We thank the Duke Physics Shop, especially Phil Lewis, for helping us build the behavioral apparatus and attachments and creating the drawing. This work is funded by the National Institutes of Health under award number R01GM100027.

1. Preparazione mosche da dosare <ol><li> Cultura vola di melasso normali / media farina di mais in incubatore a 25 ° C e 65% di umidità. Fare attenzione a non affollare i flaconi. Per esempio, mettere 8 femmine e 6 maschi in una stretta fiala di cibo. Nota: Il &quot;flaconcino cibo stretta&quot; qui utilizzato ha un diametro interno di 2,3 cm. Noi di solito dispensati circa 10 ml di cibo volare in ogni fiala. La ricetta cibo mosca che abbiamo usato è descritto qui: http://flystocks.bio.indiana.edu/Fly_Work/media-recipes/molassesfood.html. </li><li> 2 - 3 giorni dopo femmine eclosion, preparare fiale con pasta di lievito fresca come mostrato nella Figura 1E. Rendere pasta di lievito fresca miscelando 6 g di lievito attivo con 10 ml di acido proprionic 0,5%. Utilizzare una spatola per applicare la pasta di lievito sul fianco delle fiale alimentari. Raccogliere 30 - 35 femmine eclosed insieme a 20 - 25 maschi nelle fiale. <ol><li> In generale, raccogliere i maschi dalle stesse fiale in cui sono raccolti le femmine(In modo da risparmiare tempo e fatica). Tuttavia, se non vi è preoccupazione per la fertilità dei maschi, utilizzare i maschi WT. Inoltre, pasta di lievito è importante per stimolare la produzione di uova quindi prepararlo fresco ogni giorno. </li></ol></li><li> Mantenere la raccolta femmine / maschi a 25 ° C, 65% di umidità, a meno che le mosche sono sensibili alla temperatura. </li><li> Dopo ~ 4 - 5 giorni, controllare le fiale per vedere se le femmine sono pronti per esperimenti di deposizione delle uova. Sono pronti quando la superficie del mezzo cibo è bagnato dalla larve scavando attivamente il cibo (vedi Figura 1E - F). Nota: Le femmine di solito trattengono uova, che una volta che la superficie del cibo diventa bagnata e brulicante di larve. Questo passaggio garantisce che le femmine sarebbero pronti a deporre molte uova quando incontrano substrati con consistenza desiderata (ad es., ~ 1% agarosio). </li></ol> 2. Camera di costruzione, di montaggio, di installazione Assay <ol><li> Avere un negozio di macchina costruire camere di deposizione delle uova in acrilico (Fifigura 1A - D). Il disegno di ingegneria di diversi pezzi sono stati mostrati in figura supplementare 1 -. 3 immagini ad alta risoluzione si possono trovare anche qui (http://www.rebeccayang.org/pdf/chamber%20design.pdf). </li><li> Inserire fogli di plastica in carico (alto) pezzo della camera, come mostrato nella Figura 1C. Questo serve come la superficie inferiore durante il caricamento vola in singole arene deposizione delle uova. </li><li> Anestetizzare le femmine su un rilievo di CO 2 e caricarli singolarmente in ogni arena deposizione delle uova. Consentire ~ 30 min per le mosche di recuperare dal CO 2 e per acclimatarsi al nuovo ambiente. </li><li> Preparare i substrati agarosio. <ol><li> Per comodità, tenere una bottiglia premade del fuso 1% agarosio a bagnomaria C 55 °. </li><li> Aggiungere la quantità desiderata di soluzione madre di saccarosio (2 M) in una provetta conica da 50 ml e mescolandolo con quantità appropriata di agarosio. Ad esempio, per preparare il substrato 150 mM saccarosio, place 750 ml di 2 M soluzione di saccarosio nel tubo e quindi riempire il tubo con agarosio al segno 10 ml. </li><li> Preparare il substrato pianura nello stesso modo ma aggiungere acqua distillata al posto della soluzione di saccarosio. Nota: La concentrazione finale di agarosio in questo protocollo è leggermente inferiore a 1%. Nella nostra esperienza, l&#39;esatta concentrazione di agarosio non importa fintanto che viene controllato per essere all&#39;interno di ~ 0,9 - 1,1% e che i due substrati sono della stessa concentrazione di agarosio. </li></ol></li><li> Prendere il pezzo della camera e pipetta 1000 ml di substrato agarosio substrato (in basso) in ciascun canale, come mostrato nella Figura 1D. </li><li> Lasciare agarosio solidificare per ~ 30 min. </li><li> Una volta che i substrati di agarosio e mosche sono pronti, assemblare tutti i tre pezzi della camera di deposizione delle uova e poi prendere i fogli di plastica. </li><li> Mettere le camere in incubatrici mosca. Nota: Lunghezza di esperimenti di deposizione delle uova può variare a seconda espeesigenze rimental. Noi di solito Simula O / N (14 - 16 ore). Inoltre, è stato osservato alcun impatto significativo dei tempi circadiano sulle preferenze di deposizione delle uova. </li><li> Anestetizzare le femmine iniettando CO 2 nella camera. Smontare la camera, scartare le mosche anestetizzati in volo all&#39;obitorio (es., Un caffè vuota può riempito con alcuni olio di mais). Prendere le immagini dei risultati per registri (vedi figura 2). </li><li> Contare il numero di uova manualmente e calcolare gli indici di preferenza per l&#39;analisi. Calcolare l&#39;indice preferenza come (N a - N b) / (N + N un b) dove N e N un B rappresentano il numero di uova in loco un sito vs. b, rispettivamente. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Le camere e protocolli descritti qui sono diversi miglioramenti rispetto ai precedenti test di deposizione delle uova. Innanzitutto, aumentano la velocità di saggiare preferenze dei singoli animali significativamente. Ogni camera può saggiare 30 singole femmine e richiede meno di un&#39;ora di set up. In secondo luogo, aumentano la consistenza delle preferenze di deposizione delle uova rispetto ai metodi precedenti. La standardizzazione delle dimensioni dell&#39;arena, le dimensioni dei substrati deposizione delle uov...

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful genetic model organism to study the neural basis of behaviors. The rapid developments of genetic tools to manipulate neurons in a targeted manner and the emergence of sophisticated behavioral analysis tools have significantly improved our ability to dissect the circuit mechanisms that underlie the sensory-motor transformation processes of several innate and learned behaviors1-3.
Drosophila egg-laying is a suitable model to study the neural basis of simple decision making processes. In particular, Drosophila females have been shown to possess the ability to compare and rank their options before "committing" to depositing an egg onto a given option4-8. For example, when given only a plain (sucrose-free) substrate or only a sucrose-containing substrate, females readily accept either option for egg-laying. However, when presented with both options, females robust reject the sucrose substrate in some contexts7,9,10. Relatively little is known about the neural mechanisms that allow females to "choose the greater of two goods", however. A major obstacle has been the lack of an efficient method to assay egg-laying preferences such that one can use a systematic genetic screening approach to study this problem.
In this report, we describe the protocol we developed that allows egg-laying preferences of females to be assayed at single-animal resolution and with substantially improved throughput and consistency over previous methods. Specifically, we provide the blueprints for constructing the chambers we designed, the protocol for preparing the females so that each is primed to lay many eggs, and the protocol for using the chambers.

<table><tbody><tr><td>UltraPure Agarose&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>16500-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S0389</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Water bath&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>15-462-6Q</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LifeCam Cinema webcam</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>H5D-00013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Red LEDs</td><td>Cree</td><td>C503B-RAN-CA0B0AA1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Egg-laying chambers</td><td>Custom Built</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Camera holders</td><td>Custom Built</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED holders</td><td>Custom Built</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fly vials (narrow)</td><td>Genesee</td><td>32-116BC</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

high throughput assay to examine egg-laying preferences of individual drosophila melanogaster

Recentemente, la preferenza deposizione delle uova di Drosophila è emersa come un modello geneticamente trattabili per studiare le basi neurali di semplici processi decisionali. Quando si seleziona siti per depositare le loro uova, mosche femmine sono in grado di rango l&#39;attrattiva relativa delle loro opzioni e scegliere il &quot;maggiore tra due beni.&quot; Tuttavia, la maggior parte dei test di preferenza deposizione delle uova non sono pratici se si vuole prendere un approccio sistematico screening genetico per la ricerca di base del circuito alla base di questo semplice processo decisionale, in quanto sono basati sulla popolazione e laborioso da configurare. Per aumentare il throughput di studiare delle preferenze ovaiole di singole donne, abbiamo sviluppato le camere personalizzate che ciascuno può allo stesso tempo saggio preferenze deposizione delle uova fino a trenta individuale vola così come un protocollo che garantisce ogni femmina ha un alto tasso di deposizione delle uova (in modo che la loro preferenza è facilmente distinguibile e più convincente). Il nostro approccio è semplice da eseguiree produce risultati molto consistenti. Inoltre, queste camere possono essere equipaggiate con diversi accessori per consentire la registrazione video gli animali deposizione delle uova e per fornire luce per gli studi optogenetics. Questo articolo fornisce i progetti per la realizzazione di queste camere e la procedura per preparare le mosche per essere analizzati in queste camere.

Le camere di deposizione delle uova sono composti da diversi pezzi: un pezzo di substrato (in basso), un pezzo di divisione (al centro), un pezzo di carico (in alto), e 2 porte scorrevoli (Figura 1A - D). Questi pezzi sono utilizzati per indipendentemente mosche di impostazione e substrati prima degli esperimenti di deposizione delle uova. La figura 1F mostra come flaconcini devono guardare quando le mosche di sesso femminile sono pronte per la deposizio...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

High Throughput test per esaminare Preferenze deposizione delle uova dei singoli<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

This protocol describes a high throughput assay for testing egg-laying preferences of Drosophila melanogaster at single-animal resolution. This assay provides a simple, efficient, and scalable platform to identify genes and circuit components that control a simple decision-making process.

Recently, egg-laying preference of Drosophila has emerged as a genetically tractable model to study the neural basis of simple decision-making processes. ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

7.9K Views.  Duke University. This protocol describes a high throughput assay for testing egg-laying preferences of Drosophila melanogaster at single-animal resolution. This assay provides a simple, efficient, and scalable platform to identify genes and circuit components that control a simple decision-making process.

Video: High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically and behaviorally tractable model system that has been used to understand the molecular and cellular basis of many important biological processes for over a century 1. Drosophila has been well exploited to gain insights into the genetic basis of fly behavior.

Metodi per test Drosophila Comportamento

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Light Preference Assay to Study Innate and Circadian Regulated Photobehavior in Drosophila Larvae

Light acts as environmental signal to control animal behavior at various levels. The Drosophila larval nervous system is used as a unique model to answer basic questions on how light information is processed and shared between rapid and circadian behaviors. Drosophila larvae display a stereotypical avoidance behavior when exposed to light. To investigate light dependent behaviors comparably simple light-dark preference tests can be applied. In vertebrates and arthropods the neural pathways involved in sensing and processing visual inputs partially overlap with those processing photic circadian information. The fascinating question of how the light sensing system and the circadian system interact to keep behavioral outputs coordinated remains largely unexplored. Drosophila is an impacting biological model to approach these questions, due to a small number of neurons in the brain and the availability of genetic tools for neuronal manipulation. The presented light-dark preference assay allows the investigation of a range of visual behaviors including circadian control of phototaxis.

Light Preference Assay to Study Innate and Circadian Regulated Photobehavior in Drosophila Larvae

Here we describe a light-dark preference test for Drosophila larva. This assay provides information about innate and circadian regulation of light sensing and processing photobehavior.

Luce Preferenza Assay per studiare Innata e circadiano Photobehavior Regolamentato<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larve

Light acts as environmental signal to control animal behavior at various levels. The Drosophila larval nervous system is used as a unique model to answer ...

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In a light-tight box illuminated by red light that is invisible to fruit flies, a camera linked to custom data acquisition software monitors the position of six flies simultaneously. Each fly is confined to walk in individual arenas containing a food odor at the center. The testing arenas rest on a porous floor that functions to prevent odor accumulation. Latency to locate the odor source, a metric that reflects olfactory sensitivity under different physiological states, is determined by software analysis. Here, we discuss the critical mechanics of running this behavioral paradigm and cover specific issues regarding fly loading, odor contamination, assay temperature, data quality, and statistical analysis.

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

A Single-fly saggio per comportamento alimentare in<em&gt; Drosophila</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous system and protects neural tissue from toxins and pathogens. Defects in the formation of this barrier have been correlated with neuropathies, and the breakdown of this barrier has been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is critical to identify the genes that regulate the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier to identify potential therapeutic targets. In order to understand the exact roles these genes play in neural development, it is necessary to assay the effects of altered gene expression on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Many of the molecules that function in the establishment of the blood-brain barrier have been found to be conserved across eukaryotic species, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Fruit flies have proven to be an excellent model system for examining the molecular mechanisms regulating nervous system development and function. This protocol describes a step-by-step procedure to assay for blood-brain barrier integrity during the embryonic and larval stages of D. melanogaster development.

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Blood-brain barrier integrity is critical for nervous system function. In Drosophila melanogaster, the blood-brain barrier is formed by glial cells during late embryogenesis. This protocol describes methods to assay for blood-brain barrier formation and maintenance in D. melanogaster embryos and third instar larvae.

Analisi per l'integrità della barriera del cervello edelico nella Drosophila melanogaster

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous ...

Biologia dello sviluppo

Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

Despite decades of investigation, the neuronal and molecular bases of motivational states remain mysterious. We have recently developed a novel, reductionist, and scalable system for in-depth investigation of motivation using the mating drive of male Drosophila&#160;melanogaster (Drosophila), the methods for which we detail here. The behavioral paradigm centers on the finding that male mating drive decreases alongside fertility over the course of repeated copulations and recovers over ~3 d. In this system, the powerful neurogenetic tools available in the fly converge with the genetic accessibility and putative wiring diagram available for sexual behavior. This convergence allows rapid isolation and interrogation of small neuronal populations with specific motivational functions. Here we detail the design and execution of the satiety assay that is used to measure and alter courtship motivation in the male fly. Using this assay, we also demonstrate that low male mating drive can be overcome by stimulating dopaminergic neurons. The satiety assay is simple, affordable, and robust to influences of genetic background. We expect the satiety assay to generate many new insights into the neurobiology of motivational states.

Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

This article describes a behavioral assay that uses male mating drive in Drosophila melanogaster to study motivation. Using this method, researchers can utilize advanced fly neurogenetic techniques to uncover the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that underlie this motivation.

Misurazione e l&#39;alterazione di accoppiamento Drive a Maschio<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Despite decades of investigation, the neuronal and molecular bases of motivational states remain mysterious. We have recently developed a novel, ...

A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

Many animals, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are capable of discriminating minute differences in&#160;environmental temperature, which enables them to seek out their preferred thermal landscape. To define the temperature preferences of larvae over a defined linear range, we developed an assay using a temperature gradient. To establish a single-directional gradient, two aluminum blocks are connected to independent water baths, each of which controls the temperature of individual blocks. The two blocks set the lower and upper limits of the gradient. The temperature gradient is established by placing an agarose-coated aluminum plate over the two water-controlled blocks so that the plate spans the distance between them. The ends of the aluminum plate that is set on the top of the water blocks defines the minimum and maximum temperatures, and the regions in-between the two blocks form a linear temperature gradient. The gradient assay can be applied to&#160;larvae of different ages and can be used to identify mutants that exhibit phenotypes, such as those with mutations affecting genes encoding TRP channels and opsins, which are required for temperature discrimination.

A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

Here, we present a protocol to determine the preferred environmental temperature of Drosophila larvae using a continuous thermal gradient.

Un'analisi di gradiente di temperatura per determinare le preferenze termiche delle larve di Drosophila

Many animals, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are capable of discriminating minute differences in&#160;environmental temperature, which ...

A Rapid Food-Preference Assay in Drosophila

To select food with nutritional value while avoiding the consumption of harmful agents, animals need a sophisticated and robust taste system to evaluate their food environment. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a genetically tractable model organism that is widely used to decipher the molecular, cellular, and neural underpinnings of food preference. To analyze fly food preference, a robust feeding method is needed. Described here is a two-choice feeding assay, which is rigorous, cost-saving, and fast. The assay is Petri-dish-based and involves the addition of two different foods supplemented with blue or red dye to the two halves of the dish. Then, ~70 prestarved, 2-4-day-old flies are placed in the dish and&#160;allowed to choose between blue and red foods in the dark for about 90 min. Examination of the abdomen of each fly is followed by the calculation of the preference index. In contrast to multiwell plates, each Petri dish takes only ~20 s to fill and saves time and effort. This feeding assay can be employed to quickly determine whether flies like or dislike a particular food.

A Rapid Food-Preference Assay in Drosophila

We present a protocol for a two-choice feeding assay for flies. This feeding assay is fast and easy to run and is suitable not only for small-scale laboratory research, but also for high-throughput behavioral screens in flies.

Un saggio rapido di preferenza alimentare in Drosophila

To select food with nutritional value while avoiding the consumption of harmful agents, animals need a sophisticated and robust taste system to evaluate ...

Fly Climbing Assay: A Method to Test General Locomotion in Drosophila melanogaster

Source: Gevedon, O., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/59720/in-vivo-forward-genetic-screen-to-identify-novel-neuroprotective">In Vivo Forward Genetic Screen to Identify Novel Neuroprotective Genes in Drosophila melanogaster</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
This video describes a simple method to quantify fly locomotion and shows the climbing assay performed.&#160; The fly climbing assay is a general test of motor function which relies on a negative geotaxis response.

Saggio di arrampicata volante: un metodo per testare la locomozione generale in Drosophila melanogaster

Source: Gevedon, O., et al. In Vivo Forward Genetic Screen to Identify Novel Neuroprotective Genes in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
This ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Biologia

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)

Adult

Egg Laying Assay: A Method to Quantify the Egg-Laying Behavior of C. elegans

Source: Lee, S. Y. and Kang, K. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/60419/measuring-effects-bacteria-chemicals-on-intestinal-permeability">Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of&#160;Caenorhabditis elegans</a>.&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
C. elegans egg-laying behavior can provide important information in developmental, reproductive, and anatomical studies.&#160; This video introduces the important steps of an egg laying assay and shows a sample experiment in which a drug is tested for reproductive toxicity.

Saggio di deposizione delle uova: un metodo per quantificare il comportamento di deposizione delle uova di C. elegans

Source: Lee, S. Y. and Kang, K. Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of&#160;Caenorhabditis elegans.&#160;J. Vis. Exp. 
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Caenorhabditis elegans (worm)

Basic Methods

Island Assay: A High-Throughput Method to Evaluate Drosophila Locomotor Behavior

Source: Eidhof, I., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/55892/" target="_blank">High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video describes the island assay, a behavioral method used to study Drosophila locomotion. The sample protocol features a setup for the assay compatible with semi-automated image analysis.

Saggio dell'isola: un metodo ad alto rendimento per valutare il comportamento locomotore della Drosophila

Source: Eidhof, I., et al. High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video describes the ...

High Throughput test per esaminare Preferenze deposizione delle uova dei singoli

Riepilogo

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