitro gli stessi effetti ripugnanti o attraenti innervazione del trigemino che mostrano in vivo 37. Questo protocollo fornisce informazioni su un modo semplice, potente e flessibile di co-coltura gangli / nervi e tessuti bersaglio e per studiare il ruolo di molecole specifiche su tali interazioni in un ambiente controllato e isolato.

<table><tbody><tr><td>AXIS Axon Isolation Devices</td><td>Millipore</td><td>AX15010-TC</td><td>Microchannels of different lenght are available</td></tr><tr><td>Laminin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L2020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neurobasal</td><td>Gibco</td><td>21103-049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B27</td><td>Gibco</td><td>17504</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Mouse beta-NGF</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>1156-NG-100</td><td>Human and Rat beta-NGF (R&amp;amp;D Systems) are equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM-F12</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11320-033</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

analysis of developing tooth germ innervation using microfluidic co-culture devices

Innervazione svolge un ruolo chiave nello sviluppo, omeostasi e la rigenerazione di organi e tessuti. Tuttavia, i meccanismi alla base di questi fenomeni non sono ancora ben compresi. In particolare, il ruolo di innervazione in sviluppo dentale e rigenerazione è trascurato. Diversi studi in vivo hanno fornito importanti informazioni sui modelli di innervazione di tessuti dentali durante lo sviluppo e riparazione processi di vari modelli animali. Tuttavia, la maggior parte di questi approcci non sono ottimali per evidenziare le basi molecolari delle interazioni tra le fibre nervose e organi bersaglio e dei tessuti. Co-culture costituiscono un valido metodo per indagare e manipolare le interazioni tra le fibre nervose e denti in un ambiente controllato e isolato. Negli ultimi decenni, co-colture convenzionali utilizzando lo stesso terreno di coltura sono stati effettuati per periodi molto brevi (ad esempio, due giorni)per studiare gli effetti di attrazione o repulsione di sviluppare tessuti orali e dentali su fibre nervose sensoriali. Tuttavia, l&#39;estensione del periodo di coltura è necessario per studiare gli effetti del innervazione sul dente morfogenesi e citodifferenziazione. Sistemi di microfluidica permettono co-colture di neuroni e diversi tipi di cellule nella loro terreni di coltura appropriati. Abbiamo recentemente dimostrato che gangli del trigemino (TG) ed i denti sono in grado di sopravvivere per un lungo periodo di tempo in cui co-coltivate in dispositivi microfluidici, e che mantengono in queste condizioni lo stesso modello innervazione che mostrano in vivo. Su questa base, si descrive come isolare e co-coltura di sviluppo del trigemino gangli e dei denti germi in un protocollo di co-coltura microfluidica system.This descrive un modo semplice e flessibile di co-coltura gangli / nervi e tessuti bersaglio e per studiare i ruoli di molecole specifiche su tali interazioni in un controlled e ambiente isolato.

Questi risultati mostrano che isolati gangli trigemini possono crescere in un compartimento del dispositivo microfluidico e, inoltre, che lo sviluppo dei germi isolati dente è mantenuta per un lungo periodo di tempo in altro compartimento del dispositivo microfluidico. Diversi terreni di coltura sono utilizzati nei due scomparti, e le microscolpiture tra i due compartimenti consentono estensione dell&#39;assone dal ganglio trigeminale verso i germi di sviluppo dei denti. Figura 3 rappresenta una visual...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices at JoVE.com

Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices

Co-cultures represent a valuable method to study the interactions between nerves and target tissues and organs. Microfluidic systems allow co-culturing ganglia and whole developing organs or tissues in different culture media, thus representing a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the crosstalk between neurons and their targets.

Analisi di sviluppo di denti Germ innervazione Uso di dispositivi Microfluidic Co-cultura

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena ...

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Research

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Neuroscience

8.2K Views.  University of Zurich. Co-cultures represent a valuable method to study the interactions between nerves and target tissues and organs. Microfluidic systems allow co-culturing ganglia and whole developing organs or tissues in different culture media, thus representing a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the crosstalk between neurons and their targets.

Video: Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices

Imaging Analysis of Neuron to Glia Interaction in Microfluidic Culture Platform (MCP)-based Neuronal Axon and Glia Co-culture System

Proper neuron to glia interaction is critical to physiological function of the central nervous system (CNS). This bidirectional communication is sophisticatedly mediated by specific signaling pathways between neuron and glia1,2 . Identification and characterization of these signaling pathways is essential to the understanding of how neuron to glia interaction shapes CNS physiology. Previously, neuron and glia mixed cultures have been widely utilized for testing and characterizing signaling pathways between neuron and glia. What we have learned from these preparations and other in vivo tools, however, has suggested that mutual signaling between neuron and glia often occurred in specific compartments within neurons (i.e., axon, dendrite, or soma)3. This makes it important to develop a new culture system that allows separation of neuronal compartments and specifically examines the interaction between glia and neuronal axons/dendrites. In addition, the conventional mixed culture system is not capable of differentiating the soluble factors and direct membrane contact signals between neuron and glia. Furthermore, the large quantity of neurons and glial cells in the conventional co-culture system lacks the resolution necessary to observe the interaction between a single axon and a glial cell.
	In this study, we describe a novel axon and glia co-culture system with the use of a microfluidic culture platform (MCP). In this co-culture system, neurons and glial cells are cultured in two separate chambers that are connected through multiple central channels. In this microfluidic culture platform, only neuronal processes (especially axons) can enter the glial side through the central channels. In combination with powerful fluorescent protein labeling, this system allows direct examination of signaling pathways between axonal/dendritic and glial interactions, such as axon-mediated transcriptional regulation in glia, glia-mediated receptor trafficking in neuronal terminals, and glia-mediated axon growth. The narrow diameter of the chamber also significantly prohibits the flow of the neuron-enriched medium into the glial chamber, facilitating probing of the direct membrane-protein interaction between axons/dendrites and glial surfaces.

Imaging Analysis of Neuron to Glia Interaction in Microfluidic Culture Platform MCP-based Neuronal Axon and Glia Co-culture System

This study describes the procedures of setting up a novel neuronal axon and (astro)glia co-culture platform. In this co-culture system, manipulation of direct interaction between a single axon (and single glial cell) becomes feasible, allowing mechanistic analysis of the mutual neuron to glial signaling.

Analisi Imaging di Neuron Interaction Glia in Platform Cultura Microfluidic (MCP) a base di Axon neurone e glia co-cultura di sistema

Proper  neuron to glia interaction is critical to physiological function of the central  nervous system (CNS). This bidirectional communication is ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Co-culture of Glutamatergic Neurons and Pediatric High-Grade Glioma Cells Into Microfluidic Devices to Assess Electrical Interactions

Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) represent childhood and adolescent brain cancers that carry a rapid dismal prognosis. Since there is a need to overcome the resistance to current treatments and find a new way of cure, modeling the disease as close as possible in an in vitro setting to test new drugs and therapeutic procedures is highly demanding. Studying their fundamental pathobiological processes, including glutamatergic neuron hyperexcitability, will be a real advance in understanding interactions between the environmental brain and pHGG cells. Therefore, to recreate neurons/pHGG cell interactions, this work shows the development of a functional in vitro model co-culturing human-induced Pluripotent Stem (hiPS)-derived cortical glutamatergic neurons pHGG cells into compartmentalized microfluidic devices and a process to record their electrophysiological modifications. The first step was to differentiate and characterize human glutamatergic neurons. Secondly, the cells were cultured in microfluidic devices with pHGG derived cell lines. Brain microenvironment and neuronal activity were then included in this model to analyze the electrical impact of pHGG cells on these micro-environmental neurons. Electrophysiological recordings are coupled using multielectrode arrays (MEA) to these microfluidic devices to mimic physiological conditions and to record the electrical activity of the entire neural network. A significant increase in neuron excitability was underlined in the presence of tumor cells.

Recent works uncover the neuronal impact on high-grade pediatric glioma (pHGG) cells and their reciprocal interactions. The present work shows the development of an in vitro model co-culturing pHGG cells and glutamatergic neurons and recorded their electrophysiological interactions to mimic those interactivities.

Co-coltura di neuroni glutamatergici e cellule di glioma pediatrico di alto grado in dispositivi microfluidici per valutare le interazioni elettriche

Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) represent childhood and adolescent brain cancers that carry a rapid dismal prognosis. Since there is a need to ...

Ricerca sul cancro

Preparation of Neuronal Co-cultures with Single Cell Precision

Microfluidic embodiments of the Campenot chamber have attracted great interest from the neuroscience community. These interconnected co-culture platforms can be used to investigate a variety of questions, spanning developmental and functional neurobiology to infection and disease propagation. However, conventional systems require significant cellular inputs (many thousands per compartment), inadequate for studying low abundance cells, such as primary dopaminergic substantia nigra, spiral ganglia, and Drosophilia melanogaster neurons, and impractical for high throughput experimentation. The dense cultures are also highly locally entangled, with few outgrowths (&#60;10%) interconnecting the two cultures. In this paper straightforward microfluidic and patterning protocols are described which address these challenges: (i) a microfluidic single neuron arraying method, and (ii) a water masking method for plasma patterning biomaterial coatings to register neurons and promote outgrowth between compartments. Minimalistic neuronal co-cultures were prepared with high-level (&#62;85%) intercompartment connectivity and can be used for high throughput neurobiology experiments with single cell precision.

Protocols for single neuron microfluidic arraying and water masking for the in-chip plasma patterning of biomaterial coatings are described. Highly interconnected co-cultures can be prepared using minimal cell inputs.

Preparazione della neuronali Co-culture con precisione singola cella

Microfluidic embodiments of the Campenot chamber have attracted great interest from the neuroscience community. These interconnected co-culture platforms ...

A Co-Culture Method to Study Neurite Outgrowth in Response to Dental Pulp Paracrine Signals

Tooth innervation allows teeth to sense pressure, temperature and inflammation, all of which are crucial to the use and maintenance of the tooth organ. Without sensory innervation, daily oral activities would cause irreparable damage. Despite its importance, the roles of innervation in tooth development and maintenance have been largely overlooked. Several studies have demonstrated that DP cells secrete extracellular matrix proteins and paracrine signals to attract and guide TG axons into and throughout the tooth. However, few studies have provided detailed insight into the crosstalk between the DP mesenchyme and neuronal afferents. To address this gap in knowledge, researchers have begun to utilize co-cultures and a variety of techniques to investigate these interactions. Here, we demonstrate the multiple steps involved in co-culturing primary DP cells with TG neurons dispersed on an overlying transwell filter with large diameter pores to allow axonal growth through the pores. Primary DP cells with the gene of interest flanked by loxP sites were utilized to facilitate gene deletion using an Adenovirus-Cre-GFP recombinase system. Using TG neurons from the Thy1-YFP mouse allowed for precise afferent imaging, with expression well above background levels by confocal microscopy. The DP responses can be investigated via protein or RNA collection and analysis, or alternatively, through immunofluorescent staining of DP cells plated on removable glass coverslips. Media can be analyzed using techniques such as proteomic analyses, although this will require albumin depletion due to the presence of fetal bovine serum in the media. This protocol provides a simple method that can be manipulated to study the morphological, genetic, and cytoskeletal responses of TG neurons and DP cells in response to the controlled environment of a co-culture assay.

We describe the isolation, dispersion and plating of dental pulp (DP) primary cells with trigeminal (TG) neurons cultured atop overlying transwell filters. Cellular responses of DP cells can be analyzed with immunofluorescence or RNA/protein analysis. Immunofluorescence of neuronal markers with confocal microscopy permits the analysis of neurite outgrowth responses.

Un metodo di co-cultura per studiare l'escrescenza neurite in risposta ai segnali paracrini dentali

Tooth innervation allows teeth to sense pressure, temperature and inflammation, all of which are crucial to the use and maintenance of the tooth organ. ...

Biologia dello sviluppo

Use of Trowell-Type Organ Culture to Study Regulation of Dental Stem Cells

Organ development, function, and regeneration depend on stem cells, which reside within discrete anatomical spaces called stem cell niches. The continuously growing mouse incisor provides an excellent model to study tissue-specific stem cells. The epithelial tissue-specific stem cells of the incisor are located at the proximal end of the tooth in a niche called the cervical loop. They provide a continuous influx of cells to counterbalance the constant abrasion of the self-sharpening tip of the tooth. Presented here is a detailed protocol for the isolation and culture of the proximal end of the mouse incisor that houses stem cells and their niche. This is a modified Trowell-type organ culture protocol that enables in vitro culture of tissue pieces (explants), as well as the thick tissue slices at the liquid/air interface on a filter supported by a metal grid. The organ culture protocol described here enables tissue manipulations not feasible in vivo, and when combined with the use of a fluorescent reporter(s), it provides a platform for the identification and tracking of discrete cell populations in live tissues over time, including stem cells. Various regulatory molecules and pharmacological compounds can be tested in this system for their effect on stem cells and their niches. This ultimately provides a valuable tool to study stem cell regulation and maintenance.

The Trowell-type organ culture method has been used to unravel complex signaling networks that govern tooth development and, more recently, for studying regulation involved in stem cells of the continuously growing mouse incisor. Fluorescent-reporter animal models and live-imaging methods facilitate in-depth analyses of dental stem cells and their specific niche microenvironment.

Uso della coltura di organi di tipo Trowell per studiare la regolazione delle cellule staminali dentali

Organ development, function, and regeneration depend on stem cells, which reside within discrete anatomical spaces called stem cell niches. The ...

The Slice Culture Method for Following Development of Tooth Germs In Explant Culture

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental biologist. For many organs it is difficult to access developing tissue to allow monitoring during ex vivo culture. The slice culture method allows access to tissue so that morphogenetic movements can be followed and specific cell populations can be targeted for manipulation or lineage tracing.
In this paper we describe a method of slice culture that has been very successful for culture of tooth germs in a range of species. The method provides excellent access to the tooth germs, which develop at a similar rate to that observed in vivo, surrounded by the other jaw tissues. This allows tissue interactions between the tooth and surrounding tissue to be monitored. Although this paper concentrates on tooth germs, the same protocol can be applied to follow development of a number of other organs, such as salivary glands, Meckel&#39;s cartilage, nasal glands, tongue, and ear.

Here we detail a method to culture tooth germs in mandible slices using a tissue chopper. This method allows unique access to the tooth during development, providing excellent opportunity for manipulation and lineage tracing, not available using more traditional culture methods.

Il Metodo Culture Slice per seguire lo sviluppo dei germi dente Espianto Cultura

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental ...

Biologia

A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis

The human body is colonized by at least the same number of microbial cells as it is composed of human cells, and most of these microorganisms are located in the gut. Though the interplay between the gut microbiome and the host has been extensively studied, how the gut microbiome interacts with the enteric nervous system remains largely unknown. To date, a physiologically representative in vitro model to study gut microbiome-nervous system interactions does not exist. 
To fill this gap, we further developed the human-microbial crosstalk (HuMiX) gut-on-chip model by introducing induced pluripotent stem cell-derived enteric neurons into the device. The resulting model, 'neuroHuMiX', allows for the co-culture of bacterial, epithelial, and neuronal cells across microfluidic channels, separated by semi-permeable membranes. Despite separation of the different cell types, the cells can communicate with each other through soluble factors, simultaneously providing an opportunity to study each cell type separately. This setup allows for first insights into how the gut microbiome affects the enteric neuronal cells. This is a critical first step in studying and understanding the human gut microbiome-nervous system axis.

neuroHuMiX is an advanced gut-on-a-chip model to study the interactions of bacterial, epithelial, and neuronal cells under proximal and representative co-culture conditions. This model allows unravelling of the molecular mechanisms underlying the communication between the gut microbiome and the nervous system.

Un modello gut-on-a-chip per studiare l'asse microbioma intestinale-sistema nervoso

The human body is colonized by at least the same number of microbial cells as it is composed of human cells, and most of these microorganisms are located ...

Establishing a Co-Culture of Dental Pulp Cells and Trigeminal Neurons for Cross-Communication

Source: Barkley, C. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/60809">A Co-Culture Method to Study Neurite Outgrowth in Response to Dental Pulp Paracrine Signals.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2020).
This video showcases a technique for establishing a co-culture of trigeminal neurons and primary dental pulp cells using a transwell filter. In this physically separated condition, mesenchymal cells obtained from dental pulp tissue secrete paracrine signaling molecules that traverse through the pores, promoting the differentiation and migration of neurons towards the mesenchymal cells establishing a co-culture system.

Stabilire una co-coltura di cellule della polpa dentale e neuroni del trigemino per la comunicazione incrociata

1. Plate Preparation
NOTE: Be sure the plate lid is on during all incubation and rinsing steps outside of the sterile tissue culture hood to prevent ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuronal Culture Techniques

Co-culture and Interaction Studies

Generating Neuromuscular Junctions Using a Microfluidic Device

Source: Stoklund Dittlau, K. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/62959">Generation of Human Motor Units with Functional Neuromuscular Junctions in Microfluidic Devices.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2021)
The video demonstrates the formation of neuromuscular junctions using a microfluidic device. Neural precursor cells and muscle progenitor cells are seeded into different wells within the device and left to mature into motor neurons and myotubes, respectively. The creation of a volume and chemical gradient leads to the development of active neuromuscular junctions.

Generazione di giunzioni neuromuscolari utilizzando un dispositivo microfluidico

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
All reagents and equipment used in ...

Advanced Neuronal Models

Analyzing Tooth Germ and Trigeminal Ganglia Interactions Using a Microfluidic Co-culture System

Source: Pagella, P., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/53114">Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015).
This video demonstrates the utilization of a microfluidic device to study the interactions between tooth germ pulp and trigeminal ganglia. It showcases the placement of tissues inside the microfluidic device and provides a detailed visualization of trigeminal neurite growth toward the tooth germ through the device&#39;s microgrooves. Additionally, it highlights the role of tooth-derived molecular factors in promoting or inhibiting neurite extension into the tooth germ pulp, which is crucial for ensuring efficient postnatal tooth innervation.